WEBVTT

8a6a21e1-ee14-4401-a2e1-2c5aecda4c35-0
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University and a PhD at the University of
Maryland on College Park,

8a6a21e1-ee14-4401-a2e1-2c5aecda4c35-1
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whose focus was on curriculum,
instruction and instruction and physics.

3b4ad896-dd55-4fc1-b43c-d461aee115d7-0
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He has done postdoctoral work at both
Tufts University and Stanford University.

795b0b31-88cd-4173-897d-160e04aa4c7b-0
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He has collaborated with teams from MIT
and the Washington Public School System

795b0b31-88cd-4173-897d-160e04aa4c7b-1
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to design computational modelling
curriculum units for use in all science

795b0b31-88cd-4173-897d-160e04aa4c7b-2
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subjects in public high schools,
as well as to conduct research on

795b0b31-88cd-4173-897d-160e04aa4c7b-3
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students learning of science concepts and
computational modeling practices.

9766f28b-c4af-47ea-911e-938e5064ddf4-0
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He joined Salem State in 2016,
and in addition to being a valued faculty

9766f28b-c4af-47ea-911e-938e5064ddf4-1
00:00:37.199 --> 00:00:39.682
member,
he has also coordinated the Columns

9766f28b-c4af-47ea-911e-938e5064ddf4-2
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Observatory.

8537cca8-bde7-4114-b777-8719e08570dc-0
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Since he's joining us, his colleague Dr.

78474d88-6d4c-447c-9c16-96ed91a29aa5-0
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Ron Taylor has mentioned that in his
spare time,

78474d88-6d4c-447c-9c16-96ed91a29aa5-1
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Doctor Colin is a talented upright bass
player and can often be heard of a group

78474d88-6d4c-447c-9c16-96ed91a29aa5-2
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of rum runners.

94e77a52-df42-4edc-8468-6f6b42d59855-0
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This talk today is entitled Evolution at
the Cosmic Scale.

eb34f870-e0be-464a-899c-bb34a86d1cf9-0
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Welcome to Doctor Rick Colin,
thank you so much.

0ebcfb64-0644-4ac2-a004-61944b29f28e-0
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Doctor Fisher,
thank you all for being here.

92e28b2c-a934-4cf4-8ca7-4b5976546d63-0
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Thank you to the Department of Biology
for putting on this very important

92e28b2c-a934-4cf4-8ca7-4b5976546d63-1
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festival to celebrate the ideas of Darwin.

4bc5c0ac-ea1b-4dc5-902b-07cf5ce8a810-0
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I think it's needed more than ever.

cb8580ef-e55e-4464-a0a8-11ae73bbb09c-0
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So happy to see all my colleagues and my
students and my family here.

9af529fe-5597-4652-9cb1-02936419ce86-0
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Yes, I am a bass player.

aea3791b-b42f-430c-88ab-4281f00ff841-0
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I come from a long line of bass players.

81f76de0-93e7-4931-a874-fc2a529b41bd-0
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My dad is a bass player and his dad was a
bass player.

0e8cd09d-c118-4985-b44b-d049abffc4e3-0
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So it's a evolution of bass players maybe.

c989a1ee-5734-4c81-a772-e0103aed3215-0
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I'm so excited to talk about this topic.

fbf6d757-8cd7-41fc-b8b1-11c5fe689018-0
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It was the subject of my undergraduate
honours thesis that I did with Eric

fbf6d757-8cd7-41fc-b8b1-11c5fe689018-1
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Chaison, who was the speaker,
one of the speakers here in 20/21/2019,

fbf6d757-8cd7-41fc-b8b1-11c5fe689018-2
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I think it was.

a34ca59c-4e87-442e-99f0-1b263905fc7e-0
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He was going to come here today,
but he was a little under the weather.

059eb6a6-a140-474d-9613-ca19c526626a-0
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So all right,
going to talk about some of the biggest

059eb6a6-a140-474d-9613-ca19c526626a-1
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ideas I know about evolution applied to
the universe as a whole.

7fed7ef4-1ba2-427e-9801-5f9d2e7276b3-0
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Is this a good idea or is it a stretch?

db398c20-cda8-4c61-8912-8738886ef5e5-0
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We'll see.

7cb0c45f-f6f9-4c12-8df4-ef3d2de12e84-0
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First, you have some homework to do.

419b8881-4636-40ca-87d8-c6e06865e981-0
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I want you to show me with your fingers,
one or two fingers,

419b8881-4636-40ca-87d8-c6e06865e981-1
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how you would fill in the blank for this
sentence.

8da60f6d-e753-435c-84c5-129b819f1d92-0
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Things are getting blank complex over
time.

4f9a52ca-d5f4-4a0f-b2be-be88e2dcc0d2-0
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One for more, 2 for less.

a6b3ec9f-05b5-4bea-86e4-75e4383baca7-0
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All right,
if you're going to do the the one,

a6b3ec9f-05b5-4bea-86e4-75e4383baca7-1
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please use your index finger.

3afef4eb-8fb6-4ea5-bd94-f87366aec3c2-0
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Thank you.

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All right.

185cb5e3-4458-4ed8-819a-575fd03d859d-0
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Check in with your neighbor.

21ff9419-d3d6-4ca5-b830-5034abc9dfbf-0
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Take 30 seconds to explain what you
picked and why it's going to come back

21ff9419-d3d6-4ca5-b830-5034abc9dfbf-1
00:02:40.302 --> 00:02:40.640
later.

a4132c31-f868-4918-84a6-82d9efdd5560-0
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All right,
10 more seconds to ramp up your

a4132c31-f868-4918-84a6-82d9efdd5560-1
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conversation.

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All right, folks, I saw personally,
from my vantage point,

9a221279-3d1f-4ba5-bd8d-600acd392a7c-1
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a sea of ones with some twos speckled in
there in between.

3df3372b-1b1c-4efe-b8a6-b679035c9215-0
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There are reasonable reasons for thinking
each option, but there is a right answer,

3df3372b-1b1c-4efe-b8a6-b679035c9215-1
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which we'll get to.

f6b3c5c3-d43a-45de-9754-c5f9e11a5372-0
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What is a good reason for thinking #1 you
see of ones.

4f582bb0-364e-4142-8a99-0be6e261c971-0
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There should be somebody among you who
could share a good reason for suspecting

4f582bb0-364e-4142-8a99-0be6e261c971-1
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complexity is increasing over time.

f0356901-4c6f-43ea-be3b-a3d133f39d99-0
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Anybody want to share?

aa074bce-9ab3-48d8-b2b6-3c7ef1d9691a-0
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Yes, the gentleman difference.

68f3ae95-c83a-4692-b448-345e675e0f17-0
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The universe is continuing to expand,
so it will be harder to put it back into

68f3ae95-c83a-4692-b448-345e675e0f17-1
00:04:03.700 --> 00:04:04.840
the earlier states.

df2406f6-071b-4d0c-a6c1-d4238655e794-0
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So it's getting more complex instead of
11.

c9a559df-9121-467f-954b-407dde42539d-0
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Typical bass player answer.

e07e903a-ba5a-4d82-89c1-fe5c5f0920b8-0
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Yeah,
it would take a lot of work to put the

e07e903a-ba5a-4d82-89c1-fe5c5f0920b8-1
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universe back in its box.

dff88b22-3f74-4b49-abfd-ffe0bc1f3d4e-0
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So that's a good sign.

790f2728-bcb5-41c0-adb7-8d2ebaf58e96-0
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It's getting more disordered,
more complex over time.

3a639832-b556-4aba-bb2b-a237434d027e-0
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I like that.

30c7a49d-e6b3-4879-ba50-7b3059ef8456-0
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How about a two?

baec073f-297c-4ef3-b814-dc4d89da1b47-0
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Any reason for picking A2?

c023af09-2c8c-4afd-af9f-60e2cbac0641-0
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Yes.

1412f019-72d8-4863-b442-9f02b0a676c3-0
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I thought about like,
your just in your pocket.

fe11b375-d696-4296-bfd5-b245c963ea64-0
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Yeah,
it's saw a meme somewhere along the line.

7ad182d0-0f38-416c-893f-9d6c80f3b6c0-0
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It's like I could go to bed or I could
just access the entire history of the

7ad182d0-0f38-416c-893f-9d6c80f3b6c0-1
00:04:39.594 --> 00:04:41.450
world's information on my phone.

e1fe4ff3-0197-4228-aca9-7ece4b67777a-0
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Like which one am I going to do?

cd6c88dc-19c0-4c7f-94d5-a67b58772ea9-0
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Absolutely.

5ca24c52-4d1b-45ab-b97c-f2bb2c29b163-0
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There's complexity in our pocket that is
more than we could ever handle in our

5ca24c52-4d1b-45ab-b97c-f2bb2c29b163-1
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lifetime.

2c90b312-951b-4f92-b015-9e7d60a7795c-0
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So it definitely feels like things are
getting more complex, I would say,

2c90b312-951b-4f92-b015-9e7d60a7795c-1
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but that's a problem.

c5368115-60a0-4ef2-b521-75e9ccd79c50-0
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If you went to physics class,
you will learn that things are supposed

c5368115-60a0-4ef2-b521-75e9ccd79c50-1
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to be becoming more disordered over time.

2e838a6d-27ea-4129-a1f1-a0891d25db25-0
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And that's a pretty hard rule.

5974d0ed-5e2a-473b-ac6f-7a6cf84fc92f-0
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And so we have these intuitions that
things are getting more complex,

5974d0ed-5e2a-473b-ac6f-7a6cf84fc92f-1
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but we have the the laws of physics,
which say pretty definitively that things

5974d0ed-5e2a-473b-ac6f-7a6cf84fc92f-2
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must be getting less complex,
more disordered over time.

4aca8fc0-3e63-4b97-86aa-ef9a985ef864-0
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How do we resolve those two?

88cbc8c1-d6a5-4eac-aa1a-94eb022c39f2-0
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So that is the central tension at the
centre of my remarks today.

029e27db-2924-4e60-b326-735545734ee4-0
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I'd like to start with what humans are
good at.

59c6508d-373c-44ce-814c-505be6f1612e-0
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And what humans I think are great at is
asking questions.

67482333-4e8a-4232-8a45-8d6fc55a63a4-0
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Maybe questions are one of my favorite
inventions of humankind.

59b474f5-6ef9-42fd-a5bc-f2849884c8fa-0
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We like to ask big questions,
and we grapple with them for centuries.

309fe68f-f711-42b9-a6b5-2cd5a0cf9406-0
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Who are we?

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Why are we here?

c8048b7b-bb68-41a2-9754-cca548f7420e-0
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How did we get here?

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Where's my car?

ff212c9d-aaa7-48a1-b01f-39598d0286fd-0
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No, wait, that's not one of them.

33025649-35d5-45ea-aa21-8cb7d2c32d9b-0
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Are we part of nature,
or are we something else?

b5ed1b11-9899-464d-a1a0-ad86fd66a43d-0
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Where did all this something else come
from,

b5ed1b11-9899-464d-a1a0-ad86fd66a43d-1
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and did it come from the same place that
we did?

d90ea800-ab38-42dd-ba30-13800375367d-0
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These are some of the big questions we
grapple with for centuries,

d90ea800-ab38-42dd-ba30-13800375367d-1
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and we've made progress on a lot of these
questions.

c1bb072c-feef-4bf2-9284-6c2d3884859f-0
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And one of the biggest leaps of progress
in answering some of these questions came

c1bb072c-feef-4bf2-9284-6c2d3884859f-1
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from Charles Darwin in 1859.

5d3fd3fa-cc05-40ab-8f2e-0ee2a6234c2d-0
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Well, first of all,
I will say I am very nervous.

b031be46-4c25-4ebd-8904-ae32b25f3079-0
00:06:19.800 --> 00:06:20.000
Why?

153ff3fc-924d-4788-8999-c0909c634d55-0
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I was very nervous speaking here because
in particular,

153ff3fc-924d-4788-8999-c0909c634d55-1
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I'm going to talk about biology and I
know that my esteemed colleagues in

153ff3fc-924d-4788-8999-c0909c634d55-2
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biology are so knowledgeable,
and I'm sure that I'm going to say some

153ff3fc-924d-4788-8999-c0909c634d55-3
00:06:32.131 --> 00:06:32.920
things wrong.

3a1347ed-ac0e-4593-ae81-0fc6c1d547ef-0
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But then I realized all my colleagues in
biology are so amazing and nice and kind

3a1347ed-ac0e-4593-ae81-0fc6c1d547ef-1
00:06:39.886 --> 00:06:43.200
and will teach me for what I get wrong.

8f01fd8c-8b37-4555-a741-5ae05ccc4135-0
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So correct me.

b2e541fa-24dd-4fff-9a77-5fbc9bb8527f-0
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Yes I have much to learn so I'm sorry if
I say somethings wrong but I'm all ears

b2e541fa-24dd-4fff-9a77-5fbc9bb8527f-1
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about learning how to say it more
precisely.

48054873-1f84-4ae4-8171-9c18c13f9009-0
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But my understanding is 1859 Darwin
published what some call his dangerous

48054873-1f84-4ae4-8171-9c18c13f9009-1
00:06:59.765 --> 00:07:03.200
idea that answered some of these big
questions.

4fb37502-4d93-425c-8f6c-5f7ff2440625-0
00:07:03.560 --> 00:07:05.240
Where does all this complexity come from?

86df8ca7-3bea-4962-9020-1c38c326e8da-0
00:07:05.920 --> 00:07:09.376
Just here We have a few different
ecosystems with all sorts of organisms,

86df8ca7-3bea-4962-9020-1c38c326e8da-1
00:07:09.376 --> 00:07:12.972
all very different for each other,
but hanging out in the same place and the

86df8ca7-3bea-4962-9020-1c38c326e8da-2
00:07:12.972 --> 00:07:13.439
same time.

3634375e-dd30-4a5d-8893-38d2a1b79dc8-0
00:07:13.440 --> 00:07:14.280
How did they get here?

48748fc3-5483-46f7-9d7e-57b7df790264-0
00:07:14.280 --> 00:07:17.840
How do they stay there stably without
wiping each other out?

a1703c91-02ae-4a74-9035-be4e3aa4fdc2-0
00:07:17.840 --> 00:07:18.800
Do they help each other?

b11ea6c5-c1e8-4e9c-a1d9-f1152d96e047-0
00:07:18.800 --> 00:07:21.080
How are these things stable?

277ca170-6df5-4c1a-81c5-08af91cfd436-0
00:07:21.080 --> 00:07:23.320
And where do we humans come from?

e7859f55-87b6-4965-bc16-a96786fe4fb6-0
00:07:23.320 --> 00:07:25.280
And did we come from the same kind of
processes?

66979189-5e94-4a85-888c-4594f09300af-0
00:07:25.920 --> 00:07:32.760
Darwin's observations led him to two big
ideas that are related to each other.

13360d52-cc9d-49fd-973f-45229c1153d3-0
00:07:32.840 --> 00:07:38.021
One is that species change over time,
and some of these different species that

13360d52-cc9d-49fd-973f-45229c1153d3-1
00:07:38.021 --> 00:07:43.203
he was seeing at the same time were the
result of changes over long periods of

13360d52-cc9d-49fd-973f-45229c1153d3-2
00:07:43.203 --> 00:07:45.039
time, over many generations.

e1c96631-8844-49ae-bfb4-1a7fb94d55bb-0
00:07:45.600 --> 00:07:50.760
And then the second component of that
idea is that is the how.

541ccc88-7675-4d51-aa2f-09d26a9ccd50-0
00:07:50.760 --> 00:07:52.160
How did the change happen?

74036bb1-0c01-41cd-bb59-6a31066b2955-0
00:07:52.360 --> 00:07:58.040
And one thing he could not escape but
reason his way to is that when there's

74036bb1-0c01-41cd-bb59-6a31066b2955-1
00:07:58.040 --> 00:08:01.507
offspring,
there's variation in the offspring,

74036bb1-0c01-41cd-bb59-6a31066b2955-2
00:08:01.507 --> 00:08:06.598
and that variation may fit better with
the niche they are living in,

74036bb1-0c01-41cd-bb59-6a31066b2955-3
00:08:06.598 --> 00:08:08.000
or might fit worse.

714f4821-402c-4b2d-8e33-85410bccb6ef-0
00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:13.086
That will affect their chance at survival,
which will affect their chance to pass on

714f4821-402c-4b2d-8e33-85410bccb6ef-1
00:08:13.086 --> 00:08:15.480
their variations to the next generation.

2384520e-2efc-4593-ba25-0aa5757eaf59-0
00:08:15.560 --> 00:08:20.135
And therefore, over time,
over generations, the, the,

2384520e-2efc-4593-ba25-0aa5757eaf59-1
00:08:20.135 --> 00:08:26.658
the later generations will be more
adapted to the niche they're living in if

2384520e-2efc-4593-ba25-0aa5757eaf59-2
00:08:26.658 --> 00:08:27.760
they survive.

d6ddae42-2ba3-45a6-9161-b08608fa4545-0
00:08:28.720 --> 00:08:30.680
So that's the idea of survival of the
fittest.

dfa6c740-3341-4cdd-bd6e-9a34f1b38bbd-0
00:08:32.920 --> 00:08:38.200
So here are some finches that Darwin
observed on the Galapagos Islands.

6cf06e07-0526-4aea-aafc-7356de1be6f8-0
00:08:38.280 --> 00:08:42.304
And you might notice,
what do you notice is different about

6cf06e07-0526-4aea-aafc-7356de1be6f8-1
00:08:42.304 --> 00:08:42.640
them?

10281b7e-7b97-4720-9bc5-de51067de055-0
00:08:42.640 --> 00:08:43.680
What, what's the same?

9f44e2f0-dc61-4a8b-83d4-0cc5c07767f5-0
00:08:44.680 --> 00:08:47.040
Sure, yes, big shape.

1a457507-5d33-4c2c-95eb-fb3a2595a01b-0
00:08:47.280 --> 00:08:51.087
OK,
we got some big honkers and some pointy

1a457507-5d33-4c2c-95eb-fb3a2595a01b-1
00:08:51.087 --> 00:08:51.520
ones.

f12e9f97-491f-4ed5-ae3c-d08a279de76a-0
00:08:51.520 --> 00:08:56.208
That's where I I don't have the
biological terminology to fill in the

f12e9f97-491f-4ed5-ae3c-d08a279de76a-1
00:08:56.208 --> 00:08:59.960
blanks there,
but we have a wide variety of beak shape.

5471b861-edf7-4b82-b8f9-199ae249473c-0
00:09:01.040 --> 00:09:01.560
Why?

16cc4745-ef53-4898-84a7-faea217a2b7a-0
00:09:01.880 --> 00:09:08.400
So this is what natural selection helps
understand in observing these birds.

de4dcb64-1252-49c1-8d33-b5485898f2f4-0
00:09:08.400 --> 00:09:09.600
They eat different things.

32e48545-7752-4713-9258-1572a13e34cd-0
00:09:09.600 --> 00:09:13.484
Some eat seeds, some eat insects,
some use tools to get in between the

32e48545-7752-4713-9258-1572a13e34cd-1
00:09:13.484 --> 00:09:17.040
needles of a cactus and poked insects out
of there and eat them.

7abcf9fa-9464-45f4-a28e-6a3143c41d4c-0
00:09:17.560 --> 00:09:20.240
There's all sorts of different ways they
eat.

60794689-ac0d-420b-b5ed-2eecb698eac6-0
00:09:20.480 --> 00:09:25.531
So the the different beak sizes are going
to be better suited for certain kind of

60794689-ac0d-420b-b5ed-2eecb698eac6-1
00:09:25.531 --> 00:09:26.640
eating activities.

884263aa-0ff1-4ecb-bae7-1112db48e34e-0
00:09:26.640 --> 00:09:29.840
And eating, I would argue,
is important for life.

24da808a-6150-4fd6-8109-af67f6397024-0
00:09:29.840 --> 00:09:32.084
In fact,
I think that's one thing physicists and

24da808a-6150-4fd6-8109-af67f6397024-1
00:09:32.084 --> 00:09:33.000
biologists agree on.

006be7b4-4896-4188-81b4-43a2ca88ab6c-0
00:09:35.680 --> 00:09:42.116
And so an interesting thing is that
natural selection is a different kind of

006be7b4-4896-4188-81b4-43a2ca88ab6c-1
00:09:42.116 --> 00:09:43.120
explanation.

6e7f4eb9-3a48-42db-b4f5-4100d6d59917-0
00:09:43.440 --> 00:09:46.560
Some call it an algorithmic explanation.

89554539-9a2e-4b2a-a796-44676547ed98-0
00:09:46.920 --> 00:09:48.120
It's so simple.

4b78dc0a-15cd-49c9-93a9-18e5b9019c62-0
00:09:48.120 --> 00:09:51.280
You just follow the steps and the results
are inevitable.

913ddb3d-1810-483b-8d36-1c15b2c7b7bf-0
00:09:51.360 --> 00:09:56.635
So that's partly what makes this such a
catchy idea and so useful to explain what

913ddb3d-1810-483b-8d36-1c15b2c7b7bf-1
00:09:56.635 --> 00:09:59.080
otherwise would be totally mysterious.

c710117f-b607-4f95-bd8c-bbaa12faa4bf-0
00:10:01.760 --> 00:10:06.140
Modern biology has made some updates,
but they've kept the bones of the theory

c710117f-b607-4f95-bd8c-bbaa12faa4bf-1
00:10:06.140 --> 00:10:06.640
in place.

9120acc4-24d6-4e85-98d8-b6c70c27bd90-0
00:10:06.840 --> 00:10:12.736
But some updates include we We now know
that the hereditary information is

9120acc4-24d6-4e85-98d8-b6c70c27bd90-1
00:10:12.736 --> 00:10:18.240
encoded in particular molecules, DNA,
which Darwin didn't know about.

418fcec4-be3b-44e5-89c9-1489af0ac9b7-0
00:10:18.240 --> 00:10:24.919
In fact, it might have been pre see,
it might have been predicted by a

418fcec4-be3b-44e5-89c9-1489af0ac9b7-1
00:10:24.919 --> 00:10:28.400
physicist, which I'll get to another.

3a2068ac-18c9-4ea7-ab16-7c1e3a9700aa-0
00:10:31.520 --> 00:10:36.358
Another tool that biologists have come up
with that help explain these things are

3a2068ac-18c9-4ea7-ab16-7c1e3a9700aa-1
00:10:36.358 --> 00:10:37.480
fitness landscapes.

e02f2b5d-6254-47b9-bf8c-e0275f41109d-0
00:10:37.480 --> 00:10:40.000
So I just have here a couple of fitness
landscapes.

dbe80812-f6e0-4e8f-b9c2-f1a85d668159-0
00:10:41.440 --> 00:10:42.920
Where did my laser pointer go?

917c6eb1-6ebe-49e4-bfaf-45b0d2a50744-0
00:10:45.840 --> 00:10:47.160
Maybe I can point with my cursor.

3e518d01-4c16-4077-ba3b-65944b764bc2-0
00:10:47.160 --> 00:10:52.080
OK over here we have the the finches with
a different beak size.

9e64d63d-7504-44c9-98ab-6378f70438f3-0
00:10:53.400 --> 00:10:59.789
Well beak size is 1 important parameter
that describes how a Finch might have an

9e64d63d-7504-44c9-98ab-6378f70438f3-1
00:10:59.789 --> 00:11:01.840
easier time eating or not.

566027d6-29d0-407b-b414-7a16a566f953-0
00:11:02.640 --> 00:11:06.200
Also the shape of the beak so pointy or
blunt.

c031c838-8859-4fd8-9cfe-b3f553b4f376-0
00:11:06.520 --> 00:11:10.093
So if we have two parameters that
describe the Finch beaks,

c031c838-8859-4fd8-9cfe-b3f553b4f376-1
00:11:10.093 --> 00:11:11.880
we could plot them on X&Y.

48b0b901-6c0f-489f-bbb0-c443cbc0257e-0
00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:15.720
So on the X axis,
we have the beak size from small to large.

254b7c8e-90cd-46b4-b063-3e709685f45f-0
00:11:17.240 --> 00:11:17.800
Which button?

53b66436-8dff-4177-9cac-826bc5ac07a6-0
00:11:17.800 --> 00:11:18.160
Oh, thanks.

60746f7f-d8e7-4f6a-8770-9c5ab5e8b9f5-0
00:11:25.040 --> 00:11:25.400
Hello.

edaaed05-697b-429c-a5cd-6091375b96f3-0
00:11:26.080 --> 00:11:26.320
Yes.

2595367b-8358-4a23-8fcb-21d56b6a75df-0
00:11:27.480 --> 00:11:27.680
All right.

17d2d6a8-f456-4d1b-bfb5-d218775754e8-0
00:11:28.560 --> 00:11:29.000
Can't talk.

c4326a2b-d4d9-4ea4-8903-a40760bb48e2-0
00:11:29.960 --> 00:11:30.680
I'm already talking.

fe21fcdf-d2cd-4edf-91fc-bb44ef05121e-0
00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:31.720
There we go.

9925b531-c0d5-4854-b590-724c232c67e3-0
00:11:31.720 --> 00:11:32.120
Thank you.

0cca41d2-c70f-4c3d-bfa8-ff893fdb09ef-0
00:11:32.640 --> 00:11:32.920
All right.

9588e6ad-693b-4038-97c4-78ab20211e10-0
00:11:32.920 --> 00:11:33.320
Yay.

c49150e7-9c84-401c-8c1d-094283e69de8-0
00:11:33.600 --> 00:11:36.381
So on the X axis here on the horizontal
axis,

c49150e7-9c84-401c-8c1d-094283e69de8-1
00:11:36.381 --> 00:11:38.680
we have beak size from small to large.

1be0c492-09e3-4239-af58-27aabad04319-0
00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:44.764
On the vertical axis,
we have beak shape from looks like blunt

1be0c492-09e3-4239-af58-27aabad04319-1
00:11:44.764 --> 00:11:45.680
to pointy.

c035dfe4-7017-4408-953c-c855eb75f49c-0
00:11:46.680 --> 00:11:49.357
And by plotting out all the individuals
in a population,

c035dfe4-7017-4408-953c-c855eb75f49c-1
00:11:49.357 --> 00:11:50.720
you see some patterns emerge.

a9f19b60-f361-473f-b126-d2e04b57338c-0
00:11:50.720 --> 00:11:54.359
You see #1 there's kind of two different
populations,

a9f19b60-f361-473f-b126-d2e04b57338c-1
00:11:54.359 --> 00:11:56.920
two different clusters of individuals.

7072ea7a-2924-4436-ad1d-a4bcb35af37f-0
00:11:57.920 --> 00:12:02.595
And then also you see within those
clusters there's variation of big size

7072ea7a-2924-4436-ad1d-a4bcb35af37f-1
00:12:02.595 --> 00:12:03.480
and big shape.

996f9c93-19e2-4f97-ab39-e7b90436ea67-0
00:12:03.840 --> 00:12:08.692
And so when there's competition for food,
some are going to win and some are going

996f9c93-19e2-4f97-ab39-e7b90436ea67-1
00:12:08.692 --> 00:12:09.160
to lose.

3c7c7aa6-8e4e-4c93-a405-9621b5175255-0
00:12:09.160 --> 00:12:13.360
And that might influence how the big
changes over time.

193e9762-7589-4d07-9994-bdc3e0527d13-0
00:12:13.360 --> 00:12:17.032
And that's what this graph on the right
shows same parameters,

193e9762-7589-4d07-9994-bdc3e0527d13-1
00:12:17.032 --> 00:12:21.638
beak size on the horizontal axis from
small to large and on the vertical axis,

193e9762-7589-4d07-9994-bdc3e0527d13-2
00:12:21.638 --> 00:12:22.280
beak shape.

d212d227-048f-45ba-aeb1-3f8ebb9ab32f-0
00:12:22.760 --> 00:12:27.194
And if you watch these populations,
but also encode them by year that they

d212d227-048f-45ba-aeb1-3f8ebb9ab32f-1
00:12:27.194 --> 00:12:29.560
are observed, they they drift over time.

d84efec4-f5ad-474c-8b90-0b98b3e9502c-0
00:12:29.560 --> 00:12:36.319
So here they started and the beak shape
got more snouty and then it got back to

d84efec4-f5ad-474c-8b90-0b98b3e9502c-1
00:12:36.319 --> 00:12:37.840
being more pointy.

c0bc61c5-4a65-423f-81b1-d870596c6578-0
00:12:37.840 --> 00:12:41.720
So we get to see dynamics over time by
plotting things out this way.

08e9dc34-1e40-46d3-854d-430bd1d47b5a-0
00:12:42.600 --> 00:12:48.451
So just one innovation that biologists
have added on to evolutionary theory to

08e9dc34-1e40-46d3-854d-430bd1d47b5a-1
00:12:48.451 --> 00:12:50.600
understand it in more detail.

254c3312-ef1c-471d-aa41-f2756de25805-0
00:12:53.120 --> 00:12:55.067
OK,
so I mentioned this idea might be

254c3312-ef1c-471d-aa41-f2756de25805-1
00:12:55.067 --> 00:12:58.400
considered dangerous,
so I want to talk about that a little bit.

da71d3a6-8ba0-4ce9-9ea9-cd8d58566e4c-0
00:13:00.440 --> 00:13:02.720
All ideas might have a certain bit of
danger.

31df833c-90dc-4db0-80be-c32f6abbac8a-0
00:13:05.040 --> 00:13:07.600
Oh, my squared got erased there.

bebdffa9-c26e-455f-9748-bdfbe94f44cc-0
00:13:07.800 --> 00:13:13.155
E equals MC squared is an idea that we
everybody can recognize the mistake I

bebdffa9-c26e-455f-9748-bdfbe94f44cc-1
00:13:13.155 --> 00:13:13.920
made there.

80470734-88fe-47ae-8623-6f3e107debc5-0
00:13:14.080 --> 00:13:15.760
So and you're not even physicists.

2bbb6753-2372-477c-aa3d-f830144f1dcb-0
00:13:15.760 --> 00:13:20.760
So that's pretty astounding that you
could correct my equation in your mind.

ebcc884d-9c90-4eed-b5ce-de51a6532ad3-0
00:13:22.920 --> 00:13:27.269
It's a powerful equation that tells you
that energy and mass are two sides of the

ebcc884d-9c90-4eed-b5ce-de51a6532ad3-1
00:13:27.269 --> 00:13:27.800
same coin.

6c713218-10fa-43e2-820d-30f76adbda34-0
00:13:27.800 --> 00:13:28.720
They're interchangeable.

89959abc-2526-4669-b837-b4a070ca3bdf-0
00:13:28.720 --> 00:13:34.609
If you have mass, that's a form of energy,
you can convert it into other forms of

89959abc-2526-4669-b837-b4a070ca3bdf-1
00:13:34.609 --> 00:13:38.200
energy like light,
and that has certain benefits.

f81408f2-2761-4e40-994b-640f080f7435-0
00:13:38.200 --> 00:13:40.640
We can understand where the sunshine
comes from.

cd460c72-4abf-4d8a-b975-2046e074a8be-0
00:13:42.520 --> 00:13:45.631
Hydrogen is moving around so fast in the
sun score,

cd460c72-4abf-4d8a-b975-2046e074a8be-1
00:13:45.631 --> 00:13:50.120
it slams into other hydrogens so fast
they stick together and make helium.

4511858f-0e6d-49d6-906d-6f34f49e8bc1-0
00:13:50.120 --> 00:13:53.530
But some of that mass is missing at the
end of the process,

4511858f-0e6d-49d6-906d-6f34f49e8bc1-1
00:13:53.530 --> 00:13:56.600
and that turns into light,
electromagnetic radiation.

f60d0040-c02f-44d0-9a9f-17837371507f-0
00:13:56.960 --> 00:13:57.960
So it's a powerful idea.

36e12c19-1412-409d-a238-e9d427393e12-0
00:13:57.960 --> 00:13:59.040
It helps us understand things.

8b384863-2792-48a8-b604-dbde5a9925d2-0
00:13:59.040 --> 00:14:04.600
It also helps us make things we could,
if we were fairly close to figuring out

8b384863-2792-48a8-b604-dbde5a9925d2-1
00:14:04.600 --> 00:14:09.457
how to do fusion on earth,
that would give cheap energy to the whole

8b384863-2792-48a8-b604-dbde5a9925d2-2
00:14:09.457 --> 00:14:09.880
world.

c715a170-6977-4e53-9114-21d2a29f945c-0
00:14:09.880 --> 00:14:13.080
We wouldn't have to have wars over oil or
anything like that.

8f57cdef-9276-41d7-bc7d-2ce9915497b7-0
00:14:14.320 --> 00:14:20.301
But it also comes with dangerous we could
convert that mass into energy and destroy

8f57cdef-9276-41d7-bc7d-2ce9915497b7-1
00:14:20.301 --> 00:14:20.800
things.

44fac78c-a198-4591-91fd-66180f192eea-0
00:14:21.080 --> 00:14:23.920
So it's not a good or a bad thing.

8bff783a-45db-4861-b309-35bd83b789ba-0
00:14:23.920 --> 00:14:24.880
The idea in itself.

6c1292c3-dc2c-47fa-bf1b-dc2b21822deb-0
00:14:25.160 --> 00:14:28.760
It is something with trade-offs we have
to consider.

9b10e890-d05d-4fbe-909a-b171e5a13457-0
00:14:29.520 --> 00:14:32.000
Same thing with natural selection,
Some of the benefits.

216c1d92-826a-4422-bec5-200cb022aa23-0
00:14:32.600 --> 00:14:36.172
This is from the philosopher Daniel
Dennett, who recently passed away,

216c1d92-826a-4422-bec5-200cb022aa23-1
00:14:36.172 --> 00:14:39.040
one of the great philosophers of the 100
last 100 years.

662ae3d4-2b0e-4a22-b8be-e73546595113-0
00:14:39.680 --> 00:14:43.280
Had the great pleasure of taking a class
with him at Tufts University.

2db80434-5301-4bbf-be55-3e7f2e1ca50f-0
00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:46.640
Changed my thinking forever.

9f06e71d-8185-4dae-bb4a-ef7a9eb09830-0
00:14:47.720 --> 00:14:51.830
But he has a book called Darwin's
Dangerous Idea, which I recommend,

9f06e71d-8185-4dae-bb4a-ef7a9eb09830-1
00:14:51.830 --> 00:14:56.238
and he says that in one in one stroke,
the theory of evolution by natural

9f06e71d-8185-4dae-bb4a-ef7a9eb09830-2
00:14:56.238 --> 00:15:00.706
selection unifies the realm of life,
meaning and purpose with the realm of

9f06e71d-8185-4dae-bb4a-ef7a9eb09830-3
00:15:00.706 --> 00:15:04.400
space and time, cause and effect,
mechanism and physical law.

764a1ae4-6a22-4704-9863-cca355731e74-0
00:15:04.880 --> 00:15:06.720
And that is a powerful thing.

1d21fc05-aa50-45b7-aad1-9bb3bdcb8323-0
00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:12.355
It helps us understand some of these big
mysteries, but on the other hand,

1d21fc05-aa50-45b7-aad1-9bb3bdcb8323-1
00:15:12.355 --> 00:15:14.680
it challenges some of our cherished
beliefs.

bd8aa57d-4bea-4af2-95ff-6ee54fce13e8-0
00:15:15.040 --> 00:15:19.000
And when you challenge cherished beliefs,
people will come at you.

a01ae069-07cf-458b-8f09-01ba87fb3a95-0
00:15:19.080 --> 00:15:21.640
And so there's a danger to the person
having the idea.

c7ae9317-9c81-4734-97ad-fafe599dd728-0
00:15:22.360 --> 00:15:27.849
It's also in danger of being misused,
has been used to justify terrible things

c7ae9317-9c81-4734-97ad-fafe599dd728-1
00:15:27.849 --> 00:15:31.533
and atrocities,
and is generally misused when you're

c7ae9317-9c81-4734-97ad-fafe599dd728-2
00:15:31.533 --> 00:15:35.355
trying to argue that one group is
superior to another,

c7ae9317-9c81-4734-97ad-fafe599dd728-3
00:15:35.355 --> 00:15:37.439
which the theory does not say.

59017dd0-cf65-4204-8d4c-1601b573b007-0
00:15:37.800 --> 00:15:40.411
It's not that things are becoming better
over time,

59017dd0-cf65-4204-8d4c-1601b573b007-1
00:15:40.411 --> 00:15:42.320
just more suited to their environment.

a8d55cc0-607e-439f-a8f6-286995d6bf82-0
00:15:45.120 --> 00:15:50.605
So there are dangerous and benefits and
we should weigh those before we just go

a8d55cc0-607e-439f-a8f6-286995d6bf82-1
00:15:50.605 --> 00:15:53.760
around applying this thing to new
situations.

18f9af0d-8235-4f1c-9d63-7465a027b56a-0
00:15:55.880 --> 00:16:01.942
But I'd say if we're trying to understand
the universe,

18f9af0d-8235-4f1c-9d63-7465a027b56a-1
00:16:01.942 --> 00:16:05.840
the the benefits outweigh the risks.

aee9b271-6372-49e5-85e1-1bafbd9545ca-0
00:16:05.840 --> 00:16:06.920
So let's take a look at that.

f347fee2-4786-4a5e-b4b4-475b1d5be271-0
00:16:06.920 --> 00:16:11.000
All right,
so biologists have asked big questions.

8c07a372-92c3-4d0d-93f5-1eab18363dc9-0
00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:11.880
Where do we come from?

7ddebb4d-6c31-4731-b04b-58faf1e9c1f6-0
00:16:11.880 --> 00:16:13.880
Where does all this stuff stuff come from?

a3c091bf-5dee-4459-9d78-292902a6b382-0
00:16:13.880 --> 00:16:18.592
Are we the same kind of stuff as this
stuff that we come from the same

a3c091bf-5dee-4459-9d78-292902a6b382-1
00:16:18.592 --> 00:16:22.840
processes and cosmologists have been
asking the same questions.

cac42b90-5e73-4844-8eb6-7d33540bb685-0
00:16:23.160 --> 00:16:26.640
Cosmology, by the way,
is the study of the universe as a whole.

d496ddca-934f-4eb4-955c-cbbb1ca7b2a4-0
00:16:28.680 --> 00:16:31.760
You could think of it as a branch of
physics or a branch of astrophysics.

992ae58b-01ee-4a56-a6ad-2e01070396a5-0
00:16:37.560 --> 00:16:41.861
We found out when we went to Tufts to
visit and to visit the school,

992ae58b-01ee-4a56-a6ad-2e01070396a5-1
00:16:41.861 --> 00:16:44.480
decided whether whether I should go there.

104266ca-3232-4577-b811-0ce5de8ccf00-0
00:16:45.080 --> 00:16:50.822
My mother discovered that astrophysics
astrophysicists don't appreciate when you

104266ca-3232-4577-b811-0ce5de8ccf00-1
00:16:50.822 --> 00:16:52.240
call it cosmetology.

ffd76b62-c15a-47c7-93b2-a4683d53e9c2-0
00:16:52.440 --> 00:16:57.342
I don't know,
but a lot of my classes make a whole lot

ffd76b62-c15a-47c7-93b2-a4683d53e9c2-1
00:16:57.342 --> 00:17:00.640
more sense now that I'm looking back.

b4fccb2c-69b6-4c9f-98ed-da6ed72fccb2-0
00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:01.800
I was in the wrong class.

a7e5e832-d2b7-4427-91cd-8aba76961753-0
00:17:04.680 --> 00:17:05.840
Where does all this stuff come from?

20140917-3758-40ca-a4cb-415860cf6b03-0
00:17:05.840 --> 00:17:07.640
I want to show you some of this stuff
more closely.

5e6fc223-48b0-4e14-8e1d-5ba4057c59e6-0
00:17:07.680 --> 00:17:16.860
All right up on this top left part of the
screen is maybe my favorite picture of

5e6fc223-48b0-4e14-8e1d-5ba4057c59e6-1
00:17:16.860 --> 00:17:17.880
all time.

ce55c81a-e061-4caf-ba0c-54516a23806e-0
00:17:17.880 --> 00:17:20.040
I'm not sure, but it's it's up there.

3ee8e3f1-3cbd-420e-b834-fe1f2fa338a6-0
00:17:20.080 --> 00:17:24.400
This is the James Webb space telescopes
deep field image.

7ed0a6c1-9117-45a5-adab-e9bbe6ae709a-0
00:17:24.400 --> 00:17:29.005
One of the first times they just pointed
at once part of the sky and just stared

7ed0a6c1-9117-45a5-adab-e9bbe6ae709a-1
00:17:29.005 --> 00:17:33.325
without blinking for like 48 hours and
got all that light to add up so they

7ed0a6c1-9117-45a5-adab-e9bbe6ae709a-2
00:17:33.325 --> 00:17:35.600
could see the faintest stuff in the sky.

c90665cb-994d-4fe3-a97b-f2eb7e584456-0
00:17:36.120 --> 00:17:38.000
And let's zoom in for a second.

75cc075d-8939-4857-af3d-b6556ebe0799-0
00:17:38.960 --> 00:17:40.240
Let me point out a couple of things.

372fda78-2593-4686-a386-e5262a7a20f4-0
00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:45.320
If you see like a six sided figure,
that's a star in the foreground.

856bbe9e-6aef-4ad0-bf69-e1ae083fb14b-0
00:17:45.320 --> 00:17:47.920
It's so bright that it's overexposing the
camera.

abc72324-9f8e-4a1b-90e1-88c487e14475-0
00:17:48.720 --> 00:17:50.280
But there's only a couple of those.

e5ead9b8-ef68-43a8-8181-f17925bd5a79-0
00:17:50.480 --> 00:17:57.026
Everything else is an entire other Galaxy
with billions and billions of stars of

e5ead9b8-ef68-43a8-8181-f17925bd5a79-1
00:17:57.026 --> 00:17:58.320
their own right.

7eeefa0c-7af1-4e63-80f1-30c63c1215bf-0
00:17:58.320 --> 00:18:03.343
And now we think every star has at least
one planet on average,

7eeefa0c-7af1-4e63-80f1-30c63c1215bf-1
00:18:03.343 --> 00:18:06.640
and so many billions of planets out there.

f65c8a69-3450-4f68-85fc-3c17cb807e08-0
00:18:06.800 --> 00:18:11.880
And each little dot,
there's even crazier stuff.

e6414e79-6e3f-4d06-a258-789e16ab769f-0
00:18:12.040 --> 00:18:17.640
Let's I'll point out right here.

1a4c2706-05c9-4785-8097-1dea121e7d67-0
00:18:17.720 --> 00:18:20.200
See that little smudge that's kind of
bent?

0d5fc421-d456-40a7-bdb3-626bb9d0bb9c-0
00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:23.533
Einstein,
when he came up with his theory of

0d5fc421-d456-40a7-bdb3-626bb9d0bb9c-1
00:18:23.533 --> 00:18:26.538
relativity, realized that light,
even though it's massless,

0d5fc421-d456-40a7-bdb3-626bb9d0bb9c-2
00:18:26.538 --> 00:18:27.840
should be bent by gravity.

521a0ada-880c-4f20-b3ad-c7d140761aa1-0
00:18:28.640 --> 00:18:34.935
And so he predicted that we'd get some
naturally occurring lenses that would

521a0ada-880c-4f20-b3ad-c7d140761aa1-1
00:18:34.935 --> 00:18:37.960
help us see deeper into the universe.

49165511-a987-4592-8e25-7abdec1166be-0
00:18:37.960 --> 00:18:40.280
And that's what's happening there.

d4554370-5552-4073-a0f6-fd747d9e732b-0
00:18:40.600 --> 00:18:44.380
The foreground Galaxy,
which is like that yellow BLOB is bending

d4554370-5552-4073-a0f6-fd747d9e732b-1
00:18:44.380 --> 00:18:48.277
the space and time around it so that the
light coming from behind,

d4554370-5552-4073-a0f6-fd747d9e732b-2
00:18:48.277 --> 00:18:50.720
from this distant Galaxy gets smeared out.

598f94c2-cf37-4143-aaca-35a9c48d3d09-0
00:18:51.040 --> 00:18:52.840
And we're seeing that process play out.

c023315d-e51d-4a99-9def-a1fa5cc36da8-0
00:18:53.360 --> 00:19:00.339
And the lensing part means even though
it's a Galaxy at the reaches of our our

c023315d-e51d-4a99-9def-a1fa5cc36da8-1
00:19:00.339 --> 00:19:05.552
best telescopes,
the natural lens boosts the telescope and

c023315d-e51d-4a99-9def-a1fa5cc36da8-2
00:19:05.552 --> 00:19:09.440
we can see individual stars in that
Galaxy.

06723679-0135-4925-80b9-12240a3d5e8c-0
00:19:09.480 --> 00:19:13.840
And it's we might be able to detect the
first stars.

ebb41b4a-5661-4348-8082-32918051112b-0
00:19:13.840 --> 00:19:15.280
We're on the verge of doing that.

fdc8c80d-31d0-4c71-af87-223cf4464b2c-0
00:19:17.680 --> 00:19:21.400
Over here is also a picture from the
James Webb Space Telescope.

b598ab1b-3c96-47a0-8be3-2cad69d0e315-0
00:19:21.640 --> 00:19:25.000
That is the Eagle Nebula,
if I have it correct.

72804138-ab0a-4b31-bc3a-998b13eddff2-0
00:19:25.440 --> 00:19:30.800
And it's big pillowy clouds of gas and
dust.

40f37402-719a-414c-9b3e-56104bcaba27-0
00:19:31.480 --> 00:19:34.760
To an astronomer,
dust is anything heavier than hydrogen.

3712db80-deda-4a5d-83ff-2f96155449be-0
00:19:37.440 --> 00:19:39.720
And there are little.

583b56f1-b5d3-4d27-824e-600193415396-0
00:19:40.840 --> 00:19:43.520
You can see the kind of arms reaching out.

5093b44a-6064-4947-8b5d-1ea4b36a1eef-0
00:19:43.520 --> 00:19:46.400
And then off the arms you can see little
tinier arms.

69ac7b33-c0af-4935-95e8-1f99e1f002ec-0
00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:50.800
And those are called stellar eggs.

af22c672-705c-4dda-86ba-24733acd1741-0
00:19:51.360 --> 00:19:54.040
Those are new star systems being formed.

9c77ab6d-3a79-4009-95e2-38f12b2c3643-0
00:19:54.040 --> 00:19:55.720
This is a star forming region.

dcac8849-4413-4865-93db-6f8a2ceef27e-0
00:19:56.080 --> 00:20:00.880
And when a nearby supernova explodes,
it puts pressure on this cloud which.

c00d5f47-1677-4ede-bd75-94202d9fd3b7-0
00:20:01.280 --> 00:20:03.960
Makes it start to collapse into its own
star system.

751aba97-c120-470d-9370-0510db71cc31-0
00:20:04.360 --> 00:20:08.320
And you can see those processes happening
in this picture.

0ac718fc-87af-4530-b612-d78c9881c280-0
00:20:09.760 --> 00:20:14.920
Down here is an image of the clouds of
Jupiter.

e939c429-e2c6-4177-b291-ec7e33079dda-0
00:20:15.040 --> 00:20:18.480
Yes, and that's from the Juno space probe.

bb2e0d52-6f61-4bc2-a59b-cbf13cbf7024-0
00:20:18.480 --> 00:20:22.240
And this is from Pluto.

6392ad96-6366-4a73-ba08-ff02c6686990-0
00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:25.400
This is a image of Pluto from the Next
Horizons project.

a3c253c5-1502-4400-8069-b1992114ccb3-0
00:20:25.400 --> 00:20:27.560
And then this is an astronaut selfie over
here.

56b88e19-3bc6-4f86-a7cd-1e22a375d9f9-0
00:20:28.000 --> 00:20:31.320
So where does this stuff come from?

125d78ad-6875-422e-811e-f4db477b52f8-0
00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:32.960
That's what we want to know.

1adb9dd2-0ed5-4ccf-82c9-b47e438814f4-0
00:20:33.880 --> 00:20:38.320
And cosmologists have made progress.

1e2d2abb-b1d2-4adb-9b7d-0fac329a95ce-0
00:20:38.320 --> 00:20:40.000
We've got some answers too.

3fb16990-178d-48e1-9963-c55dcc6738c6-0
00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:42.120
We have some big picture answers.

e85dfcf9-5939-44d8-987f-bb29ee08f8ce-0
00:20:43.280 --> 00:20:48.280
The main thing that we've learned from
studying the universe as a whole is that

e85dfcf9-5939-44d8-987f-bb29ee08f8ce-1
00:20:48.280 --> 00:20:49.280
it is expanding.

f4f6688a-9cba-4d3e-9160-80c22f47a839-0
00:20:50.920 --> 00:20:55.200
This graph captures the modern take on
the history of the universe.

d98ac7c7-d756-4616-a618-e885796367ed-0
00:20:55.320 --> 00:20:58.080
It started a finite amount of time ago.

783f2d0a-30d7-4f7f-93e3-791975eae77f-0
00:21:00.040 --> 00:21:03.033
If it didn't start a finite amount of
time ago,

783f2d0a-30d7-4f7f-93e3-791975eae77f-1
00:21:03.033 --> 00:21:05.840
the night sky would be as bright as the
day.

9ee9022c-97df-435b-97c2-87ab19d33785-0
00:21:06.680 --> 00:21:11.983
The fact that the night sky is dark,
it's only possible because not all of the

9ee9022c-97df-435b-97c2-87ab19d33785-1
00:21:11.983 --> 00:21:14.400
light has had time to get to us yet.

3484f35a-f123-4153-954a-309bf3b69078-0
00:21:15.200 --> 00:21:17.280
It's only had 13.7 billion years.

c89c18f7-8396-462d-9eb5-cafa19b4ad69-0
00:21:17.280 --> 00:21:20.879
So there's some stragglers way out there
that are still sending their light

c89c18f7-8396-462d-9eb5-cafa19b4ad69-1
00:21:20.879 --> 00:21:21.400
towards us.

28e5b5da-10d1-4de0-abc8-3dbf2b2ea541-0
00:21:22.320 --> 00:21:25.165
Sadly,
we might not never see it because not

28e5b5da-10d1-4de0-abc8-3dbf2b2ea541-1
00:21:25.165 --> 00:21:28.960
only are we expanding,
we're accelerating in our expansion.

f598e421-f35f-458a-923a-c942afe98723-0
00:21:29.720 --> 00:21:33.684
So the light is chasing towards us,
but then the universe is spreading out

f598e421-f35f-458a-923a-c942afe98723-1
00:21:33.684 --> 00:21:35.640
faster than that light can get to us.

f62d31a0-6054-4762-95a8-7705bfe2d544-0
00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:39.666
So all right,
I won't give you the spoiler alert on

f62d31a0-6054-4762-95a8-7705bfe2d544-1
00:21:39.666 --> 00:21:41.640
where the universe is going.

a117f4d0-7863-4dbe-99f4-e19178f3ac08-0
00:21:43.560 --> 00:21:46.773
Big question is,
can Darwin's dangerous idea help us to

a117f4d0-7863-4dbe-99f4-e19178f3ac08-1
00:21:46.773 --> 00:21:48.840
understand our cosmic questions too?

305a1a4a-9a5c-4864-ac69-0203614b5d29-0
00:21:51.240 --> 00:21:56.291
And I'm going to point out two specific
and very different approaches to

305a1a4a-9a5c-4864-ac69-0203614b5d29-1
00:21:56.291 --> 00:22:00.720
extending Darwin's ideas to understand
the universe as a whole.

6530e183-6652-42ee-a088-f0a535a82378-0
00:22:00.800 --> 00:22:03.040
Two different ideas on the left.

d1c5e34f-9f07-4340-8897-b1c0672ae3ec-0
00:22:03.040 --> 00:22:06.009
I colour coded them even because I want
to make sure you understand they're two

d1c5e34f-9f07-4340-8897-b1c0672ae3ec-1
00:22:06.009 --> 00:22:06.640
different things.

ed53b7b2-3ceb-4bbc-a250-ede142f79df6-0
00:22:07.080 --> 00:22:10.680
On the left is an approach called cosmic
evolution.

7fe99cf0-c1dd-4942-b3fa-ae9a00ad1dd7-0
00:22:11.360 --> 00:22:19.999
That's the approach that my former thesis
mentor Eric Chaison talked about back in

7fe99cf0-c1dd-4942-b3fa-ae9a00ad1dd7-1
00:22:19.999 --> 00:22:20.520
2019.

828678f0-beb4-4a89-997f-3130b3be6b9e-0
00:22:20.800 --> 00:22:26.040
It's it's taking the evolution part and
playing that out in a more general sense.

1e4498dd-c617-452d-8768-15eeac945290-0
00:22:28.040 --> 00:22:32.704
And in that story,
biological evolution turns out to be 1 of

1e4498dd-c617-452d-8768-15eeac945290-1
00:22:32.704 --> 00:22:35.840
many epics of a broader cosmic evolution.

5c89776c-ab93-4010-918a-76f553466403-0
00:22:36.080 --> 00:22:38.120
But it's not necessarily a natural
selection.

a9b24899-eea8-43e1-9f93-1760d4f41d23-0
00:22:38.320 --> 00:22:40.840
It's just evolution has changed over time.

01fe5635-f79d-4e7c-afdf-f8b7d198e834-0
00:22:41.600 --> 00:22:43.800
On the right is a more speculative idea.

9faf8785-5eb0-4eac-a03c-20fea703d59e-0
00:22:45.440 --> 00:22:47.440
It's called cosmic natural selection.

354e7aae-46b1-464c-8bca-6d9793420b35-0
00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:50.080
It is a serious idea,
but it's speculative.

8dc27821-6c4a-4ee8-a612-70d534374218-0
00:22:51.600 --> 00:22:56.405
It's one of my favorite ideas,
which is why I have to talk about it,

8dc27821-6c4a-4ee8-a612-70d534374218-1
00:22:56.405 --> 00:23:01.977
but it's spoiler alert, probably not true,
but very fun to think about and very

8dc27821-6c4a-4ee8-a612-70d534374218-2
00:23:01.977 --> 00:23:05.320
powerful for approaching problems in a
new way.

8b44a410-7068-4f44-960f-556557d94bde-0
00:23:07.280 --> 00:23:09.320
So first I'll talk about cosmic evolution.

a0957e02-dc59-46a6-9100-0a2d00fccade-0
00:23:10.160 --> 00:23:15.360
This is the idea that evolution writ
large means change over time.

4d11de0d-52e3-4e13-8188-5e8a01ac9a35-0
00:23:15.720 --> 00:23:20.200
And so that's one of Darwin's
observations of the of the species.

8baa6ae6-622b-4a4d-9d4e-1c95559d7cb3-0
00:23:20.200 --> 00:23:21.280
They change over time.

188191ea-c561-4d5f-9032-1ca968382324-0
00:23:21.280 --> 00:23:24.200
And So what if we think broader than
species?

37ed8143-334d-4dee-ae14-f2e7e5f840ab-0
00:23:24.200 --> 00:23:26.000
What if we think about the universe as a
whole?

3c79d0d1-ca2b-4ebd-b939-78443065777e-0
00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:30.100
Things are changing over time,
and they change over time in a very

3c79d0d1-ca2b-4ebd-b939-78443065777e-1
00:23:30.100 --> 00:23:31.080
interesting way.

db64a882-0e8b-4cd2-afac-ddc707b64f45-0
00:23:31.080 --> 00:23:34.676
When you look at it this way,
like my dad said,

db64a882-0e8b-4cd2-afac-ddc707b64f45-1
00:23:34.676 --> 00:23:37.000
it's the universe is expanding.

7cb3db27-1a54-408c-979c-b4ad7292d2ae-0
00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:38.000
It's hard to get it back.

4fb9855b-6fe7-4090-a3fa-b9469e8be0ca-0
00:23:39.920 --> 00:23:41.480
Same thing with a gas cloud.

4c21b7cc-c75c-40b4-87f5-c78f06539a4c-0
00:23:41.920 --> 00:23:46.676
When you puff a little spray of perfume,
eventually it will fill the room and

4c21b7cc-c75c-40b4-87f5-c78f06539a4c-1
00:23:46.676 --> 00:23:49.360
people over there will be able to smell
it.

0955e388-3a30-4d89-8a1f-828ba5e7a5ae-0
00:23:49.880 --> 00:23:52.160
It never gathers itself back into the
bottle.

e08b88ae-0527-4c10-8e91-85936844211c-0
00:23:54.080 --> 00:23:55.240
Same thing for the universe.

99dd3317-e1d8-4922-8d6a-170285631302-0
00:23:55.240 --> 00:23:59.332
It's expanding, and as it expands,
much like a gas cloud,

99dd3317-e1d8-4922-8d6a-170285631302-1
00:23:59.332 --> 00:24:02.720
it goes through phase changes as it cools
down.

f329af8f-5c4b-4b5c-8446-03de97cade63-0
00:24:05.040 --> 00:24:08.760
Gas might turn into a liquid and then a
solid if it gets cold enough.

9e218f97-a2ab-448d-83b1-56b25719fc3d-0
00:24:09.240 --> 00:24:13.654
The universe turns into people,
Harlow Shapley,

9e218f97-a2ab-448d-83b1-56b25719fc3d-1
00:24:13.654 --> 00:24:18.160
one of the great astronomers of the 1800s,
said.

d28f1a9a-3b6f-4167-bf4f-855b3a1ddebe-0
00:24:18.160 --> 00:24:22.240
Hydrogen is a mostly inert gas that,
given enough time, turns into people.

29128070-6a4d-48da-913a-6cf8d2b4d1ea-0
00:24:25.560 --> 00:24:32.564
So I'm going to tell you a couple of
different points along the way,

29128070-6a4d-48da-913a-6cf8d2b4d1ea-1
00:24:32.564 --> 00:24:40.483
but sorry to throw this is I think the
second of two equations that I'll I'll

29128070-6a4d-48da-913a-6cf8d2b4d1ea-2
00:24:40.483 --> 00:24:41.600
put at you.

c45bd720-3385-4bef-a38c-560a3a4ff1ce-0
00:24:42.440 --> 00:24:44.680
This is the second law of thermodynamics.

5d0acb7b-4fb8-4f08-a040-c12b2879b9c1-0
00:24:45.160 --> 00:24:52.492
Closed systems have no choice but to
either increase their entropy or at best

5d0acb7b-4fb8-4f08-a040-c12b2879b9c1-1
00:24:52.492 --> 00:24:54.560
stay constant entropy.

407ba47d-43a0-401f-83f7-544a94e050be-0
00:24:54.560 --> 00:24:56.440
They can never decrease their entropy.

85c97e15-20f0-4f4e-8ef5-0c21b780f5f9-0
00:24:56.520 --> 00:24:57.360
What is entropy?

0a336da1-0f3c-4cac-bc37-6b0071f3589c-0
00:24:57.640 --> 00:25:01.790
Entropy is,
you'll hear it described as a measure of

0a336da1-0f3c-4cac-bc37-6b0071f3589c-1
00:25:01.790 --> 00:25:06.568
disorder of a system,
and that's good enough to stay in your

0a336da1-0f3c-4cac-bc37-6b0071f3589c-2
00:25:06.568 --> 00:25:06.960
mind.

e5e38664-c9ac-47f6-b633-37b55e95a390-0
00:25:06.960 --> 00:25:10.360
It's not precise in a physicist sort of
way.

b74e1e25-6149-426a-ac20-a815527a57d5-0
00:25:10.360 --> 00:25:14.280
It's more about how the energy in the
system is distributed.

9e1382d2-254a-405b-8ed9-19aa948ebdb4-0
00:25:14.560 --> 00:25:17.280
If it's all concentrated in one spot,
you can use that energy.

980432b6-ce3b-4480-bd1f-b88fb99062c1-0
00:25:17.280 --> 00:25:21.640
If it's spread out amongst the whole
system, you can't use it anymore.

20f075da-4b6b-425e-a911-d4c8094d30f9-0
00:25:21.800 --> 00:25:28.276
So that's why heat transfers from hot
objects to cold objects doesn't go the

20f075da-4b6b-425e-a911-d4c8094d30f9-1
00:25:28.276 --> 00:25:32.987
other way around,
unless you plug in your refrigerator,

20f075da-4b6b-425e-a911-d4c8094d30f9-2
00:25:32.987 --> 00:25:36.520
but then it's not a closed system anymore.

ba37f21b-4a97-495c-a00b-2f70e6006484-0
00:25:36.720 --> 00:25:38.840
So it only applies to closed systems.

241422c2-1c8e-414d-af38-25865810abe1-0
00:25:38.840 --> 00:25:44.200
When nothing can come in or out,
no energy or matter can come in or out,

241422c2-1c8e-414d-af38-25865810abe1-1
00:25:44.200 --> 00:25:48.240
then entropy has to increase or at best
stay constant.

05afb5c1-61a8-4568-99ba-369f30ed34b2-0
00:25:48.640 --> 00:25:51.160
And so that's why you spray some perfume.

ceac0098-0f8a-463a-8358-1e92089d5a0d-0
00:25:51.160 --> 00:25:53.484
It will spread out,
but you can never get it back into the

ceac0098-0f8a-463a-8358-1e92089d5a0d-1
00:25:53.484 --> 00:25:53.760
bottle.

aea18055-d20a-463e-a3fa-045869873bfe-0
00:25:56.440 --> 00:26:00.370
Sir Eddington,
who was the one of the ones that proved

aea18055-d20a-463e-a3fa-045869873bfe-1
00:26:00.370 --> 00:26:05.587
Einstein's theory of gravity right,
but with us observation of the solar

aea18055-d20a-463e-a3fa-045869873bfe-2
00:26:05.587 --> 00:26:08.945
eclipse of 1919,
said that the law of entropy,

aea18055-d20a-463e-a3fa-045869873bfe-3
00:26:08.945 --> 00:26:14.520
always increasing, holds, I think,
supreme position among the laws of nature.

7a9fb1dd-a290-4568-a9c6-93f7e8c56323-0
00:26:14.600 --> 00:26:17.419
If your theory is found to be against the
second law of thermodynamics,

7a9fb1dd-a290-4568-a9c6-93f7e8c56323-1
00:26:17.419 --> 00:26:18.320
I can give you no hope.

fb96f4c1-929a-49d8-87b1-d2d701c16575-0
00:26:18.760 --> 00:26:24.040
There is nothing for it but to collapse
in deepest humiliation as cold as cold.

36f78ed0-6ed2-45cd-8724-c9a508445877-0
00:26:27.080 --> 00:26:31.234
And that's what I think whenever YouTube
pops up an advertisement for they,

36f78ed0-6ed2-45cd-8724-c9a508445877-1
00:26:31.234 --> 00:26:35.553
they have these heaters that you can plug
into the wall and will heat any room

36f78ed0-6ed2-45cd-8724-c9a508445877-2
00:26:35.553 --> 00:26:36.920
without wasting any heat.

7ada5d40-0fa7-4bbd-a4ae-e34c61dfc725-0
00:26:36.920 --> 00:26:43.160
And I'm like,
Sir Eddington would be very upset about

7ada5d40-0fa7-4bbd-a4ae-e34c61dfc725-1
00:26:43.160 --> 00:26:44.200
this, OK.

a5ef1f3d-7f85-4fc1-9a07-cf1ae4c7b4ce-0
00:26:45.040 --> 00:26:48.880
We all have the intuition that complexity
is increasing over time.

41be63cd-a2af-4134-9640-96b66c08e79b-0
00:26:52.320 --> 00:26:56.629
We can't be wrong about that it, I mean,
our cell phones are more complex than a

41be63cd-a2af-4134-9640-96b66c08e79b-1
00:26:56.629 --> 00:26:59.555
hydrogen Adam,
I would guess because it's got hydrogen

41be63cd-a2af-4134-9640-96b66c08e79b-2
00:26:59.555 --> 00:27:03.120
atoms in there and it's got,
they're interacting with other parts.

a68cd3d8-6cc1-4d71-acf4-22b0c47fecf6-0
00:27:03.600 --> 00:27:07.040
So complexity must be increasing over
time.

b4ec0fe1-d986-4a84-8614-be089ea936dc-0
00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:10.560
But complexity is the opposite of entropy.

060b564e-ac27-48bf-a30f-f3b0c158688f-0
00:27:11.720 --> 00:27:14.040
So we have an apparent paradox.

92d1bcd6-c8eb-40af-9a10-b93b5c35d117-0
00:27:15.640 --> 00:27:17.560
How can things be increasing over time?

1e301abe-44c9-4e60-b0cf-aa6584831a2b-0
00:27:19.040 --> 00:27:21.200
How can complexity be increasing over
time?

a54209ae-b178-4876-8c97-812f95cd41ec-0
00:27:26.560 --> 00:27:28.920
The idea comes back to closed systems.

42ceb8d9-47db-41c1-bb06-1421068b5eec-0
00:27:29.080 --> 00:27:33.117
The universe is a closed system,
maybe the closed system,

42ceb8d9-47db-41c1-bb06-1421068b5eec-1
00:27:33.117 --> 00:27:36.320
and so entropy has no choice but to
increase.

54cd0a4e-47e5-4a36-9e60-3b24100949d7-0
00:27:36.560 --> 00:27:41.216
But on local levels you have little
pockets of energy that are moving from

54cd0a4e-47e5-4a36-9e60-3b24100949d7-1
00:27:41.216 --> 00:27:44.879
one thing to another,
and those energy flows are where the

54cd0a4e-47e5-4a36-9e60-3b24100949d7-2
00:27:44.879 --> 00:27:46.680
interesting stuff can happen.

06c9d8f7-7bb5-4fd5-b740-da63b85b2b14-0
00:27:47.240 --> 00:27:54.036
So life is one example of this where we
are able to separate ourselves from the

06c9d8f7-7bb5-4fd5-b740-da63b85b2b14-1
00:27:54.036 --> 00:27:56.840
entropy we can't help but create.

6aea8eb3-ab06-4d56-adc4-9bde570cfc48-0
00:27:58.600 --> 00:28:03.175
In other words,
we decrease entropy locally in our bodies

6aea8eb3-ab06-4d56-adc4-9bde570cfc48-1
00:28:03.175 --> 00:28:07.987
and in our systems,
but we make a lot more heat and waste in

6aea8eb3-ab06-4d56-adc4-9bde570cfc48-2
00:28:07.987 --> 00:28:09.960
the universe as a result.

8a97d92b-5fd9-4478-9935-3bf21b16fd51-0
00:28:10.040 --> 00:28:16.425
And the entropy that we increase the
universe by far outweighs the the

8a97d92b-5fd9-4478-9935-3bf21b16fd51-1
00:28:16.425 --> 00:28:23.440
decrease that we are able to manage to
hold on to for a little while locally.

21099a9e-79d0-4a2e-b141-ed793071246f-0
00:28:26.880 --> 00:28:29.873
OK,
so one other interesting aspect that I

21099a9e-79d0-4a2e-b141-ed793071246f-1
00:28:29.873 --> 00:28:35.163
love about this idea is that if you
follow The Big Bang to the present time

21099a9e-79d0-4a2e-b141-ed793071246f-2
00:28:35.163 --> 00:28:38.852
and keep going,
it's not just that the universe goes

21099a9e-79d0-4a2e-b141-ed793071246f-3
00:28:38.852 --> 00:28:43.237
through phase changes,
it's that each phase change makes a new

21099a9e-79d0-4a2e-b141-ed793071246f-4
00:28:43.237 --> 00:28:48.040
structure and that becomes the stage for
the next epic of evolution.

ed3ea879-7afd-4546-bd8a-8cb381c8a5a2-0
00:28:48.720 --> 00:28:52.621
So at The Big Bang,
or right after The Big Bang,

ed3ea879-7afd-4546-bd8a-8cb381c8a5a2-1
00:28:52.621 --> 00:28:57.000
we have the universe started in a hot and
dense state.

6cb1a573-cc33-41ea-9095-2d95b1b4c009-0
00:28:57.360 --> 00:29:04.290
It was so hot that by E equals MC squared,
the energy of radiation floating around

6cb1a573-cc33-41ea-9095-2d95b1b4c009-1
00:29:04.290 --> 00:29:10.720
was the same energy as our most massive
particles like protons and neutrons.

66091556-2ad6-4e25-8d09-df9e1e8c98dc-0
00:29:10.720 --> 00:29:17.080
And so they can emerge just by E equals
MC squared from energy to mass.

cd2859ad-1d4f-4547-a647-9e28c85cdc16-0
00:29:17.080 --> 00:29:19.520
If it's the right energy,
it'll turn into mass.

fc558a68-80d8-4aa5-a428-c2e9111ef786-0
00:29:20.920 --> 00:29:26.459
So at first we started with particles and
they were moving around so fast that they

fc558a68-80d8-4aa5-a428-c2e9111ef786-1
00:29:26.459 --> 00:29:28.240
couldn't hang out together.

d0aaabfc-6ece-4ff6-bfe2-1fe94f386208-0
00:29:28.240 --> 00:29:31.733
They were just zipping around and the
universe was opaque because any light

d0aaabfc-6ece-4ff6-bfe2-1fe94f386208-1
00:29:31.733 --> 00:29:34.400
that was going through it would bounce
off the particles.

b2a8085c-6382-498f-81ff-ec793f1c7839-0
00:29:34.640 --> 00:29:38.560
But then after about 300,000 years,
it was cool enough.

06883ddb-093c-4423-816b-756d1188a536-0
00:29:38.680 --> 00:29:43.564
It's expanded and cooled to the point
where atoms could form electrons,

06883ddb-093c-4423-816b-756d1188a536-1
00:29:43.564 --> 00:29:47.160
would get close enough to protons and
form hydrogen.

c2c5663c-a8ad-41af-9fe3-a31e7b3f7b47-0
00:29:48.840 --> 00:29:53.640
And hydrogen was about as complex as it
could get.

7cee9d44-e54c-485d-a24e-f824d3a22339-0
00:29:53.640 --> 00:29:55.040
It's too hot for anything else.

1399fb95-6027-4c08-b4b0-df458afe4beb-0
00:29:55.040 --> 00:29:58.800
A little bit of helium,
that was it at the start of the universe.

730deee0-8316-4060-9b4b-ec1d852b9297-0
00:30:00.280 --> 00:30:02.289
Well,
hydrogen and helium is all you need to

730deee0-8316-4060-9b4b-ec1d852b9297-1
00:30:02.289 --> 00:30:04.120
make galaxies and maybe some dark matter.

655cf898-1a6e-4bf8-9cf7-e261135e85c6-0
00:30:05.240 --> 00:30:10.391
And then as you're making galaxies,
it can collapse further into stars,

655cf898-1a6e-4bf8-9cf7-e261135e85c6-1
00:30:10.391 --> 00:30:15.400
and then the stars fuse hydrogen into
helium and you get more helium.

d0481794-c739-41ca-9768-ad31748a5b06-0
00:30:15.400 --> 00:30:18.520
And then they run out of fuel and they
collapse.

2f9625cf-34dd-40b5-88c2-f00704417e55-0
00:30:19.640 --> 00:30:23.480
But then that makes them hot enough to
burn helium into carbon.

25d8cd16-67e1-4d98-93da-1f3f9af2675b-0
00:30:24.040 --> 00:30:26.240
And then they run out of fuel and they
collapse.

f6677035-4a2a-4614-bedc-abc8e5e9a0ba-0
00:30:26.240 --> 00:30:28.800
And then that makes them hot enough to
make oxygen.

9ecbeb08-be8d-4d31-9605-cdccde69bf7c-0
00:30:29.120 --> 00:30:34.000
And like about half of the heavier
elements come from stars.

7cb0b27b-69cb-49ba-9e08-1420b9b664c3-0
00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:36.200
And that's why we are star stuff.

23ab1533-db2f-40ec-ab1a-c5441be7fe97-0
00:30:36.680 --> 00:30:39.720
We are made in the cores of stars.

f8edf88e-e166-4e68-9539-3a4e2ad0c598-0
00:30:39.720 --> 00:30:44.495
The atoms that make us came from stars
and then exploded and then made other

f8edf88e-e166-4e68-9539-3a4e2ad0c598-1
00:30:44.495 --> 00:30:48.960
stars start forming when it hit their gas
cloud and so on and so forth.

f48b2cce-78d7-4b05-a205-e7c9c9ef7329-0
00:30:48.960 --> 00:30:52.191
So stellar evolution,
once you have the heavier,

f48b2cce-78d7-4b05-a205-e7c9c9ef7329-1
00:30:52.191 --> 00:30:55.160
heavier elements,
then you can have planets.

c21a7416-c8b9-4011-9d06-02d7ef93062c-0
00:30:55.880 --> 00:30:58.719
So the first generation of stars did not
have planets,

c21a7416-c8b9-4011-9d06-02d7ef93062c-1
00:30:58.719 --> 00:31:01.920
but after that we had heavier elements
that can make planets.

86de39c8-615f-484e-8b1e-12779fa0e34a-0
00:31:01.920 --> 00:31:06.320
Now we think every star pretty much has
at least one planet on average.

bbbe8e96-4eb3-4c27-a716-8f3cb0d238f4-0
00:31:07.480 --> 00:31:10.520
Once you have planets, you have chemistry.

15c54cf8-93b5-44f5-967f-8282f9c83846-0
00:31:11.400 --> 00:31:14.717
Chemistry can happen in space too,
but planets are really good for making

15c54cf8-93b5-44f5-967f-8282f9c83846-1
00:31:14.717 --> 00:31:15.480
chemistry happen.

5a67755e-e5f0-4657-a728-d013d9bcc6e0-0
00:31:15.480 --> 00:31:22.332
You have a lot of energy flowing,
so the the the chemistry can get

5a67755e-e5f0-4657-a728-d013d9bcc6e0-1
00:31:22.332 --> 00:31:23.560
interesting.

50e799d1-1bb0-4ea5-bd4d-9e306de86598-0
00:31:23.560 --> 00:31:27.690
All right, I have on my way here,
I put a bunch of paper clips in my pocket

50e799d1-1bb0-4ea5-bd4d-9e306de86598-1
00:31:27.690 --> 00:31:30.299
because if you get enough paper clips
together,

50e799d1-1bb0-4ea5-bd4d-9e306de86598-2
00:31:30.299 --> 00:31:33.560
you ever notice they always end up
connected to each other.

79a0145a-c6c0-476e-8ca5-24a3c889e9ca-0
00:31:33.640 --> 00:31:36.000
No matter you can't get them when
especially when you need them.

eb5f6c7c-5c44-4a0c-a466-18b8508a6cdf-0
00:31:36.560 --> 00:31:40.640
That's what happened to the chemical
environment on early Earth.

708efcf1-ab88-4fab-ad73-d330f3757c53-0
00:31:40.800 --> 00:31:46.925
If you have complex enough chemistry,
the pathways get tangled and you get auto

708efcf1-ab88-4fab-ad73-d330f3757c53-1
00:31:46.925 --> 00:31:53.051
catalytic reactions where the reactions
make the things that make the reactions

708efcf1-ab88-4fab-ad73-d330f3757c53-2
00:31:53.051 --> 00:31:54.200
easier to make.

1c8365e3-0b09-4fce-8af7-d51ede8cc859-0
00:31:54.720 --> 00:31:57.880
So it's a self perpetuating phenomena.

558d09cb-9ce4-4e7d-aa8c-32a436656970-0
00:31:57.880 --> 00:32:01.977
So that comes from the idea put out by
Stuart Kauffman,

558d09cb-9ce4-4e7d-aa8c-32a436656970-1
00:32:01.977 --> 00:32:07.320
biologist in the book At Home in the
Universe, which I highly recommend.

30ea8063-cb6f-4323-be08-bf8caa14b046-0
00:32:07.840 --> 00:32:11.518
So chemistry has it's own evolution that
might lead to biological evolution and

30ea8063-cb6f-4323-be08-bf8caa14b046-1
00:32:11.518 --> 00:32:14.966
then that might lead to cultural
evolution and who knows where we're going

30ea8063-cb6f-4323-be08-bf8caa14b046-2
00:32:14.966 --> 00:32:15.840
to take from there.

64236cee-3d6a-4588-bc8e-05381c64ae7c-0
00:32:19.520 --> 00:32:25.139
How do we make sense of the fact that
complexity is arising locally,

64236cee-3d6a-4588-bc8e-05381c64ae7c-1
00:32:25.139 --> 00:32:28.560
but globally it's becoming more distorted?

e60fe4e6-f081-4063-adc6-604879c14afa-0
00:32:29.440 --> 00:32:33.400
One way of looking at it is by looking at
the energy flows.

69b9c65d-1a5e-4f54-bea8-13f6e449e974-0
00:32:33.440 --> 00:32:37.680
This is just a way of putting a number on
it, the energy rate density.

c291d926-d411-4a86-ab32-bae3bcea3250-0
00:32:38.440 --> 00:32:42.145
So energy divided by time,
that's the rate,

c291d926-d411-4a86-ab32-bae3bcea3250-1
00:32:42.145 --> 00:32:46.440
and then also divided by mass,
so how dense it is.

67aec811-1702-4f13-b45f-bb898add5f59-0
00:32:49.480 --> 00:32:56.560
And if you follow that number,
it increases for each epic of evolution.

efdb67a4-c2e0-4f5e-b74c-a50e657a5aa4-0
00:32:56.600 --> 00:33:01.679
Galaxies have a lower energy rate density
than stars,

efdb67a4-c2e0-4f5e-b74c-a50e657a5aa4-1
00:33:01.679 --> 00:33:08.640
which have a lower energy density than
planets and animals and societies.

7e8dc9c8-424f-4479-bff1-465bf120d7ca-0
00:33:09.680 --> 00:33:14.800
So this is from Eric Chison's book Cosmic
Evolution, which I highly recommend.

1a91c30e-a800-4351-8cc2-69fba2dacf9b-0
00:33:15.760 --> 00:33:20.732
So to put it all in a nutshell,
cosmic evolution tells the big history of

1a91c30e-a800-4351-8cc2-69fba2dacf9b-1
00:33:20.732 --> 00:33:24.160
how energy flows allow complexity to grow
locally.

3ff4b30b-7814-4cd2-bbba-5787bf411fdc-0
00:33:24.160 --> 00:33:27.256
But globally,
the second law of thermodynamics is still

3ff4b30b-7814-4cd2-bbba-5787bf411fdc-1
00:33:27.256 --> 00:33:27.920
playing out.

1093d166-6b69-4621-b3fa-d5e90f98eff0-0
00:33:27.920 --> 00:33:31.760
The universe is becoming more disordered
at the grandest scales.

bc43c6d5-f6de-46db-a6ad-ca071afbd987-0
00:33:31.760 --> 00:33:34.800
All right.

9b2ba88f-cbfd-4ff8-91c4-f276ae856b25-0
00:33:36.320 --> 00:33:37.480
How does that sit with people?

4df38c1c-9949-44b3-9611-3bcf705552d3-0
00:33:37.480 --> 00:33:39.840
Are you you feel better now or are you
going to be able to sleep tonight?

34139428-f325-477e-808d-4227f5052db5-0
00:33:44.120 --> 00:33:44.280
OK.

2c82662f-99f8-4b3f-8e38-be5b1e053dc5-0
00:33:49.200 --> 00:33:49.600
All right.

81c4d722-0e69-4c15-9303-131f40c7ef29-0
00:33:49.960 --> 00:33:50.720
Pop quiz.

befb124b-6bd4-467f-a99a-4a01a9a5ba6c-0
00:33:51.240 --> 00:33:51.960
Same question.

e31ccc57-0d54-4046-965b-11c3cdd2f4b8-0
00:33:53.480 --> 00:33:54.520
What's your thoughts now?

08a1574d-1f5d-45e2-8937-2e7648137364-0
00:33:55.240 --> 00:33:57.600
Things are getting blank,
complex over time.

9ac6dca4-71b8-4eef-af15-730376ec4c61-0
00:33:58.280 --> 00:33:59.880
I want to see ones and twos.

ef7b7305-181c-4d2a-a3d9-c8e42c805060-0
00:33:59.880 --> 00:34:07.180
What are you feeling now that we've
talked about a little bit 5,

ef7b7305-181c-4d2a-a3d9-c8e42c805060-1
00:34:07.180 --> 00:34:13.920
there's a good reason to suspect 5,
but it's hard to prove.

dd6392fa-2f20-4fb3-81d2-095966c13a13-0
00:34:14.280 --> 00:34:14.920
All right, cool.

3214848e-6ee6-450b-abb5-16a515074418-0
00:34:18.120 --> 00:34:21.480
Feel like there should be 1/3 option
mostly.

d4c295bb-b845-4504-b18d-0f48c3d3c698-0
00:34:21.480 --> 00:34:24.413
One mostly a physicist's answer would be
it's,

d4c295bb-b845-4504-b18d-0f48c3d3c698-1
00:34:24.413 --> 00:34:28.159
it's definitely getting less complex at
the broadest scale,

d4c295bb-b845-4504-b18d-0f48c3d3c698-2
00:34:28.159 --> 00:34:29.720
but more complex locally.

a016ff27-7d00-4c3a-b4b5-74b335d79bb7-0
00:34:29.720 --> 00:34:34.600
So it's kind of both,
but really less at the biggest scales.

a12f98e3-8e51-4cf9-b970-d1f172ad6d3e-0
00:34:37.160 --> 00:34:39.000
All right, let's go on to the second idea.

833c87b5-acf3-44aa-9ee8-f4b676730cf3-0
00:34:43.920 --> 00:34:48.040
All right, that's all well and good,
but what about the natural selection part?

782a9d0c-5ffa-46f7-a5b3-0632c44b1d2b-0
00:34:48.040 --> 00:34:51.080
Wouldn't it be interesting to apply that
to the whole universe?

d010f91d-19c1-4cca-9420-ffe3de097d31-0
00:34:51.120 --> 00:34:56.760
So it's going to get a little crazy.

b36ed963-b532-4f61-bac3-9b9b8dfb421d-0
00:34:59.040 --> 00:35:05.703
The craziest thing that really bothers
physicists is not only how did life arise,

b36ed963-b532-4f61-bac3-9b9b8dfb421d-1
00:35:05.703 --> 00:35:11.960
but how do we even find ourselves in a
universe that is hospitable for life?

9cdf2b4c-8d0f-4da6-a89f-1bace14c58f4-0
00:35:12.480 --> 00:35:17.750
If you think about the fundamental
physics here, there's the laws of physics,

9cdf2b4c-8d0f-4da6-a89f-1bace14c58f4-1
00:35:17.750 --> 00:35:22.480
you know, Newton's laws, you could say,
or conservation of energy or.

b4ae9710-0bda-4048-ac37-d9187e4b63d5-0
00:35:23.760 --> 00:35:27.480
But then there's this stuff,
the particles, the electrons, the protons.

ae5c1b7a-1782-45d0-9403-51c4b80e69c8-0
00:35:27.880 --> 00:35:32.236
You could still have the same laws of
physics but have an electron have a

ae5c1b7a-1782-45d0-9403-51c4b80e69c8-1
00:35:32.236 --> 00:35:35.591
different mass,
or proton have a different mass and what

ae5c1b7a-1782-45d0-9403-51c4b80e69c8-2
00:35:35.591 --> 00:35:37.240
would that universe be like?

f67f29c0-f3c3-4fb0-a812-84263a912647-0
00:35:37.280 --> 00:35:38.240
You can play this out.

c6add210-e9ed-4a6b-b8e7-94c87541ed4a-0
00:35:38.320 --> 00:35:40.920
These are what are called 3 parameters in
the theory.

90943616-5053-41b5-a619-4752b47ad8dc-0
00:35:41.040 --> 00:35:42.720
You could change the mass electron.

a1a23818-11ee-4eaa-9ce3-85043df1a875-0
00:35:42.720 --> 00:35:45.520
The theory still holds,
but you might have a different kind of

a1a23818-11ee-4eaa-9ce3-85043df1a875-1
00:35:45.520 --> 00:35:45.920
universe.

527aa194-6fff-40f9-a0c2-87336e38590e-0
00:35:48.040 --> 00:35:53.303
When you think of it that way,
varying the mass of an electron even in

527aa194-6fff-40f9-a0c2-87336e38590e-1
00:35:53.303 --> 00:35:59.160
the 12 decimal point might make life
impossible in that hypothetical universe.

536fa3a0-10a1-4759-9c11-ffe5c2103a85-0
00:35:59.920 --> 00:36:06.386
Here's a graph that shows the electron
mass on the horizontal axis and then

536fa3a0-10a1-4759-9c11-ffe5c2103a85-1
00:36:06.386 --> 00:36:09.280
neutron mass on the vertical axis.

a3de5d8e-5157-4bea-9849-fecdcf8cf897-0
00:36:10.240 --> 00:36:14.838
So the neutron is 1800 times the mass of
the electron,

a3de5d8e-5157-4bea-9849-fecdcf8cf897-1
00:36:14.838 --> 00:36:19.520
so we can't even make that point here for
the electron.

9e90b485-aa82-4d17-a336-d43cfe650a3b-0
00:36:22.560 --> 00:36:28.923
And then if the neutron was instead of
1800 times the mass of the electron,

9e90b485-aa82-4d17-a336-d43cfe650a3b-1
00:36:28.923 --> 00:36:34.282
let's say it was 1800 and three times the
mass of the electron,

9e90b485-aa82-4d17-a336-d43cfe650a3b-2
00:36:34.282 --> 00:36:41.064
at that point you would no longer be able
to have stable nuclei and therefore no

9e90b485-aa82-4d17-a336-d43cfe650a3b-3
00:36:41.064 --> 00:36:42.320
stars, no life.

b88ac70f-bb5d-4ce9-bb33-9dcbf8a69b7f-0
00:36:43.240 --> 00:36:50.395
So just the tiniest tweak of any of the
properties of the universe constituents

b88ac70f-bb5d-4ce9-bb33-9dcbf8a69b7f-1
00:36:50.395 --> 00:36:54.600
would make the universe inhospitable for
life.

17a16222-7fa9-4f14-b191-980f6e7358ed-0
00:36:54.800 --> 00:36:59.902
So that just really hammers home the fact
that it's an amazing coincidence that we

17a16222-7fa9-4f14-b191-980f6e7358ed-1
00:36:59.902 --> 00:37:03.160
live in a universe that has the
possibility of life.

c881c914-927e-4c96-9e5b-e97e09b8355b-0
00:37:05.720 --> 00:37:07.520
Physicists don't like coincidences.

be7a5f84-75d1-41fb-91d3-528cbb0463da-0
00:37:07.520 --> 00:37:11.840
If it seems like a really big coincidence,
we it's a thing to explain.

2a9d4814-7ba8-4b8d-8c38-5e5c316ba99e-0
00:37:11.920 --> 00:37:14.505
And so it would be really nice if we
could,

2a9d4814-7ba8-4b8d-8c38-5e5c316ba99e-1
00:37:14.505 --> 00:37:19.440
and I'm going to give you an explanation
for this that's going to work pretty well.

67dada2e-f88d-443a-86ed-99f1c542595e-0
00:37:19.720 --> 00:37:22.242
The problem is,
first we have to solve another mystery,

67dada2e-f88d-443a-86ed-99f1c542595e-1
00:37:22.242 --> 00:37:24.000
which is what's inside of a black hole.

e84abbb0-61fb-42c3-9ee3-1603173c18fc-0
00:37:24.240 --> 00:37:29.769
Oh, man,
how many people out here have heard of a

e84abbb0-61fb-42c3-9ee3-1603173c18fc-1
00:37:29.769 --> 00:37:31.760
black hole before?

592004f5-ddbb-4cd4-b168-d7bb6b898fd2-0
00:37:32.440 --> 00:37:33.560
All right, almost everybody.

7009f886-2c16-4568-ba7f-800c5d896f68-0
00:37:34.160 --> 00:37:39.051
How many people feel like they have a
understanding of what the heck a black

7009f886-2c16-4568-ba7f-800c5d896f68-1
00:37:39.051 --> 00:37:39.560
hole is?

c667dae7-2098-4d3a-a112-7eec604c1d0f-0
00:37:41.360 --> 00:37:44.240
All right, intellectually humble group.

d8c226ef-54db-4eea-b52a-f69438d367e3-0
00:37:44.240 --> 00:37:53.200
I respect that a black hole is a point of
no return from our universe.

06f4f5d5-3ccd-43d9-bcc2-fe6e3958d806-0
00:37:55.080 --> 00:38:00.997
In Einstein's theory of gravity,
space and time is like a fabric that dips

06f4f5d5-3ccd-43d9-bcc2-fe6e3958d806-1
00:38:00.997 --> 00:38:03.680
in the presence of energy or mass.

1b1cb253-9dff-4303-acd0-e0d46177700e-0
00:38:03.680 --> 00:38:06.680
So in this case, the Earth makes a dip.

e4c4cf20-d071-4fb4-8049-d6d2301391f5-0
00:38:06.720 --> 00:38:09.307
So satellites,
if they're going fast enough around,

e4c4cf20-d071-4fb4-8049-d6d2301391f5-1
00:38:09.307 --> 00:38:10.800
they will go in orbits around.

5dac039f-e4d1-41b1-85a8-e10ff801594a-0
00:38:11.640 --> 00:38:15.864
So this is the theory of gravity and that
those kind of terms,

5dac039f-e4d1-41b1-85a8-e10ff801594a-1
00:38:15.864 --> 00:38:21.296
a black hole is something so dense that
the dip is so steep nothing can get out,

5dac039f-e4d1-41b1-85a8-e10ff801594a-2
00:38:21.296 --> 00:38:25.320
not even the fastest thing in the
universe, which is light.

20c2da8a-b675-4faf-99b4-b1847ea633de-0
00:38:25.320 --> 00:38:30.960
And that's the why black holes are black,
because we can't get light from them.

04c0e220-9a8c-4029-8db0-a9b12b74ebde-0
00:38:31.080 --> 00:38:32.640
So that's the idea.

b4704d77-818b-4dc4-bbf3-8742290a858d-0
00:38:33.200 --> 00:38:33.520
OK.

dc3a9523-66c1-425d-9a90-d1733f06acb9-0
00:38:33.960 --> 00:38:38.241
An analogy is like a Whirlpool that's so
steep no boat on Earth could get out of

dc3a9523-66c1-425d-9a90-d1733f06acb9-1
00:38:38.241 --> 00:38:38.400
it.

8c1a0b08-1197-47af-89bb-fe820b8de3f1-0
00:38:38.400 --> 00:38:43.080
That's just there's a point of no return
called the event harassing.

3e073b49-c706-4bb1-a118-cb4bee8d3dd0-0
00:38:45.040 --> 00:38:51.280
Here's the anatomy of a black hole in how
we usually find them in our universe.

1c3d1dad-b333-473f-b087-dcae3a1ce349-0
00:38:51.760 --> 00:38:56.401
Things are usually following it,
falling into them, and on their way down,

1c3d1dad-b333-473f-b087-dcae3a1ce349-1
00:38:56.401 --> 00:39:00.920
they flatten out into a pancake and
they're all bumping into each other.

6be333f3-5f6f-49ef-adf0-d8fde0a3b1df-0
00:39:00.920 --> 00:39:01.920
So they get really hot.

1bba775d-7e4a-4e90-b06b-93733a7a14c0-0
00:39:01.920 --> 00:39:06.458
And then sometimes they kick out some
charged particles which get ripped away

1bba775d-7e4a-4e90-b06b-93733a7a14c0-1
00:39:06.458 --> 00:39:10.880
into these jets that go almost the speed
of light away from the black hole.

89c2a522-470a-45a1-ad44-cad61407ee7f-0
00:39:11.480 --> 00:39:14.000
So it's not that they're coming from the
black part of the black hole.

03741657-1ef1-4c72-9762-3300684e829f-0
00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:16.862
It's like they just escaped falling into
the black hole,

03741657-1ef1-4c72-9762-3300684e829f-1
00:39:16.862 --> 00:39:18.720
but they got sent off somewhere else.

007ee600-45a8-4957-90e2-ca83315ca9f9-0
00:39:19.440 --> 00:39:25.189
But then once you pass the event horizon,
there's no coming back and there's no

007ee600-45a8-4957-90e2-ca83315ca9f9-1
00:39:25.189 --> 00:39:28.567
telling anybody how things are going in
there,

007ee600-45a8-4957-90e2-ca83315ca9f9-2
00:39:28.567 --> 00:39:32.880
which is why it's so hard to know what's
going on in there.

eb5cca1f-c76f-422b-bccd-8c93518c5d57-0
00:39:32.920 --> 00:39:42.160
All right, here is the Galaxy M87,
and we noticed long time ago there's this

eb5cca1f-c76f-422b-bccd-8c93518c5d57-1
00:39:42.160 --> 00:39:49.960
weird like straight line in in there
coming out from the Galaxy.

890adad8-3c6b-4ec4-95c6-6b08bd6d6f31-0
00:39:49.960 --> 00:39:54.960
And long time ago astronomers were like,
well, that's weird.

79ed4cd4-935e-42e6-b595-97651d8c561e-0
00:39:56.960 --> 00:39:57.640
And what is it?

9336f320-b8c8-4979-9962-86203cb810bd-0
00:39:57.640 --> 00:39:58.240
The movie?

082eeed6-262f-411a-a406-176c8f2003c2-0
00:40:00.280 --> 00:40:04.240
They say God doesn't build in straight
lines, but there's a straight line.

f7b57170-72a7-4684-9578-aef9d312305e-0
00:40:04.240 --> 00:40:06.800
You don't find straight lines very often
in astronomy.

d82cb39d-d02d-4bfb-abaf-f173c8865fb3-0
00:40:07.160 --> 00:40:11.464
So they wondered what this is Turns out
it's the jet part of the Super massive

d82cb39d-d02d-4bfb-abaf-f173c8865fb3-1
00:40:11.464 --> 00:40:14.080
black hole that's in the center of this
Galaxy.

cc21e06a-c092-47dd-84b5-8cdd4da67990-0
00:40:14.640 --> 00:40:19.253
The first image of the black hole that
that we the first image of a black part

cc21e06a-c092-47dd-84b5-8cdd4da67990-1
00:40:19.253 --> 00:40:22.640
of a black hole that we ever got was this
one right here.

3c000bce-48b6-4d41-a2c3-7a0f73ba3376-0
00:40:22.640 --> 00:40:25.520
It made all the covers of the newspapers
a few years back.

32dd350e-b59e-4513-b833-30832b0942f7-0
00:40:26.120 --> 00:40:29.520
That is the black hole in the center of
that Galaxy.

1d6236dc-5fb1-448f-ac01-2b02dbf3568c-0
00:40:30.040 --> 00:40:30.480
I made you so.

bc6169ef-5434-473d-9fcf-2d66538aba07-0
00:40:31.600 --> 00:40:35.040
And our whole solar system,
including Pluto.

0f5df810-240d-46c2-8219-52198be68395-0
00:40:35.040 --> 00:40:38.160
If you include Pluto,
which I do in my heart anyway,

0f5df810-240d-46c2-8219-52198be68395-1
00:40:38.160 --> 00:40:41.280
we would all be in the black part of the
black hole.

72eb241c-222e-4c57-97d8-69ec613db197-0
00:40:41.280 --> 00:40:43.400
This thing is way bigger than our solar
system.

d9be6921-5f15-4307-9630-f63a93080a13-0
00:40:43.960 --> 00:40:45.360
Like, yeah, twice the size.

5e520f97-1a97-48f2-8d41-46b82db85a1b-0
00:40:48.320 --> 00:40:49.160
How does star?

d8a5e00b-fed1-4b7b-b545-ac6c36981721-0
00:40:49.160 --> 00:40:49.920
How does star?

e0393533-60fb-466e-a0d4-b2f0134bdd6d-0
00:40:50.080 --> 00:40:52.440
Well, see,
how do black holes form in our universe?

75e83bd3-919f-44e0-96a5-9e01a9528769-0
00:40:52.680 --> 00:40:57.326
Either from stars at the end of their
life, if they're massive enough,

75e83bd3-919f-44e0-96a5-9e01a9528769-1
00:40:57.326 --> 00:41:01.776
they explode in a supernova,
one of the most powerful things in our

75e83bd3-919f-44e0-96a5-9e01a9528769-2
00:41:01.776 --> 00:41:04.917
universe,
and the core gets collapsed down into

75e83bd3-919f-44e0-96a5-9e01a9528769-3
00:41:04.917 --> 00:41:08.320
something so dense that it turns into a
black hole.

22b9edfa-aa8c-484b-8171-3984728574bd-0
00:41:08.640 --> 00:41:17.720
And no, gravity is so strong,
light cannot escape galactic black holes.

b3809315-6612-451d-9484-2fb941744c1e-0
00:41:17.720 --> 00:41:21.328
I just showed you M87 Galaxy and the
supermassive black hole at the center of

b3809315-6612-451d-9484-2fb941744c1e-1
00:41:21.328 --> 00:41:21.560
that.

0a3a0d3d-e911-443f-893b-c9278b74c500-0
00:41:21.720 --> 00:41:23.200
We're not sure how those start.

dccc00e5-aa7c-4d03-8457-b0dfe56a2b3c-0
00:41:23.200 --> 00:41:26.200
Maybe they start with stellar black holes
and then accumulate,

dccc00e5-aa7c-4d03-8457-b0dfe56a2b3c-1
00:41:26.200 --> 00:41:30.057
or maybe they're primordial black holes,
a region of space-time that has so much

dccc00e5-aa7c-4d03-8457-b0dfe56a2b3c-2
00:41:30.057 --> 00:41:33.723
energy right off the bat after The Big
Bang that it just turned into a black

dccc00e5-aa7c-4d03-8457-b0dfe56a2b3c-3
00:41:33.723 --> 00:41:37.200
hole immediately because of quantum
fluctuations or something like that.

d48b45b2-7d30-4088-b8cb-0d565e5ea5e0-0
00:41:37.200 --> 00:41:39.640
So we're we're not 100% sure on on that
one.

23e60913-0ba1-42fb-baa9-7030678be5c8-0
00:41:41.840 --> 00:41:45.240
So depends on the details how that
happened.

2781d88c-5334-4c27-8679-4f1479ae4512-0
00:41:47.560 --> 00:41:49.560
All right, what's inside of a black hole?

82feea7a-4c52-4215-b9bc-2d3b43e57cdc-0
00:41:51.720 --> 00:41:54.960
The short answer is nobody knows,
and it's impossible to find out.

21f4525c-8332-468c-ad6f-1feb2662f9ab-0
00:41:56.320 --> 00:42:00.680
But if we try anyway,
we can make some progress.

d46348cb-220f-4f3a-81ab-286366957815-0
00:42:03.240 --> 00:42:09.240
We know that things falling in will get
squished to extremely high density.

b7d44c2b-41cc-4c66-bc7a-27cc88919638-0
00:42:13.080 --> 00:42:14.600
Hey, what's the equation for density?

bba403f2-2f38-4dd2-aabc-0115169bd542-0
00:42:14.600 --> 00:42:15.840
All right, I have some students here.

ef21d1c0-554b-43ad-b8b7-a4c6b076905d-0
00:42:15.840 --> 00:42:16.480
They should be able to.

c74e002f-1d5a-4d16-9eaf-e5898b3a3159-0
00:42:16.480 --> 00:42:20.280
Density is equal to mass divided by
volume.

872a1529-fb68-4254-9eb0-599bfa33447a-0
00:42:20.280 --> 00:42:21.160
Mass over volume.

4aa64fb4-003a-4729-963f-2a15dddb23d8-0
00:42:21.160 --> 00:42:21.800
Excellent.

91b2435d-e9ee-4e9e-b8ef-6aea876d07c8-0
00:42:22.960 --> 00:42:23.760
100 points.

740735db-9897-4ce7-a027-740cca48244b-0
00:42:25.720 --> 00:42:26.720
I read my mind too.

2935cc32-4244-4ccc-b33a-c97ad47cb3ca-0
00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:28.360
Density is mass over volume.

14be4521-b6aa-4ef0-bca9-5d0794d74cd2-0
00:42:29.240 --> 00:42:33.278
Well wait a minute,
what happens if volume mass is constant

14be4521-b6aa-4ef0-bca9-5d0794d74cd2-1
00:42:33.278 --> 00:42:37.384
or even really big,
and then volume goes to 0 at the central

14be4521-b6aa-4ef0-bca9-5d0794d74cd2-2
00:42:37.384 --> 00:42:39.000
point of the black hole?

c0fdb720-226d-4017-9a3f-ea40a79f03f8-0
00:42:41.920 --> 00:42:43.640
You're not allowed to do that in math
class.

2d045ba7-7de1-4e4a-a383-fc1ea6538d4a-0
00:42:43.640 --> 00:42:46.000
They'll send you the principal's office.

fd4e0647-dda0-4898-b238-d872296bf810-0
00:42:46.000 --> 00:42:47.200
If you try and divide by zero.

d348306e-913e-436d-95a6-7e982fb242a9-0
00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:50.400
That is called a singularity.

99ac4ec9-b893-418b-9434-b081ae1caed9-0
00:42:50.680 --> 00:42:52.040
The theory blows up.

57ac28d7-8679-448d-8473-b61da5097ecb-0
00:42:52.040 --> 00:42:54.920
We can't trust the theory anymore as it
is.

833aa61c-9f7b-45cf-8c3a-c27e38424543-0
00:42:55.240 --> 00:42:55.920
So we know.

e8dcade9-07df-4673-ad84-ac0d9362e0d5-0
00:42:56.480 --> 00:42:58.240
That's one great thing about physicists.

e0e1181d-1c46-4671-baab-2f7928d17b3f-0
00:42:58.240 --> 00:43:00.965
They have rules,
but they also tell you when not to apply

e0e1181d-1c46-4671-baab-2f7928d17b3f-1
00:43:00.965 --> 00:43:01.200
them.

b20e4014-b6e6-422f-8e1a-d85e8b79cd52-0
00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:05.040
And so don't apply our rules to the
singularity.

e6cc7cf1-4a99-4ca2-8e3c-ad54e2e8ef1c-0
00:43:05.360 --> 00:43:07.360
That's when we know we don't know.

2914081c-f914-4a33-8054-5af971d7688b-0
00:43:09.440 --> 00:43:11.320
But let's try it anyway.

728af118-8fe7-4bad-9740-b71ca25172c8-0
00:43:11.440 --> 00:43:15.423
All right,
There are some ideas about what might

728af118-8fe7-4bad-9740-b71ca25172c8-1
00:43:15.423 --> 00:43:16.480
happen there.

cea49af0-4b6f-4068-9899-15e1e25c7010-0
00:43:16.480 --> 00:43:20.880
You have to combine the theory of gravity
with the theory of particles.

5ba8f1c0-4373-475c-8774-8373fec28b63-0
00:43:21.560 --> 00:43:26.055
The smallest stuff in the universe,
quantum field theory,

5ba8f1c0-4373-475c-8774-8373fec28b63-1
00:43:26.055 --> 00:43:31.480
and the biggest stuff in the universe,
gravitationally bound objects.

0df750f3-8e73-4cf9-a9a8-eeef24ada598-0
00:43:32.160 --> 00:43:32.840
We can't do that.

814b4288-7f3e-4875-bd61-0afd97d1ccaf-0
00:43:32.840 --> 00:43:34.040
It's the Holy Grail of physics.

4a64a35f-70d1-4edb-afc1-8a7b0c708598-0
00:43:34.040 --> 00:43:37.560
Nobody knows how to do it,
but we can try anyway.

5f506461-668e-4885-93e7-37427ee79acb-0
00:43:37.640 --> 00:43:37.880
All right.

c035fe2b-f2f2-445f-8d3f-34ed62603d71-0
00:43:39.480 --> 00:43:44.283
One hypothesis for what happens when you
combine general relativity with quantum

c035fe2b-f2f2-445f-8d3f-34ed62603d71-1
00:43:44.283 --> 00:43:48.670
field theory is that the quantum
fluctuations don't allow the singularity

c035fe2b-f2f2-445f-8d3f-34ed62603d71-2
00:43:48.670 --> 00:43:51.280
to happen before it gets down to one
point.

c19e8439-8f72-45a5-a41a-bc6f141f19df-0
00:43:51.280 --> 00:43:53.520
It has to spread out a little bit.

15a15f34-0056-436d-ab1b-fff628577341-0
00:43:53.520 --> 00:43:57.240
And if it spreads out a little bit,
maybe it keeps inflating like a balloon.

ee980689-dbfd-4176-8e4c-6208eb859a20-0
00:44:01.120 --> 00:44:04.278
And so instead of going down to a single
point,

ee980689-dbfd-4176-8e4c-6208eb859a20-1
00:44:04.278 --> 00:44:08.160
space-time will kind of pinch off into a
whole new bubble.

4529ecd1-fe3c-41e9-bb91-84deba922c47-0
00:44:08.880 --> 00:44:10.697
Well,
that sounds an awful lot like The Big

4529ecd1-fe3c-41e9-bb91-84deba922c47-1
00:44:10.697 --> 00:44:11.400
Bang, doesn't it?

789cd85d-6b5f-443d-8b08-33cf3d978b2d-0
00:44:12.320 --> 00:44:21.080
And so one person's black hole could be a
whole new universe's Big Bang.

aa4228f2-e683-459f-90f5-a82b50c61d69-0
00:44:27.600 --> 00:44:32.800
We could be in a black hole right now,
but explain a couple of things anyway.

9c7ee6ab-34b2-4936-aa49-a58359e8299f-0
00:44:36.240 --> 00:44:40.838
Here we are in this universe,
but that universe is in like an offspring

9c7ee6ab-34b2-4936-aa49-a58359e8299f-1
00:44:40.838 --> 00:44:43.840
of another universe where a black hole
formed.

9a25dbe6-bf8f-4562-9ac7-4e5bdf64beea-0
00:44:45.160 --> 00:44:48.211
All right, Oh man,
it's getting to be the multiverse of

9a25dbe6-bf8f-4562-9ac7-4e5bdf64beea-1
00:44:48.211 --> 00:44:48.920
madness here.

e2fb496c-72e2-4bde-bd62-967c4b3ab06f-0
00:44:50.040 --> 00:44:52.440
Every single black hole makes a whole new
universe.

7104de93-cb64-46c0-a5dc-1c76a14b601e-0
00:44:52.440 --> 00:44:55.267
That new universe might have black holes
forming in it,

7104de93-cb64-46c0-a5dc-1c76a14b601e-1
00:44:55.267 --> 00:44:58.196
and that would make new universes and
then new universes,

7104de93-cb64-46c0-a5dc-1c76a14b601e-2
00:44:58.196 --> 00:44:59.560
universes all the way down.

3fc6c8db-e71f-4d3f-a028-8d46681b91f9-0
00:45:03.400 --> 00:45:08.199
If you study enough particle physics and
Big Bang cosmology,

3fc6c8db-e71f-4d3f-a028-8d46681b91f9-1
00:45:08.199 --> 00:45:12.920
you might start to convince yourself it
has to be this way.

3f30086e-7856-4999-adcf-84253fe239f6-0
00:45:13.040 --> 00:45:18.629
Because if the universe is infinite in
extent, you still can't escape it,

3f30086e-7856-4999-adcf-84253fe239f6-1
00:45:18.629 --> 00:45:24.672
because there's going to be regions of
space-time that are so big that anything

3f30086e-7856-4999-adcf-84253fe239f6-2
00:45:24.672 --> 00:45:29.280
that is possible will happen somewhere in
that great cosmos.

6b05f73c-579c-4d8a-9488-473365ef2312-0
00:45:29.320 --> 00:45:34.576
And so the laws of physics might change
in distant regions of space-time that we

6b05f73c-579c-4d8a-9488-473365ef2312-1
00:45:34.576 --> 00:45:35.680
don't know about.

5a4c9ef4-2418-429e-9100-8cbda2a37c19-0
00:45:36.240 --> 00:45:41.040
So this idea is plausible,
even if it's a little crazy.

d1b6b2c5-8264-438d-b6a6-c2bb8e7c838c-0
00:45:42.880 --> 00:45:45.160
So here we get back to natural selection.

1ea0250e-d35c-4a97-ad24-6b581c83efe9-0
00:45:46.920 --> 00:45:54.320
Each universe that forms from black hole
could have slightly different parameters.

bff20138-caf0-4229-a5c0-37992d3da778-0
00:45:54.800 --> 00:46:00.295
Maybe the mass of the electron is
slightly different in the offspring

bff20138-caf0-4229-a5c0-37992d3da778-1
00:46:00.295 --> 00:46:04.377
universe,
or maybe the mass of the proton is, well,

bff20138-caf0-4229-a5c0-37992d3da778-2
00:46:04.377 --> 00:46:09.088
a lot of those universes will not be able
to form stars or,

bff20138-caf0-4229-a5c0-37992d3da778-3
00:46:09.088 --> 00:46:13.720
or life because the mass of the electron
changed too much.

16c44b4a-74b3-4f2f-b4a8-388a696d78cd-0
00:46:15.200 --> 00:46:19.280
And so you'll have a lot of universes
that just Peter off.

ca9a9131-79dd-4593-b129-f8cee8af84ee-0
00:46:19.280 --> 00:46:22.080
They don't have offspring,
they do not survive.

37dd50e4-54a1-465b-9bcd-322e2959c520-0
00:46:22.680 --> 00:46:25.891
On the other hand,
you'll have some that make a black hole

37dd50e4-54a1-465b-9bcd-322e2959c520-1
00:46:25.891 --> 00:46:29.919
and then those are going to make
offspring which are kind of close to the

37dd50e4-54a1-465b-9bcd-322e2959c520-2
00:46:29.919 --> 00:46:32.586
original,
so they have a bigger chance of making

37dd50e4-54a1-465b-9bcd-322e2959c520-3
00:46:32.586 --> 00:46:33.240
black holes.

df62f9a5-cbd1-471f-a7a1-e6b40f8452f6-0
00:46:33.320 --> 00:46:35.180
They're tweaking the parameters a little
bit,

df62f9a5-cbd1-471f-a7a1-e6b40f8452f6-1
00:46:35.180 --> 00:46:36.960
but you're still in the right
neighborhood.

dd457746-1412-4831-aacf-e7aad48b7a41-0
00:46:38.400 --> 00:46:43.840
And so this is where the fitness
landscape can help cosmologists.

273895c3-791f-44b8-b3da-26397521fc20-0
00:46:44.960 --> 00:46:48.040
Here is a fitness landscape for the
multiverse.

54e61a39-e11c-457f-a708-2839d32caaee-0
00:46:51.200 --> 00:46:56.127
Here S on the X axis,
we could call it the electron mass from

54e61a39-e11c-457f-a708-2839d32caaee-1
00:46:56.127 --> 00:46:57.320
small to large.

71c1d7cb-8f76-418f-b6fa-13b4eb1b4a55-0
00:46:57.760 --> 00:47:01.757
Here S the difference between the proton
and neutron mass,

71c1d7cb-8f76-418f-b6fa-13b4eb1b4a55-1
00:47:01.757 --> 00:47:04.400
which is a few electrons worth of mass.

77e65963-55af-431a-ac78-10b2e0418473-0
00:47:05.680 --> 00:47:09.363
It doesn't really matter,
just any 2 parameters X&

77e65963-55af-431a-ac78-10b2e0418473-1
00:47:09.363 --> 00:47:14.520
Y and then the vertical axis is how many
black holes that universe produces.

8cadd058-46c8-4bb0-9aa4-9597d91442f5-0
00:47:18.640 --> 00:47:20.240
You might start off over here.

40db73e5-318a-4741-aa2c-ee54fe7f07ed-0
00:47:21.240 --> 00:47:24.647
You might want to make only one black
hole in your universe,

40db73e5-318a-4741-aa2c-ee54fe7f07ed-1
00:47:24.647 --> 00:47:27.273
but you were in the right neighborhood
anyway,

40db73e5-318a-4741-aa2c-ee54fe7f07ed-2
00:47:27.273 --> 00:47:30.960
so that black hole in your universe will
make another black hole.

7227739d-b6ce-4638-a35c-6b33d9c79876-0
00:47:32.160 --> 00:47:33.760
And then that was in the right
neighborhood.

9140c866-e42f-424f-b534-eee8a09ffc54-0
00:47:33.760 --> 00:47:36.360
So it's offspring might make 2 black
holes.

ad269b2c-8b27-4c6d-8211-7ab7f4636fc6-0
00:47:36.360 --> 00:47:41.488
And then eventually you're you're going
to find yourself in a universe that is

ad269b2c-8b27-4c6d-8211-7ab7f4636fc6-1
00:47:41.488 --> 00:47:43.760
going to have a lot of black holes.

f6e8d7d8-129b-43b0-aabd-b44bfd169edd-0
00:47:45.080 --> 00:47:50.269
OK,
so biological evolution by natural

f6e8d7d8-129b-43b0-aabd-b44bfd169edd-1
00:47:50.269 --> 00:47:51.600
selection.

3e29d328-989c-4205-a506-74586eb583fd-0
00:47:52.040 --> 00:47:59.000
The variation leads to adaptations that
make an Organism more fit for its niche.

abfd1712-72dd-40e3-ae27-c3113592fa16-0
00:47:59.840 --> 00:48:06.000
Cosmic natural selection seems to select
for more black holes, which is weird.

9ad36f4e-40b1-45b2-a4b7-e55716d260a1-0
00:48:07.600 --> 00:48:10.536
But we're lucky because if you have more
black holes,

9ad36f4e-40b1-45b2-a4b7-e55716d260a1-1
00:48:10.536 --> 00:48:14.888
that means you also have more stars and
more planets and more possibilities for

9ad36f4e-40b1-45b2-a4b7-e55716d260a1-2
00:48:14.888 --> 00:48:15.159
life.

c7e12260-8ed4-4ab9-a456-a61bbd9d1d14-0
00:48:15.160 --> 00:48:16.880
So we're just coming along for the ride.

44d30002-3e59-470d-b909-ba4e959fcb90-0
00:48:16.880 --> 00:48:18.360
It's really all about the black holes.

982179a6-916f-4380-b598-a607ba660cad-0
00:48:18.360 --> 00:48:21.360
But life is a pleasant byproduct.

bb12de4c-9c18-4e86-a383-5dc5f64026e8-0
00:48:21.360 --> 00:48:22.160
I think it's pleasant.

6f9e7251-d365-44e1-b929-8eb5aa338ac2-0
00:48:22.160 --> 00:48:22.480
Yes.

fc994c0c-8d43-4b87-9e1e-307d3cad465f-0
00:48:22.560 --> 00:48:23.400
Yes, it's pleasant.

578a4ed8-e52d-4bbf-8dc4-f4de2f7e999c-0
00:48:26.400 --> 00:48:26.520
OK.

1b42a5a6-4950-4cba-994f-56588bcc934f-0
00:48:27.560 --> 00:48:31.040
Is this just speculation?

988df558-40c8-4654-9ae8-efef715a740d-0
00:48:32.160 --> 00:48:33.000
Kind of, yes.

bb2cecf8-d4f2-4542-b264-d757315a19fb-0
00:48:33.440 --> 00:48:35.400
But it's not just speculation.

f53213d3-01fb-4f02-9c46-0320f956e124-0
00:48:35.400 --> 00:48:36.320
It is speculative.

22288876-137f-4f27-b753-cd71c91ffa07-0
00:48:36.400 --> 00:48:37.160
Speculative.

86165fb2-5771-47f2-89f9-0062e8546c44-0
00:48:37.160 --> 00:48:41.771
It's probably not right,
but we can let the world tell us if it's

86165fb2-5771-47f2-89f9-0062e8546c44-1
00:48:41.771 --> 00:48:42.680
right or not.

9b4b922b-eadd-46a9-af81-7e590a499708-0
00:48:42.680 --> 00:48:43.680
It is science.

a62d6117-36d1-46c9-a1f4-759bc48019d2-0
00:48:44.800 --> 00:48:48.720
And so this theory does make predictions
that are testable.

4b4cbe03-f7ec-4d29-9baf-d9275d03cb5d-0
00:48:52.160 --> 00:48:59.093
One kind of prediction is that has to do
with the threshold of how dense a star

4b4cbe03-f7ec-4d29-9baf-d9275d03cb5d-1
00:48:59.093 --> 00:49:02.560
has to be in order to form a black hole.

b52fdf5e-c824-42f1-adbe-1717040ac694-0
00:49:02.880 --> 00:49:09.680
So the cut off is like 3 solar masses and
our universe has about that threshold.

d543c133-b473-4ce4-a9ff-97794c684f33-0
00:49:09.680 --> 00:49:15.920
So we're we're right on the cusp of this
thing being supported by some evidence.

513c44e4-0c88-4b05-9d4d-bc6734ca773c-0
00:49:17.360 --> 00:49:24.654
So I wouldn't bet the house on this one,
but it is worth considering because of

513c44e4-0c88-4b05-9d4d-bc6734ca773c-1
00:49:24.654 --> 00:49:25.840
the benefits.

3ab51fc9-168e-49c7-bda5-e89df3ba190e-0
00:49:25.840 --> 00:49:26.680
What's the benefit?

294e62a4-8e5d-4dae-b7aa-e5ca334bd0d4-0
00:49:26.680 --> 00:49:30.166
It explains one of the hardest questions
we've ever asked,

294e62a4-8e5d-4dae-b7aa-e5ca334bd0d4-1
00:49:30.166 --> 00:49:34.480
which is why do we find ourselves in a
universe that could support life?

2e7c5397-6bba-4463-8bd1-05bdf11b8131-0
00:49:38.200 --> 00:49:43.960
So bringing you back to our two
approaches, each one has its benefit.

1b8807b1-bc27-47f2-a446-8fc18e401a32-0
00:49:44.920 --> 00:49:50.705
Cosmic evolution expands the idea of
evolution to think about change over time

1b8807b1-bc27-47f2-a446-8fc18e401a32-1
00:49:50.705 --> 00:49:54.367
in the universe,
and we can resolve the idea that

1b8807b1-bc27-47f2-a446-8fc18e401a32-2
00:49:54.367 --> 00:49:59.639
complexity arises locally while still
making entropy increase globally.

a236b5b2-f799-4449-a27c-a04073920aa8-0
00:50:01.320 --> 00:50:02.200
That's probably true.

473a080e-e404-40f2-b659-2bae64412e6e-0
00:50:02.840 --> 00:50:08.040
Cosmic evolution as a as an account is
not really any new science.

70a7f06b-a125-4baa-8b62-c507db36055f-0
00:50:08.040 --> 00:50:11.080
It's a synthesis of the established
science that we already have.

4a857a9d-b4c6-4fd2-9b57-542988732466-0
00:50:11.280 --> 00:50:16.200
So that one I would bet the house on
cosmic natural selection.

083522d3-8476-4046-a599-e87ca84ed839-0
00:50:18.200 --> 00:50:22.560
That is a fascinating idea that solve
some of our biggest problems,

083522d3-8476-4046-a599-e87ca84ed839-1
00:50:22.560 --> 00:50:27.240
but there's so many what ifs in there
that we can't really bet on it yet

083522d3-8476-4046-a599-e87ca84ed839-2
00:50:27.240 --> 00:50:31.280
because we don't know what really goes on
inside a black hole.

fa380aff-43c0-41ce-b177-90e77622d072-0
00:50:31.280 --> 00:50:36.984
But it is at least grounded in theory
that is plausible and makes observational

fa380aff-43c0-41ce-b177-90e77622d072-1
00:50:36.984 --> 00:50:37.840
predictions.

abe5aaf2-6b95-44af-9f26-8681caca57b1-0
00:50:38.120 --> 00:50:42.320
So the jury's still out on that one.

5a0c041e-a202-4dc2-81c7-9aa459df2ab3-0
00:50:44.640 --> 00:50:49.518
So we've addressed some of the biggest
questions humans have ever asked and I

5a0c041e-a202-4dc2-81c7-9aa459df2ab3-1
00:50:49.518 --> 00:50:54.521
feel very grateful for the privilege,
privilege of being able to do that and to

5a0c041e-a202-4dc2-81c7-9aa459df2ab3-2
00:50:54.521 --> 00:50:55.959
to share this with you.

0e375e1f-fde9-40a3-82ca-0bb74b1e2dae-0
00:50:55.960 --> 00:50:57.800
Thank you for being here and thinking
through this.

dfaf67b1-63c9-4115-b53d-1b386e1d79ca-0
00:50:58.120 --> 00:51:01.192
It is extremely important that we can do
this,

dfaf67b1-63c9-4115-b53d-1b386e1d79ca-1
00:51:01.192 --> 00:51:04.200
that we can share our thinking and our
ideas.

ced5a89d-943d-42aa-9679-b5c6023152a7-0
00:51:04.280 --> 00:51:13.400
And we need the space to ask the big
questions and they might be dangerous.

ff6f7182-0c01-4470-98b7-50d7fcc54fce-0
00:51:13.760 --> 00:51:17.600
So we should never forget to weigh the
benefits and the risks of doing so.

ac92cf5c-ffb4-4690-a55e-2e1ca27b7556-0
00:51:18.560 --> 00:51:22.600
Thank you so much to the Department of
Biology for hosting me.

89810df2-e94f-4c16-a697-459b144e2845-0
00:51:22.600 --> 00:51:32.124
And thank you to my chemistry and physics
department for sponsoring me and for all

89810df2-e94f-4c16-a697-459b144e2845-1
00:51:32.124 --> 00:51:36.600
the amazing intellectual conversations.

8d2ea318-959d-4743-8b82-cc0793964d03-0
00:51:36.600 --> 00:51:41.205
And special thanks to my wife for
creating a little pocket of order amidst

8d2ea318-959d-4743-8b82-cc0793964d03-1
00:51:41.205 --> 00:51:46.240
all the disorder so that I can actually
rate this talk and keep asking questions.

e00c956d-22a9-49d2-ab96-0770f2ff77c0-0
00:51:46.240 --> 00:51:49.480
And so now I'm going to turn it to the
questions part.

95669b67-f3ce-45a4-b88a-11eac6594a89-0
00:51:51.800 --> 00:51:56.640
Dark matter is something that we don't
know what it is,

95669b67-f3ce-45a4-b88a-11eac6594a89-1
00:51:56.640 --> 00:52:03.210
but we are pretty sure it is much more
common than the regular neutrons and

95669b67-f3ce-45a4-b88a-11eac6594a89-2
00:52:03.210 --> 00:52:07.360
protons and electrons that we're familiar
with.

48c56766-3f3d-4ea9-8b5d-b5fe758810dc-0
00:52:07.640 --> 00:52:14.030
Most of the matter that we are aware of
makes up only approximately 4% of the

48c56766-3f3d-4ea9-8b5d-b5fe758810dc-1
00:52:14.030 --> 00:52:17.800
entire make up of the energy of the
universe.

75154b63-aefa-4d65-bbfb-123367039dee-0
00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:24.566
Most of the most of it is dark energy,
which is another thing we're not sure

75154b63-aefa-4d65-bbfb-123367039dee-1
00:52:24.566 --> 00:52:25.000
about.

b6ffb91f-b004-4e9f-8991-cbe2d9d387cd-0
00:52:26.360 --> 00:52:32.440
And dark matter is we know it's there
because of its gravitational effects.

127938e7-1d32-46c4-9a84-c89275e75e38-0
00:52:33.120 --> 00:52:38.396
So it's it's definitely having an effect
and it's it's acting as if it's acting

127938e7-1d32-46c4-9a84-c89275e75e38-1
00:52:38.396 --> 00:52:43.080
with the same kind of gravity that the
matter we know about acts with.

448aa07d-1bc2-4eea-a5ef-ec670a84b97e-0
00:52:43.160 --> 00:52:48.846
It's, you know,
there's no new gravity and we see it in

448aa07d-1bc2-4eea-a5ef-ec670a84b97e-1
00:52:48.846 --> 00:52:49.760
galaxies.

9a2e0610-ac8d-4c3d-88a6-b906f2216f5a-0
00:52:49.760 --> 00:52:56.505
Vera Rubin, the astronomer,
was the first to to detect it in the

9a2e0610-ac8d-4c3d-88a6-b906f2216f5a-1
00:52:56.505 --> 00:53:00.760
rotation curves of galaxies, Galaxy spin.

dc02e77e-5047-431d-83a9-6b1d4165ee91-0
00:53:01.840 --> 00:53:07.721
And based on Newton's law of gravity,
as you go further out,

dc02e77e-5047-431d-83a9-6b1d4165ee91-1
00:53:07.721 --> 00:53:11.000
like the if drops off as 1 / r ^2.

5b7fc02c-5c39-4a6d-9186-a6fd5e316db7-0
00:53:11.000 --> 00:53:13.280
So it should go slower and slower as you
go out.

76522f4b-5111-4ea6-a771-a8b5b4a4f810-0
00:53:13.600 --> 00:53:19.029
But Vera Rubin found that it stays
constant and that was the first sign that

76522f4b-5111-4ea6-a771-a8b5b4a4f810-1
00:53:19.029 --> 00:53:21.920
something is there that we're not seeing.

30b88dac-62ff-42ba-af7f-2f762c5a2bea-0
00:53:21.920 --> 00:53:23.800
But we can detect it's gravitational
effect.

ed23af2a-82e6-4089-92f7-37af25ff434f-0
00:53:24.160 --> 00:53:27.630
It's also holding,
making Galaxy clusters move faster than

ed23af2a-82e6-4089-92f7-37af25ff434f-1
00:53:27.630 --> 00:53:29.160
they otherwise would have.

c4403314-3dd5-43d6-abf7-3148148bd74b-0
00:53:29.160 --> 00:53:32.600
We can detect the gravitational effect of
galaxies holding together.

d177b65d-0589-40f8-b4c8-85cb18756784-0
00:53:33.720 --> 00:53:37.480
And so we know from various lines of
evidence that is definitely there.

86dee822-174f-4923-a17f-a98fd89f8cc3-0
00:53:38.880 --> 00:53:41.160
There are two main theories of what it
could be.

025ded5d-d927-426d-afb8-fef83fbd8087-0
00:53:41.440 --> 00:53:44.800
It's acronyms are MACHOS and WIMPS.

f0402d1a-a354-4fc0-a3e6-ab12d0b07057-0
00:53:44.800 --> 00:53:47.781
It's kind of a they got a little too
creative there,

f0402d1a-a354-4fc0-a3e6-ab12d0b07057-1
00:53:47.781 --> 00:53:51.832
but MACHOS is massively massive particles,
like maybe they're Jupiters,

f0402d1a-a354-4fc0-a3e6-ab12d0b07057-2
00:53:51.832 --> 00:53:55.320
maybe they're black holes,
maybe there are things that aren't

f0402d1a-a354-4fc0-a3e6-ab12d0b07057-3
00:53:55.320 --> 00:53:57.964
regular old matter we know how to think
about,

f0402d1a-a354-4fc0-a3e6-ab12d0b07057-4
00:53:57.964 --> 00:54:00.440
but we just can't see them
observationally.

c20920ff-b8be-4b0f-98b3-457981ece52e-0
00:54:01.160 --> 00:54:04.520
The other possibility is a WIMPS,
which is weakly interacting massive

c20920ff-b8be-4b0f-98b3-457981ece52e-1
00:54:04.520 --> 00:54:06.872
particles,
which are things that do not interact

c20920ff-b8be-4b0f-98b3-457981ece52e-2
00:54:06.872 --> 00:54:08.360
with the electromagnetic force.

3bcfee43-10a9-4c53-ac59-71354578e817-0
00:54:08.600 --> 00:54:11.582
So there's no light,
literally no light coming from them,

3bcfee43-10a9-4c53-ac59-71354578e817-1
00:54:11.582 --> 00:54:12.920
which is why they're dark.

1236e2a1-057a-42b4-b5fb-4a71bdb28e3b-0
00:54:13.400 --> 00:54:17.000
And they would have to be a new kind of
thing that we don't know about yet.

e4be7d1c-0555-4c8e-8c11-62510f7930ec-0
00:54:18.040 --> 00:54:20.920
There's leading theories and that sort of
thing.

dbc42c15-15e4-4e80-9e01-31e1b04170f0-0
00:54:22.080 --> 00:54:25.480
We know enough to be pretty sure that it
is a new kind of thing.

cc3af239-6b86-4ee3-974d-f1c3f5b1b954-0
00:54:25.480 --> 00:54:26.720
The wimps are winning.

b2d6ee4b-0d21-41c9-b757-452e2a4cf326-0
00:54:27.840 --> 00:54:30.560
So,
but we don't know what that thing is yet.

318bd598-2059-47d4-8f44-481d357a3262-0
00:54:30.800 --> 00:54:33.920
But we know there's a lot more of it than
what we got.

27fd3178-2d66-4437-a16f-b02b3715e3c2-0
00:54:33.920 --> 00:54:45.720
And it might be what it comes down to the
question of on this graph, I put galaxies.

03ad2f55-bf1a-4c57-befe-eb03d4120827-0
00:54:46.200 --> 00:54:48.924
Well,
Eric Chason put galaxies first and then

03ad2f55-bf1a-4c57-befe-eb03d4120827-1
00:54:48.924 --> 00:54:49.280
stars.

4fda1106-fd84-4046-89d3-4ad10f9f480e-0
00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:52.040
What came first, stars or galaxies?

a28fb985-c243-4c26-89d2-afd9aab58255-0
00:54:52.480 --> 00:54:55.005
Some people would be like,
how could you have a Galaxy without a

a28fb985-c243-4c26-89d2-afd9aab58255-1
00:54:55.005 --> 00:54:55.200
star?

6e21607d-34d0-4046-b09c-7b1035f9c261-0
00:54:55.200 --> 00:55:00.720
But dark matter might have been the thing
that made galaxies come together 1st.

e109696f-d28f-477c-9d0e-fbad8d77c3a7-0
00:55:00.720 --> 00:55:03.520
And then stars started populating the
galaxies.

a0dce565-1a9c-4add-aba4-62e0ad18141d-0
00:55:04.000 --> 00:55:05.600
So sure.

6a3b20bd-60a1-4143-ac1a-0c12df408887-0
00:55:06.120 --> 00:55:06.400
Yes.

9613480e-d9c3-4a36-8c7e-4662c9046018-0
00:55:06.920 --> 00:55:07.000
Wow.

9e820f01-687a-4d00-a1b1-995461844330-0
00:55:07.280 --> 00:55:08.240
Oh, Dad.

8c2eab7b-1b2c-4a13-8c4c-abf364e085c5-0
00:55:09.160 --> 00:55:12.863
Yeah,
most galaxies have a black hole at the

8c2eab7b-1b2c-4a13-8c4c-abf364e085c5-1
00:55:12.863 --> 00:55:13.440
center.

fb611e36-458f-4662-9703-fcecf8c8dc1d-0
00:55:13.440 --> 00:55:15.720
Or do all of them have a black hole at
the center?

ce313e2b-c2fc-4327-9614-d4784345a953-0
00:55:17.000 --> 00:55:21.800
I haven't checked them all,
but most of them, yes.

cc93d556-98d5-4d3d-b03e-2965b3b591cc-0
00:55:21.920 --> 00:55:25.902
We now think that almost almost all the
galaxies have a supermassive black hole

cc93d556-98d5-4d3d-b03e-2965b3b591cc-1
00:55:25.902 --> 00:55:26.600
at the center.

b4841cc5-1306-4859-9324-844a6f7cfa4a-0
00:55:27.360 --> 00:55:36.080
But how would you detect a black hole
that wasn't at the center Galaxy, are you?

f70d6bc5-e549-4ac2-9eab-33726fca09af-0
00:55:36.120 --> 00:55:44.475
How would you detect a Galaxy that
doesn't have a black hole there or like,

f70d6bc5-e549-4ac2-9eab-33726fca09af-1
00:55:44.475 --> 00:55:49.203
or oh,
so a black hole that doesn't have a

f70d6bc5-e549-4ac2-9eab-33726fca09af-2
00:55:49.203 --> 00:55:54.590
Galaxy,
It would be hard because they go they go

f70d6bc5-e549-4ac2-9eab-33726fca09af-3
00:55:54.590 --> 00:55:55.360
silent.

94609a3f-b0c9-4519-925e-3e9ca5ba2786-0
00:55:55.600 --> 00:55:57.200
We detect them when they're eating.

859aa9d6-2ab7-48b4-a628-61561626e8e9-0
00:55:58.160 --> 00:56:03.053
And the the the one that I showed MA 87,
we looked a year later and it looked

859aa9d6-2ab7-48b4-a628-61561626e8e9-1
00:56:03.053 --> 00:56:07.320
different, like it changes over time,
but it's because it's eating.

997c364c-6b22-4d5a-89e5-4b4a55612a2b-0
00:56:07.320 --> 00:56:11.450
So if it if it happens to get expelled
from its Galaxy or if it never got a

997c364c-6b22-4d5a-89e5-4b4a55612a2b-1
00:56:11.450 --> 00:56:15.200
Galaxy to hang out with it,
then we'd have a hard time detecting it.

9d47c317-554b-4fc1-a0de-2c135e97b39c-0
00:56:15.240 --> 00:56:19.551
So that could be a component of dark
matter is black holes that are out and

9d47c317-554b-4fc1-a0de-2c135e97b39c-1
00:56:19.551 --> 00:56:20.800
about in the universe.

bd1cfaf7-38fb-4d92-abf1-71f2b60c7ca5-0
00:56:21.120 --> 00:56:24.800
Without that,
they they're not eating currently.

29b2064b-5f5d-4344-a05d-3468b080e92b-0
00:56:24.800 --> 00:56:25.960
So we don't see them.

799c23ca-e0ec-46b3-a436-c5d84d6e5690-0
00:56:28.440 --> 00:56:28.920
Hi, Paul.

14747f68-10d1-4066-8578-63ca4ca928bc-0
00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:30.320
Yeah, thank you.

c7ce8792-6835-41ab-8366-1eb32f320dad-0
00:56:30.840 --> 00:56:34.295
In common usage,
the word universe means everything that

c7ce8792-6835-41ab-8366-1eb32f320dad-1
00:56:34.295 --> 00:56:34.720
exists.

e58a6fb4-3392-47d6-8692-953af9ee3762-0
00:56:34.720 --> 00:56:35.240
Yeah.

ad36f26a-7ed0-4997-8475-9b2b4c7ae9f1-0
00:56:35.320 --> 00:56:35.800
Oh, man.

bd9fbf34-999f-4d38-a55b-7033fedda3da-0
00:56:35.800 --> 00:56:36.520
What's the word mean?

5fafef3c-dc82-4714-a0a4-dafb46aeee99-0
00:56:36.520 --> 00:56:38.800
When a cosmologist Universe.

817d1944-86b9-42d6-8392-c34caa01cae9-0
00:56:41.080 --> 00:56:43.040
All the everythings that exist.

f92aa3db-7e4d-49f2-a254-3bd4d9a861bd-0
00:56:46.840 --> 00:56:47.320
Yeah.

40043a5e-61b1-49cd-9691-2685af80a517-0
00:56:47.880 --> 00:56:48.800
You broke my brain.

b3255c4c-df97-408c-8670-2c1a3cc077a5-0
00:56:48.800 --> 00:56:50.440
I can't answer you.

397f97fe-8921-44c0-bf58-07805e7c826a-0
00:56:50.440 --> 00:56:51.000
I don't know.

aa67b644-39c6-43fb-b9b0-18c9f884d489-0
00:56:54.360 --> 00:57:01.719
I will say that maybe a universe in that
context is used to say a region of

aa67b644-39c6-43fb-b9b0-18c9f884d489-1
00:57:01.719 --> 00:57:09.369
space-time that obeys the same set of
rules and has the same set of parameters

aa67b644-39c6-43fb-b9b0-18c9f884d489-2
00:57:09.369 --> 00:57:15.760
of electron masses and proton masses and
all the all the 80 bits.

c58eaf93-e989-469f-b4e6-0458a034a9db-0
00:57:15.880 --> 00:57:17.920
I have another question yes.

66024d51-6e12-4253-88ca-f76c2430ece0-0
00:57:20.840 --> 00:57:27.920
So I was wondering why are entropy and
complexity opposite?

f33f2999-02a5-4a29-b08c-2435d793494e-0
00:57:28.960 --> 00:57:34.200
Is putting something more random like
even more difficult to figure it?

b86cbd24-9675-4ca2-a835-18b52446c193-0
00:57:34.200 --> 00:57:35.760
Like how do you define complexity?

f3ef50b6-d9f1-49ea-aff9-5d20c4f6b83f-0
00:57:36.320 --> 00:57:42.169
Yes,
that's a great question and it's a tough

f3ef50b6-d9f1-49ea-aff9-5d20c4f6b83f-1
00:57:42.169 --> 00:57:48.400
question,
but are you referring to organization?

91c4a0d4-85e8-4249-b49e-46bbcb151e00-0
00:57:49.440 --> 00:57:53.753
Yes,
I'm using it somewhat synonymously with

91c4a0d4-85e8-4249-b49e-46bbcb151e00-1
00:57:53.753 --> 00:57:55.000
organization.

0e3eea00-db06-4ca1-968e-727bf8ca5e06-0
00:57:57.520 --> 00:58:00.960
There are different words that people use
in the same field.

219a801d-0410-4d1a-9c4e-9e6d0504ebd4-0
00:58:01.640 --> 00:58:05.880
Self organization is a thing amongst
complex systems scientists.

9b1bae18-ae1d-406f-b8eb-f5cf0e4cd67d-0
00:58:07.120 --> 00:58:14.400
Information is often used as kind of the
opposite of entropy.

9c5f5c1a-0b5f-4765-8f3f-3948368b287c-0
00:58:17.440 --> 00:58:17.960
It's called the.

ea5ad20f-f708-4fec-b6c5-d74047511106-0
00:58:18.480 --> 00:58:18.840
Let's see.

5d57f008-010f-4eda-a789-dbf6185d3a8d-0
00:58:20.480 --> 00:58:23.952
There's a microscopic definition of
entropy,

5d57f008-010f-4eda-a789-dbf6185d3a8d-1
00:58:23.952 --> 00:58:29.200
which is all the different microstates
that make up the the system.

01144105-e5b7-4c5f-9e4e-a8ced9b0d65b-0
00:58:31.640 --> 00:58:35.616
It's the number of those, that's it,
the log of the number of the different

01144105-e5b7-4c5f-9e4e-a8ced9b0d65b-1
00:58:35.616 --> 00:58:40.011
ways you could arrange things to have the
same macroscopic properties like pressure

01144105-e5b7-4c5f-9e4e-a8ced9b0d65b-2
00:58:40.011 --> 00:58:42.000
and volume and and that sort of thing.

e949de3d-cc6c-46e2-a3e8-a1e05352779e-0
00:58:43.040 --> 00:58:48.857
So there's a macroscopic way of defining
it,

e949de3d-cc6c-46e2-a3e8-a1e05352779e-1
00:58:48.857 --> 00:58:57.520
but also a microscopic way the
information is the inverse of that.

e337df57-056d-4240-a9da-3dd066928e68-0
00:58:57.520 --> 00:59:03.600
So I think of inverse of entropy is
information.

f1883d61-5630-4141-870e-b90d8537aedb-0
00:59:03.800 --> 00:59:06.560
How many bits would you need to describe
the system completely?

a64683a8-74cb-47bc-a840-c165ae16845d-0
00:59:06.800 --> 00:59:09.360
That's Shannon information.

af236f85-ee97-41e5-9832-ea119ef5fe4c-0
00:59:11.640 --> 00:59:17.949
And so there's kind of this growing
consensus among physicists that

af236f85-ee97-41e5-9832-ea119ef5fe4c-1
00:59:17.949 --> 00:59:25.280
information might be like the common
currency of the universe, not not energy.

9e393ff8-2597-42ee-9774-6572bdc9afbb-0
00:59:25.840 --> 00:59:30.315
You can find violations of the
conservation of energy if you look hard

9e393ff8-2597-42ee-9774-6572bdc9afbb-1
00:59:30.315 --> 00:59:33.467
enough,
but you can't find violations of the idea

9e393ff8-2597-42ee-9774-6572bdc9afbb-2
00:59:33.467 --> 00:59:35.800
that information cannot be destroyed.

f63541ec-1380-4da3-b99f-63269aea5002-0
00:59:36.280 --> 00:59:41.480
And the battlegrounds are actually on the
event horizons of black holes.

ff0f0266-f665-4c66-a419-6917f2339e3b-0
00:59:41.480 --> 00:59:44.160
What happens to information that falls
into a black hole?

0932725f-a523-47fe-a528-ad0ed4673a29-0
00:59:44.560 --> 00:59:49.640
Does it get stored on the surface or does
it get destroyed?

134af21b-f0f5-44b9-a589-98c8bd5fcb09-0
00:59:49.800 --> 00:59:54.000
Do we ever get it back when the black
holes evaporate by Hawking radiation?

a08617d4-190f-45d6-85f8-9c80a8508825-0
00:59:54.440 --> 01:00:01.520
That's that's the forefront of black hole
physics is what happens to information.

ffedc9b8-9bed-426c-b06d-e5c0d5df3014-0
01:00:01.840 --> 01:00:07.840
So information is how I think of the
opposite of entropy complexity is I'm

ffedc9b8-9bed-426c-b06d-e5c0d5df3014-1
01:00:07.840 --> 01:00:14.080
using it synonymous with information,
I'd say so it's the inverse of entropy.

e3241ea9-cdcb-4c67-b43c-64770c3ed466-0
01:00:16.000 --> 01:00:17.200
But I agree with you that.

98c10995-be6e-40f1-9b00-cb8517b75f0d-0
01:00:17.720 --> 01:00:20.483
If it's more complex,
it would be harder to describe if it's

98c10995-be6e-40f1-9b00-cb8517b75f0d-1
01:00:20.483 --> 01:00:22.840
all spread out and hard to count up all
that stuff.

23c9f68c-5377-4d0b-b53a-b55c1569453a-0
01:00:23.200 --> 01:00:27.080
But that's not the sort of thing I'm
talking about.

38f7cb2f-c8ed-4c14-838e-c524ff04b467-0
01:00:27.240 --> 01:00:31.288
It's yeah,
organization is closer to what I'm

38f7cb2f-c8ed-4c14-838e-c524ff04b467-1
01:00:31.288 --> 01:00:32.520
talking about.

b1343fc4-6f69-4172-bbbc-9042c45e7e99-0
01:00:32.840 --> 01:00:38.240
Do you have any other questions?

c12c48f6-cde1-4c2d-b6cf-e88b7e70c7d8-0
01:00:51.760 --> 01:00:52.920
You just blew my mind.

00145dc6-251b-4228-8dbe-8586e694428a-0
01:00:54.360 --> 01:00:54.720
Thank you.

dab09053-1efd-4f0d-8b8d-c9268bbf5035-0
01:00:55.000 --> 01:00:57.800
That's like a question I never thought
about before.

69d717a0-a3a7-4a3c-9d90-1d3c28ef0617-0
01:00:57.880 --> 01:00:58.320
That's great.

4133f4a9-4b04-4846-81a5-1e5694b0ee68-0
01:01:01.560 --> 01:01:13.360
I do know there is certain physicists are
worried about what's what's the term?

51b47cc3-8a52-48ae-a958-51571c37dc80-0
01:01:13.360 --> 01:01:15.320
I just want to get the term right in my
mind.

74db03b9-cd33-4bea-b5b7-649712f8d6ad-0
01:01:18.040 --> 01:01:23.724
All right,
So Alex Verlenkin is the world's

74db03b9-cd33-4bea-b5b7-649712f8d6ad-1
01:01:23.724 --> 01:01:27.600
preeminent scholar of nothing.

a7ddd25c-630c-45c1-9702-d20187228487-0
01:01:29.880 --> 01:01:32.200
He's at Tufts University in the cosmology
group.

56e63b89-343e-4d6f-882e-dd13fcefd9ac-0
01:01:33.320 --> 01:01:33.800
Let's see.

e35f29c1-3321-42c0-bfeb-668063aef553-0
01:01:34.640 --> 01:01:41.800
Alex Verlenkin Nothing in physics is not
what you expect it to be.

c4fa7997-9c48-4115-99eb-4b443057d1b2-0
01:01:41.800 --> 01:01:43.640
There is no such thing as nothing.

d4bd1a06-3cb7-4b34-85ec-8646c0de291e-0
01:01:43.960 --> 01:01:47.178
There's always particles coming into and
out of existence,

d4bd1a06-3cb7-4b34-85ec-8646c0de291e-1
01:01:47.178 --> 01:01:49.960
and so there's always a baseline amount
of energy.

c7edbec4-15c6-400e-b76a-55ee427cdadd-0
01:01:49.960 --> 01:01:54.612
Even if you like clear out all the stuff
from a little pocket of space,

c7edbec4-15c6-400e-b76a-55ee427cdadd-1
01:01:54.612 --> 01:01:59.587
there's still energy there and stuff
there that will just pop into existence

c7edbec4-15c6-400e-b76a-55ee427cdadd-2
01:01:59.587 --> 01:02:00.040
anyway.

2aaa7acc-15ec-4583-bc2d-7514857272ed-0
01:02:02.120 --> 01:02:08.440
That energy level might be the ground
state or there might be a lower one down.

6360c711-7f74-42d7-903f-4f1e2ba73435-0
01:02:09.400 --> 01:02:14.998
And if if there's a transition where it,
it breaks that symmetry all of a sudden

6360c711-7f74-42d7-903f-4f1e2ba73435-1
01:02:14.998 --> 01:02:19.490
and goes to a lower state,
that will expand outwards and destroy

6360c711-7f74-42d7-903f-4f1e2ba73435-2
01:02:19.490 --> 01:02:21.080
everything in its path.

e2ebc99f-ad1c-4ecd-9a15-c292a581b9b1-0
01:02:22.000 --> 01:02:24.880
And so some physicists are worried about
this happening in our universe.

dd364863-cad6-41ed-a65e-fd74a4068ca4-0
01:02:24.880 --> 01:02:29.772
And so my intuition is that that's the
sort of thing that might happen if 2

dd364863-cad6-41ed-a65e-fd74a4068ca4-1
01:02:29.772 --> 01:02:33.055
black holes,
which are really their own universes,

dd364863-cad6-41ed-a65e-fd74a4068ca4-2
01:02:33.055 --> 01:02:34.600
collide in our universe.

79b99c5b-3175-4d7f-84ed-96a94c70bc29-0
01:02:35.920 --> 01:02:38.960
My guess is it'd be like the movie Never
Ending Story.

5ac11c90-b701-4d0f-9c97-528f7aedd85b-0
01:02:38.960 --> 01:02:43.400
The nothing will sweep through and like,
destroy everything in both universes.

e34f4dfc-924e-4902-bf5f-44639aeecd56-0
01:02:44.200 --> 01:02:50.240
But maybe if we write that off,
we can get a paper published on.

b3413db1-204b-4894-99e3-93ceb327b372-0
01:02:51.360 --> 01:02:52.640
That's a great, great question.

51367163-25e1-4171-8b61-8d394bb37b8d-0
01:02:52.640 --> 01:02:53.000
Thank you.

2f544cc0-2389-47f5-8363-d9978a4eacef-0
01:02:58.760 --> 01:02:59.120
Thank you.

2bb74cfe-99b3-4fd3-9dd6-95fea036c71b-0
01:03:02.000 --> 01:03:08.694
So in the beginning there is an equal
chance of bearing method and the end time

2bb74cfe-99b3-4fd3-9dd6-95fea036c71b-1
01:03:08.694 --> 01:03:09.280
method.

417c55e0-e166-4a8a-b1ba-9a6e97082d03-0
01:03:10.120 --> 01:03:17.183
So we know we have,
I love that question and it so the

417c55e0-e166-4a8a-b1ba-9a6e97082d03-1
01:03:17.183 --> 01:03:27.843
question is when in the early universe,
I said, like particles pop into existence,

417c55e0-e166-4a8a-b1ba-9a6e97082d03-2
01:03:27.843 --> 01:03:35.549
if it's the right energy of,
of the radiation that's there,

417c55e0-e166-4a8a-b1ba-9a6e97082d03-3
01:03:35.549 --> 01:03:41.200
it will become mass and become an
electron.

b0a5570d-1ce2-4e1f-a949-d4faec071d85-0
01:03:41.200 --> 01:03:44.906
If it's that energy,
the problem is you can't just create an

b0a5570d-1ce2-4e1f-a949-d4faec071d85-1
01:03:44.906 --> 01:03:47.640
electron because that's a negative
particle.

54e27514-2fa9-4856-a928-bced5c9ea483-0
01:03:47.640 --> 01:03:51.360
The conservation of charge says you can't
create charge or destroy it.

0fe3cfc1-0429-4a98-b5f0-5ef9aa5f1241-0
01:03:51.360 --> 01:03:53.240
You can only move it around.

3ef6b775-ea27-4cd5-9d93-e8c14b41b320-0
01:03:53.240 --> 01:03:54.600
Well, that's not exactly true.

5c44f8a9-c0f5-42f7-9d2a-6a6fc33adcc7-0
01:03:54.600 --> 01:03:59.160
You can create it as long as you create
equal amounts of the opposite charge.

b2b28d6b-bcce-433b-bb98-7bcd9c200d73-0
01:03:59.560 --> 01:04:05.144
So electrons can pop into existence,
but only if anti electrons also pop into

b2b28d6b-bcce-433b-bb98-7bcd9c200d73-1
01:04:05.144 --> 01:04:10.800
existence which have the same mass,
same energy, but opposite electric charge.

d5041fbf-2cf6-4754-bb57-ad5d6e6c823c-0
01:04:11.680 --> 01:04:13.400
And you can't do 1 without the other.

85904f19-68e2-454d-8bbe-4b6fbe50b02e-0
01:04:13.400 --> 01:04:17.219
So every time an electron is created,
there should be an anti electron,

85904f19-68e2-454d-8bbe-4b6fbe50b02e-1
01:04:17.219 --> 01:04:18.440
also called a positron.

6962d1d5-6f81-4f3a-b7e9-0317fdf5e537-0
01:04:19.600 --> 01:04:22.240
So if that's true,
where is all the antimatter is the

6962d1d5-6f81-4f3a-b7e9-0317fdf5e537-1
01:04:22.240 --> 01:04:22.680
question.

6102807d-c125-4cbe-8c60-6acc859f684f-0
01:04:22.800 --> 01:04:27.226
Which is the biggest,
one of the biggest unsolved mysteries in

6102807d-c125-4cbe-8c60-6acc859f684f-1
01:04:27.226 --> 01:04:28.280
all of physics.

6808375e-a491-4229-80e6-c237b4cf9912-0
01:04:28.280 --> 01:04:32.178
And so I don't have an answer for you,
but if somebody does,

6808375e-a491-4229-80e6-c237b4cf9912-1
01:04:32.178 --> 01:04:34.160
they might win the Nobel Prize.

cd75daf3-43fb-49d9-8cd1-bb282aa06bff-0
01:04:34.560 --> 01:04:37.600
There are some ideas about where all the
antimatter is.

b2e3c476-484e-45b1-ae79-6933b4ccde57-0
01:04:37.600 --> 01:04:41.720
I personally had made my own bumper
sticker, where's all the antimatter?

5d89d71c-77fe-45fd-b88a-fadf490ee240-0
01:04:41.720 --> 01:04:43.320
And I had that on my car for a while.

f7d394d1-398a-4339-8af9-4db7a22b16ce-0
01:04:44.480 --> 01:04:45.640
So I'm still looking at it.

5504ea08-2b5e-4fa2-9af8-71e4a3b30bea-0
01:04:47.800 --> 01:04:51.142
But there might be,
there might have been just a slight

5504ea08-2b5e-4fa2-9af8-71e4a3b30bea-1
01:04:51.142 --> 01:04:55.440
imbalance in some laws of physics that we
haven't quite worked out yet.

43340b9f-2106-499a-9938-15a7de8c18bc-0
01:04:55.440 --> 01:05:01.957
The there is some symmetry that is broken
that one of one of Americans,

43340b9f-2106-499a-9938-15a7de8c18bc-1
01:05:01.957 --> 01:05:08.837
one of America's great physicist,
experimental physicist found an asymmetry

43340b9f-2106-499a-9938-15a7de8c18bc-2
01:05:08.837 --> 01:05:12.640
in the weak force that might help explain.

3856db9f-043c-45dd-9883-7ab9da74d2ed-0
01:05:13.200 --> 01:05:16.080
There's just like a slight imbalance in
matter and antimatter.

cdeafe47-5143-4ca3-ba63-17cdd58982ab-0
01:05:16.080 --> 01:05:20.304
And so they all annihilated each other
and then whatever was more of that's what

cdeafe47-5143-4ca3-ba63-17cdd58982ab-1
01:05:20.304 --> 01:05:23.120
we have now and so I guess that's matter
matter wins.

e278faa7-659b-4b7a-b862-cf9a1aa789be-0
01:05:23.200 --> 01:05:30.178
OK, yes,
that that picture of the was it M80 or

e278faa7-659b-4b7a-b862-cf9a1aa789be-1
01:05:30.178 --> 01:05:30.760
M87?

4ab2e32b-ff3e-4ea4-9ded-683fff8c6127-0
01:05:30.760 --> 01:05:31.560
Yeah, M87.

cbee76ac-05b1-4cdd-b91e-c86485f9f6ae-0
01:05:32.840 --> 01:05:35.764
Just curious,
how about how long ago that actually

cbee76ac-05b1-4cdd-b91e-c86485f9f6ae-1
01:05:35.764 --> 01:05:36.280
happened?

032f4ac9-ad68-46c2-a957-6681b69f47ca-0
01:05:36.600 --> 01:05:39.640
What happened in that picture and what's
it likely up to now?

f4eec72e-6997-42de-8ddc-c7510a91d1ed-0
01:05:39.640 --> 01:05:46.800
Let's see if I can find it.

c0b6995f-7d61-4141-8376-174bd9a41096-0
01:05:51.440 --> 01:05:51.920
There we go.

c2abfff9-0400-45b3-8197-2c216be97852-0
01:05:52.240 --> 01:05:56.752
M87M87 is oh,
that is a good time to plug our telescope

c2abfff9-0400-45b3-8197-2c216be97852-1
01:05:56.752 --> 01:05:57.720
on the roof.

e8853450-e459-4632-911b-dd63c5f45333-0
01:05:59.840 --> 01:06:04.640
You can see M87 using the Collins
Observatory in on the roof of Meyer Hall.

97a2f083-7474-44c3-8b8f-d0b8b012408d-0
01:06:04.640 --> 01:06:07.560
So come on up on Monday nights,
7:00 to 10:00 PM.

9dfa71bd-e6f3-428f-8404-136b1c2b8d65-0
01:06:07.840 --> 01:06:13.067
As long as it's not a school holiday and
as long as it's not cloudy and as long as

9dfa71bd-e6f3-428f-8404-136b1c2b8d65-1
01:06:13.067 --> 01:06:16.720
the telescope is not broken,
we will be able to see M 87.

077f7b21-0136-4d75-84fc-a1a7931207d6-0
01:06:18.240 --> 01:06:25.218
So it's, I don't remember exactly,
but it's let's see hundreds of millions

077f7b21-0136-4d75-84fc-a1a7931207d6-1
01:06:25.218 --> 01:06:27.080
of light years away.

13c10898-cf56-4683-ac94-aca9ecb99f8b-0
01:06:28.320 --> 01:06:32.080
So our our Milky Way Galaxy is about half
a million light years across.

5157748c-4be0-4658-8655-537e361220d1-0
01:06:32.600 --> 01:06:37.000
The nearest big Galaxy is Andromeda,
which is 2 million light years away.

eab9d4d3-0d50-4a33-8170-7d7b238e685c-0
01:06:37.280 --> 01:06:39.760
This is like 100 times that distance away.

d4f7a0cd-d1a7-4eda-951c-e36306e5bffd-0
01:06:40.160 --> 01:06:45.560
But it's actually an absolutely ginormous
technical term Galaxy.

4db154e1-b61b-40c0-87dd-fb61fc4743fe-0
01:06:46.480 --> 01:06:49.269
So it's so big that even though it's so
far away,

4db154e1-b61b-40c0-87dd-fb61fc4743fe-1
01:06:49.269 --> 01:06:53.899
that supermassive black hole was our best
shot of seeing the black part of a black

4db154e1-b61b-40c0-87dd-fb61fc4743fe-2
01:06:53.899 --> 01:06:58.139
hole because the massive, the, the,
how huge that black hole is even though

4db154e1-b61b-40c0-87dd-fb61fc4743fe-3
01:06:58.139 --> 01:06:58.920
it's far away.

044786c0-7cd4-4ef8-a04f-5fe24ac680c1-0
01:07:00.080 --> 01:07:02.920
So this is 100 million years ago that
we're looking at it.

ce4111f9-85e5-43b5-94f4-3202592a4ff7-0
01:07:04.600 --> 01:07:10.091
And what has happened in the meantime is
it's probably eaten more stars and it's

ce4111f9-85e5-43b5-94f4-3202592a4ff7-1
01:07:10.091 --> 01:07:14.158
an elliptical Galaxy,
which means it probably collided with

ce4111f9-85e5-43b5-94f4-3202592a4ff7-2
01:07:14.158 --> 01:07:19.040
another spiral Galaxy in the past and
then it all got glommed together.

5296e645-cf94-4713-b0dd-e6ab50b6aa0c-0
01:07:19.120 --> 01:07:24.949
And maybe the Super massive black holes
of each Galaxy combined into a,

5296e645-cf94-4713-b0dd-e6ab50b6aa0c-1
01:07:24.949 --> 01:07:25.840
a bigger 1.

af8ac78d-440e-4191-8a75-ce5823a02b49-0
01:07:25.880 --> 01:07:29.807
And so I think in the meantime,
it's been eating,

af8ac78d-440e-4191-8a75-ce5823a02b49-1
01:07:29.807 --> 01:07:32.400
but I don't know that's for sure.

61288bb1-fd94-4bbc-81b3-c2aefed1bc14-0
01:07:32.760 --> 01:07:34.000
They haven't called me back.

a6966138-7e93-4cf2-bc9a-59fba045a2b7-0
01:07:37.560 --> 01:07:38.360
Yes, hi.

6b140a6f-2e41-4a05-b8a4-3798e9374e5a-0
01:07:38.360 --> 01:07:38.440
Hi.

839b722b-8f0e-47c3-9cd5-51fd84f8fbe6-0
01:07:39.600 --> 01:07:41.920
Thank you so much for this fascinating
talk.

2b380d1b-9703-452a-84c8-61bf63c91852-0
01:07:43.400 --> 01:07:47.531
I'm embarrassed to say I have so many
questions that that's great come to my

2b380d1b-9703-452a-84c8-61bf63c91852-1
01:07:47.531 --> 01:07:47.800
mind.

9006663a-4493-4627-ac95-5b3c9b186a9f-0
01:07:48.320 --> 01:07:51.924
I might just ask them and then feel free
to ignore the ones that you don't feel

9006663a-4493-4627-ac95-5b3c9b186a9f-1
01:07:51.924 --> 01:07:52.600
like answering.

8196c3b4-4f85-40e7-855f-c8343b82e6e9-0
01:07:53.720 --> 01:07:54.360
Oh, that's nice.

4dcf231d-68ab-4b12-90c3-0545cb273f6e-0
01:07:54.440 --> 01:07:59.040
A clarification question about
information and entropy.

2a85ddb6-85d7-44c9-8855-3ee5f2382411-0
01:08:00.120 --> 01:08:05.671
I would think that as entropy increases,
you need more information to describe it,

2a85ddb6-85d7-44c9-8855-3ee5f2382411-1
01:08:05.671 --> 01:08:10.821
whereas when there's less entropy,
it might be next asymmetry which could be

2a85ddb6-85d7-44c9-8855-3ee5f2382411-2
01:08:10.821 --> 01:08:12.360
explained more quickly.

50f0bf38-44c0-4204-b59f-069bb16c3070-0
01:08:13.240 --> 01:08:17.360
So just maybe I'm understanding that
incorrectly, but some clarification.

b9c1e793-7ebf-4f68-b5f9-dfe7782a8fe2-0
01:08:17.360 --> 01:08:18.880
I'm sort of thinking about those things.

a43d52e4-5fd0-4841-b9e0-7013440d8f66-0
01:08:20.600 --> 01:08:25.377
And then the other question is about this
idea that a black hole, you know,

a43d52e4-5fd0-4841-b9e0-7013440d8f66-1
01:08:25.377 --> 01:08:27.200
like spawns another universe.

62cb17cb-e992-41f9-8dee-31fadf5e2934-0
01:08:27.560 --> 01:08:33.434
It troubles to me this idea that you then
a universe is a closed system because

62cb17cb-e992-41f9-8dee-31fadf5e2934-1
01:08:33.434 --> 01:08:37.400
isn't there energy coming in through that
black hole?

c22c4329-4be5-4f6c-b807-8254af4e8566-0
01:08:37.400 --> 01:08:40.040
So by definition it's not a closed system.

99448ac6-9167-4218-b229-af65ad23abc3-0
01:08:41.120 --> 01:08:43.600
So I don't know if we have an
understanding of that.

cfae85b4-7b95-47af-8276-31af8e804339-0
01:08:43.600 --> 01:08:47.236
And then third,
do we have any predictions about the

cfae85b4-7b95-47af-8276-31af8e804339-1
01:08:47.236 --> 01:08:52.656
shape that a universe would take from a
singularity or do we think it would be

cfae85b4-7b95-47af-8276-31af8e804339-2
01:08:52.656 --> 01:08:53.000
flat?

7ae00f5a-0b04-4e88-af7d-1860a7a6e2da-0
01:08:53.000 --> 01:08:54.360
Do we think it would be round?

de2937cf-6d30-4c66-96b1-03407b3a9fe1-0
01:08:55.160 --> 01:08:56.480
Are there any predictions?

63d2505e-e032-477d-a5d9-a8f91355d0ac-0
01:08:56.920 --> 01:09:00.781
And then finally,
in the cosmic evolution diagram you had,

63d2505e-e032-477d-a5d9-a8f91355d0ac-1
01:09:00.781 --> 01:09:05.625
it sort of looked like, you know,
progress was like getting to humans and

63d2505e-e032-477d-a5d9-a8f91355d0ac-2
01:09:05.625 --> 01:09:07.000
we are this pinnacle.

4642cc98-2224-4cf7-891b-9d4faffbba7f-0
01:09:07.680 --> 01:09:13.534
Do you think there are any negative
ramifications in your field of thinking

4642cc98-2224-4cf7-891b-9d4faffbba7f-1
01:09:13.534 --> 01:09:13.920
100%?

ad0d0b72-9117-4e74-af1d-0725f1eb6de5-0
01:09:14.360 --> 01:09:17.720
Do you see evidence that we do think
quite concentrically?

93dde54f-40dd-4687-90f9-6473b40014c1-0
01:09:17.800 --> 01:09:22.512
And if so,
what are tweaks to that way of thinking

93dde54f-40dd-4687-90f9-6473b40014c1-1
01:09:22.512 --> 01:09:27.040
that can make us a bit more all in
compensating?

3f95d6ca-fd3a-439e-aaec-18e836d04f09-0
01:09:27.600 --> 01:09:28.640
Yeah, Thank you.

79997056-f1c2-4fc2-aad8-b0caf35330a5-0
01:09:30.400 --> 01:09:31.760
Those questions are amazing.

a6dc379d-437b-45dc-8f3d-06fa6ec7d9e0-0
01:09:31.760 --> 01:09:34.904
That's two of them are questions that I
decided if I got asked,

a6dc379d-437b-45dc-8f3d-06fa6ec7d9e0-1
01:09:34.904 --> 01:09:36.280
I might run out of the room.

6e743574-2cb2-432d-94d9-9b866ce2adc2-0
01:09:38.320 --> 01:09:39.200
So bye, bye.

99b8246c-788e-4b9b-a343-4e6516d35668-0
01:09:41.600 --> 01:09:42.080
Great question.

d8311861-2f46-4bf7-a770-1fc4edea92d4-0
01:09:42.080 --> 01:09:46.429
So let me recap #1 is information and
entropy little clarification on that

d8311861-2f46-4bf7-a770-1fc4edea92d4-1
01:09:46.429 --> 01:09:49.154
because it seems like if it's more spread
out,

d8311861-2f46-4bf7-a770-1fc4edea92d4-2
01:09:49.154 --> 01:09:51.880
it would take more information to
describe it.

81c8b44d-ba17-4caa-926e-e20df4c53d28-0
01:09:52.800 --> 01:09:53.680
That's a great question.

84746b71-1e97-4388-bd07-dc98977aabac-0
01:09:53.720 --> 01:10:00.120
Number 2 was if you have any.

2f510655-2599-4bc3-93e5-c3c793ff0c4b-0
01:10:02.200 --> 01:10:05.240
Oh the Oh yeah, I,
I have this thought on the way here.

116896b7-0063-410d-b6f1-f483010d51cd-0
01:10:05.680 --> 01:10:10.995
These these two pictures that I painted
are at odds with each other because of

116896b7-0063-410d-b6f1-f483010d51cd-1
01:10:10.995 --> 01:10:13.620
that,
because I said entropy has to be

116896b7-0063-410d-b6f1-f483010d51cd-2
01:10:13.620 --> 01:10:18.666
increasing on in our account of the
universe because it's a closed system,

116896b7-0063-410d-b6f1-f483010d51cd-3
01:10:18.666 --> 01:10:20.080
but not on the right.

71f9b25b-15b8-487c-ba7f-b66c5b29eeb5-0
01:10:20.360 --> 01:10:21.600
I'm saying it's not closed.

c521262f-58a3-4ebf-b16f-3c17dbbf24bd-0
01:10:21.600 --> 01:10:23.760
So you are you are right to question that.

732acebf-749c-439b-887f-96d4f04401fb-0
01:10:25.240 --> 01:10:30.532
So maybe the all holds are all,
maybe entropy can decrease in the some of

732acebf-749c-439b-887f-96d4f04401fb-1
01:10:30.532 --> 01:10:33.680
these universes which would be
interesting.

7c8ed250-d9d9-40dc-933f-dbd705fc7e9f-0
01:10:37.440 --> 01:10:43.200
And the third one was what is the shape?

f53f39cd-c01d-42b3-afc6-91e48eff628e-0
01:10:43.760 --> 01:10:47.640
Any predictions for the shape of the
universe after Big Bang?

29de4bda-d705-4552-8e6f-54b313516fa4-0
01:10:51.000 --> 01:10:53.840
1st a little bit about shape in 4
dimensions.

4bb813c6-651b-442a-9dfb-06ea566fc7ab-0
01:10:53.840 --> 01:11:01.471
It's a little trickier to talk about,
but flat in 4 dimensions means if I draw

4bb813c6-651b-442a-9dfb-06ea566fc7ab-1
01:11:01.471 --> 01:11:06.591
a triangle,
it'll have 180° in inside all the angles

4bb813c6-651b-442a-9dfb-06ea566fc7ab-2
01:11:06.591 --> 01:11:08.040
add up to 180°.

a8bb46b4-7c13-4227-a3d8-a3dbdeabc970-0
01:11:08.400 --> 01:11:11.320
If I draw a triangle on a globe.

acb5081e-ced2-4b17-abb8-57c4165bab3f-0
01:11:11.400 --> 01:11:17.124
Like if I'm a little Ant at the North
Pole and I walk to the equator and then I

acb5081e-ced2-4b17-abb8-57c4165bab3f-1
01:11:17.124 --> 01:11:21.847
take a right hand turn,
walk along the equator for half the globe

acb5081e-ced2-4b17-abb8-57c4165bab3f-2
01:11:21.847 --> 01:11:26.785
and then take another right,
I can make a triangle with 270 degrees,

acb5081e-ced2-4b17-abb8-57c4165bab3f-3
01:11:26.785 --> 01:11:28.360
90909390 degree turns.

abe7a884-daa8-4be9-8b44-f7921eed9d2c-0
01:11:29.600 --> 01:11:33.760
So that's what that's what curvature
means is like.

087d5281-4652-4eef-a076-aef839187921-0
01:11:33.760 --> 01:11:38.652
Does geometry work in the way that we
expect or does it work in a different

087d5281-4652-4eef-a076-aef839187921-1
01:11:38.652 --> 01:11:40.520
according to different rules?

868de693-95ce-4c07-91c5-3453b06a6d7c-0
01:11:42.120 --> 01:11:47.226
The cosmologist for our universe found
that it was extraordinarily flat,

868de693-95ce-4c07-91c5-3453b06a6d7c-1
01:11:47.226 --> 01:11:52.611
which is weird because if it if there's
any little tweak away from flatness,

868de693-95ce-4c07-91c5-3453b06a6d7c-2
01:11:52.611 --> 01:11:55.200
it should amplify almost immediately.

8b6e18b8-30e7-4de5-b89a-a42738d869f5-0
01:11:55.200 --> 01:11:57.890
So the fact that we're so close to flat
is,

8b6e18b8-30e7-4de5-b89a-a42738d869f5-1
01:11:57.890 --> 01:12:02.720
is one of the mysteries of the universe
that is solved by this word inflation.

bf2e68d7-3c58-4490-9ebf-aaf8947b4dea-0
01:12:03.320 --> 01:12:07.767
The idea that right after The Big Bang,
it it,

bf2e68d7-3c58-4490-9ebf-aaf8947b4dea-1
01:12:07.767 --> 01:12:13.918
it banged faster than we ever imagined it
in, in one plank time,

bf2e68d7-3c58-4490-9ebf-aaf8947b4dea-2
01:12:13.918 --> 01:12:16.000
10 to the -33 seconds.

f3c8552f-74df-42a4-b139-8bf60dff30fe-0
01:12:16.000 --> 01:12:19.323
It expanded like 10 to the 57 times the
scale factor,

f3c8552f-74df-42a4-b139-8bf60dff30fe-1
01:12:19.323 --> 01:12:22.400
like something much bigger than we ever
expected.

5fd50c63-c070-4c1f-95e1-5d1150cc0a1a-0
01:12:22.400 --> 01:12:25.080
So all the space got flattened out
basically.

ae9d050a-d53d-413f-95f5-80fba040a97d-0
01:12:26.520 --> 01:12:29.904
So if you have inflation,
it's going to look pretty flat is is what

ae9d050a-d53d-413f-95f5-80fba040a97d-1
01:12:29.904 --> 01:12:30.800
I'm trying to say.

c21e204c-ed9c-4308-ad98-bf3c5eabc42c-0
01:12:31.280 --> 01:12:33.320
But it also accelerates.

47778e09-4910-4928-ba35-8aa45356e14a-0
01:12:33.320 --> 01:12:34.760
So it's not quite flat.

d8529e7f-c5c4-45b4-ac25-28f7f3a4a1d7-0
01:12:34.840 --> 01:12:41.342
It's it's a little bit negatively curved
like a Pringle in in a geometry in a,

d8529e7f-c5c4-45b4-ac25-28f7f3a4a1d7-1
01:12:41.342 --> 01:12:47.680
if you drew a triangle on a Pringle,
it would follow those those same rules.

b1b53697-56e9-42ae-8c54-52dd23c76f28-0
01:12:49.920 --> 01:12:53.320
I don't know if you could predict the
shape ahead of time because how do you go

b1b53697-56e9-42ae-8c54-52dd23c76f28-1
01:12:53.320 --> 01:12:56.636
from one point to an infinite number of
points and then have a shape all of a

b1b53697-56e9-42ae-8c54-52dd23c76f28-2
01:12:56.636 --> 01:12:58.720
sudden that that breaks my brain to think
about.

63b44f10-336e-4560-a222-246ae199cc06-0
01:13:01.120 --> 01:13:01.320
Yeah.