WEBVTT

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Good morning everybody.

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My name is Ryan Fischer.

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I'm a member of the Darwin Festival
Committee.

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Welcome to the 47th Darwin Festival here
at Salem State University.

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Our speaker will start their presentation
shortly.

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Please be aware that closed captioning is
available by clicking on the show

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captions button at the bottom of your
screen.

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Also,
there will be a question and answer

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period at the end of the talk.

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You can type in your question at any time
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A button at the bottom of your screen.

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We'll have two moderators, Dr.

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Lindsay Green Gavrilides and Dr.

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Ethel Gordon will ask questions of the
speaker and make combined questions to

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ask the speaker.

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We apologize in advance if we don't get
to your question due to limited time.

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If you get bumped out of the webinar,
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webinar using the link in the webinar
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00:01:03.947 --> 00:01:04.480
registered.

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Keep in mind that you need to have
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A and during the scanning of the Q&A.

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You can add your name,
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Please remember to type your questions in
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Thank you very much for attending and our
speaker will be introduced shortly.

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Good morning, everyone.

83ddb171-5e60-4245-80e5-35df718120a3-0
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My name is Ryan Fischer and it gives me a
great pleasure to make a formal

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introduction for our guest speaker today,
Doctor David Shipman.

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Doctor David Shiffman completed his
bachelor's in biology with a

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concentration in Marine Science at Duke
University.

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Following this,
he studied the feeding ecology of sandbox

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sharks for his master's degree at the
University of Charleston.

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He continued his graduate work looking
into the ecology and conservation of

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sharks at the University of Miami.

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He was a postdoctoral fellow at Simon
Fraser University in British Columbia

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where he used an interdisciplinary
approach to study the sustainability of

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Canadian shark fisheries.

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He is now based in Washington DC where
his consultancy using interdisciplinary

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approaches aims to answer policy relevant
questions about about marine species.

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His talk today is entitled Why Everything
you know about Shark conservation is

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Wrong,
an interdisciplinary look at public

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misunderstanding of conservation science.

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Welcome Doctor Chift,
thanks for having me.

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Are we successfully sharing screen
writing?

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You're the only camera I see.

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Can you give me a thumbs up if you can
see the slide?

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Wonderful.

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So thanks for having me today, everybody.

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I'm excited to rant with you today about
the last decade or so of my work.

4bc5de67-5720-487a-a3ea-62b82341489c-0
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Trying to understand why so many people
who care about this subject get it wrong

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all the time.

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As Ryan mentioned,
I live and work in the Washington DC area

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where I am an interdisciplinary ocean
conservation scientist and communications

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and policy specialist.

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I also do a lot of both public facing
education and university level education.

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I currently teach at 4 universities in
four different states.

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I also train scientists how to talk to
people who are not scientists.

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So if any anyone watching this,
I know there are some folks who followed

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me on social media and signed up for it.

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If anyone's interested in having me speak
at your institution or collaborating with

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me on a research project or having you
having me train your team and how to talk

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to the public.

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Or if you're interested in joining me for
a shark research expedition down in

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Florida where I do wear that awesome sea
turtle hat you see there,

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let's chat after.

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I'll share my e-mail at the end.

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So before I get into what people get
wrong about shark conservation,

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let's talk about some real facts about
shark conservation.

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Sharks and their relatives,
which have been on the earth for over 450

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million years.

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They're not.

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That's not only before dinosaurs,
that's before trees.

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They are some of the most threatened
animals in the world.

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Frogs are in worse shape because of a
fungal disease in rainforests.

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That's about it.

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The the problem is so bad,
and has gotten worse so fast that this

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infographic that I helped the IUCN Red
List make in grad school is already wrong.

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It's already worse than this.

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It is.

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This says about 1/4 of all known species
of sharks and their relatives are

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threatened with extinction.

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It's now closer to 1/3 and the threat
that everyone's heard of is shark finning

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and shark fin soup.

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But I hope to convince you today that
it's bad that that's the only threat that

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you've heard of because that's not the
biggest or only threat.

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But I do include this line because it's
an opportunity for me to include this

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photo that I got from the the Soup Soup
Nazi from Seinfeld.

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He signed it.

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No shark fin soup for you.

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That hangs in my kitchen.

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So over the last 20 years or so,
the global trade in shark fins,

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which again is the primary threat that
most people who care about shark

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conservation have heard of,
has declined dramatically.

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That is due to a combination of factors
including increased environmental

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advocacy and public concern,
changing international trade laws,

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and also to no small degree anti
corruption of issues in within the

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Chinese government of that cut down on
luxury spending in general without much

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of A focus on environmental impacts.

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But just this is expensive.

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You can't have it,
you're a public servant.

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However, over the past,
over the same time period,

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the number of sharks that are killed for
that,

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not their fins but for their meat has
exploded in in global trade.

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This is a problem because it generally
involves different species of sharks,

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it involves different fishing nations and
it involves different end user market,

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which means just focusing your policy on
the shark finning and shark fin trade

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does not help solve this problem.

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I will also note that I have heard had
some environmentalists tell me that that

33f6373f-e04c-49a5-b29b-d6af62273daa-1
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photo in the lower left,
a bowl of shark fin soup, that's evil,

33f6373f-e04c-49a5-b29b-d6af62273daa-2
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that's repulsive, that's vile.

b5c33604-9f49-402d-861c-e6d5f22b08fe-0
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But that photo in the upper right,
that's a grilled Mako shark steak.

4b95b39b-083f-465d-87b4-67aae0d8ea60-0
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That's fine because that's how normal
people eat fish.

6af17d4a-8b4c-4f8c-8a23-0aff11b49e3a-0
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Other than the fact that that makes no
sense from a conservation perspective.

f1fc38c3-f476-4c99-aed2-5b93174fc160-0
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Either way, you've got a dead shark.

852b9fdb-9950-4309-804f-fd64b2047300-0
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It's also super racist.

d06cf90e-f535-411e-8dc1-3007b4d6bca7-0
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The term shark finning, incidentally,
does not mean what most people think it

d06cf90e-f535-411e-8dc1-3007b4d6bca7-1
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means it is.

024ab52d-2985-4ff3-aaf5-f84a33ee3b44-0
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It is incorrectly used as a synonym for
killing any shark for any reason.

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However,
the term it refers to a specific fishing

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practice in which the fins of sharks are
removed at sea and the carcass of the

e7011c93-d5a4-4641-adf9-5d332e22f345-2
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shark is discarded at sea.

78fbe3d0-bfca-43c0-bf7f-38086342ecec-0
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This was the most shared picture about
ocean conservation on Instagram in 2016,

78fbe3d0-bfca-43c0-bf7f-38086342ecec-1
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the last year of my PhD,
and it went viral with the hashtag stop

78fbe3d0-bfca-43c0-bf7f-38086342ecec-2
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shark thinning and a description about
why shark thinning was bad.

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These sharks are dead.

ac4db071-6620-4e54-abd4-89b1246cc21d-0
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They were killed by fishermen.

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They're endangered species in this photo.

ffe3677a-423e-4c5e-b857-874871e422c0-0
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But their carcasses made it to land,
which means this is not shark thinning.

0c648f24-5b12-4738-9ffa-3853b2b8a9f1-0
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And stopping shark thinning would not
stop this.

bad70b62-1974-48af-a9b2-0a20df315091-0
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Knowing terms matters,
so the shark conservation world is at a

bad70b62-1974-48af-a9b2-0a20df315091-1
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bit of a crossroads at the moment.

3e6dc3c7-b77c-4343-a72d-caca9c0833af-0
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More people care about sharks and want
help than ever before, which is great.

bacbef5b-fdc8-4ccf-a563-48d13581052a-0
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But there is intense debate about what to
do.

e1c863d3-e25c-4a25-94c2-344e25ee35d7-0
00:08:04.240 --> 00:08:07.160
There's a lot of focus on just shark fin
soup.

82773536-ee48-47b2-9330-2529e0c46f25-0
00:08:07.600 --> 00:08:11.467
There's a lot of focus on particularly
charismatic species like great white

82773536-ee48-47b2-9330-2529e0c46f25-1
00:08:11.467 --> 00:08:13.604
sharks,
which are absolutely not the most

82773536-ee48-47b2-9330-2529e0c46f25-2
00:08:13.604 --> 00:08:15.080
endangered species of sharks.

b86c9161-f605-40ad-9175-a8535c847482-0
00:08:15.400 --> 00:08:18.406
There's a lot of focus on flashy dramatic
activism,

b86c9161-f605-40ad-9175-a8535c847482-1
00:08:18.406 --> 00:08:23.031
like this Sea Shepherd activist who spray
painted her body silver and put a big

b86c9161-f605-40ad-9175-a8535c847482-2
00:08:23.031 --> 00:08:27.483
fish hook through her back and hung
herself outside of a fish market in Hong

b86c9161-f605-40ad-9175-a8535c847482-3
00:08:27.483 --> 00:08:29.160
Kong in the lower right here.

a8c8a51d-1a85-4888-88a1-f9c32e62454d-0
00:08:29.160 --> 00:08:33.564
That's something that one of my sarcastic
friends made for me when I said I don't

a8c8a51d-1a85-4888-88a1-f9c32e62454d-1
00:08:33.564 --> 00:08:37.914
trust any solution to a complex global
problem that's concise enough to fit on a

a8c8a51d-1a85-4888-88a1-f9c32e62454d-2
00:08:37.914 --> 00:08:38.720
bumper sticker.

5b46a543-a0d0-4c51-9f42-a5ea582d2c13-0
00:08:40.200 --> 00:08:42.690
So as an interdisciplinary conservation
scientist,

5b46a543-a0d0-4c51-9f42-a5ea582d2c13-1
00:08:42.690 --> 00:08:45.328
I spend a lot of my time thinking about
this diagram,

5b46a543-a0d0-4c51-9f42-a5ea582d2c13-2
00:08:45.328 --> 00:08:48.796
the science policy interface,
and we'll come back to this a lot during

5b46a543-a0d0-4c51-9f42-a5ea582d2c13-3
00:08:48.796 --> 00:08:49.480
the talk here.

a1bb8a13-1d94-4f69-bfb5-e8cfe9ca75a6-0
00:08:49.840 --> 00:08:54.538
This is a way of visualizing how science
influences environmental policy change

a1bb8a13-1d94-4f69-bfb5-e8cfe9ca75a6-1
00:08:54.538 --> 00:08:57.240
and what steps it goes through along the
way.

367058fb-4344-4280-8a97-7fa56b8ced1d-0
00:08:57.880 --> 00:09:01.516
In the simplified case here,
there's some sort of environmental

367058fb-4344-4280-8a97-7fa56b8ced1d-1
00:09:01.516 --> 00:09:05.436
problem which is documented and described
by scientists who propose,

367058fb-4344-4280-8a97-7fa56b8ced1d-2
00:09:05.436 --> 00:09:09.811
possible propose or evaluate possible
solutions that leads to public concern

367058fb-4344-4280-8a97-7fa56b8ced1d-3
00:09:09.811 --> 00:09:12.879
and advocacy for change and eventually
policy change.

f9eb1359-73f0-4dbe-88d5-015a80dd3c1b-0
00:09:13.600 --> 00:09:17.239
It's almost never that simple,
as anyone who's ever worked in this space

f9eb1359-73f0-4dbe-88d5-015a80dd3c1b-1
00:09:17.239 --> 00:09:19.582
knows,
but some some things really work almost

f9eb1359-73f0-4dbe-88d5-015a80dd3c1b-2
00:09:19.582 --> 00:09:20.480
exactly like this.

8aeeb08a-f3f8-42d1-a7cb-01dd5558c43c-0
00:09:20.760 --> 00:09:23.709
And either way,
this is worth considering as almost like

8aeeb08a-f3f8-42d1-a7cb-01dd5558c43c-1
00:09:23.709 --> 00:09:25.520
a null hypothesis of policy change.

8048254f-13ed-4dbe-b2fb-ede424fb120e-0
00:09:25.800 --> 00:09:29.661
If it looks different than this,
it means something has gone wrong and you

8048254f-13ed-4dbe-b2fb-ede424fb120e-1
00:09:29.661 --> 00:09:31.000
can usually pinpoint what.

400f9a66-3e75-4f9f-b308-96417fd13fc2-0
00:09:31.880 --> 00:09:36.891
So when we're talking about policy change
within the world of shark conservation,

400f9a66-3e75-4f9f-b308-96417fd13fc2-1
00:09:36.891 --> 00:09:40.680
there's two main families of shark
conservation policy tools.

97678ebf-4909-4e22-ac0e-8ce75c0c8758-0
00:09:41.120 --> 00:09:45.000
The number one threat facing sharks is
unsustainable overfishing.

29ebde70-ba16-476c-b0bc-2aec1517eff6-0
00:09:45.320 --> 00:09:49.690
And the main dividing point between these
policy families is what do we do about

29ebde70-ba16-476c-b0bc-2aec1517eff6-1
00:09:49.690 --> 00:09:49.960
that?

be4243de-a8ad-4d37-b955-a2611d3b5538-0
00:09:50.120 --> 00:09:52.640
Should we allow any fisheries there?

ab81ea87-069f-41f9-915d-f9a62c811e7b-0
00:09:52.640 --> 00:09:56.698
The target based policy tools say
unsustainable overfishing is bad,

ab81ea87-069f-41f9-915d-f9a62c811e7b-1
00:09:56.698 --> 00:10:00.040
but sharks can be fished sustainably,
so let's do that.

a72676ec-b699-4516-a4cd-c2b89e70638a-0
00:10:00.800 --> 00:10:03.080
These are policy tools like size limits.

fce1c208-a9b4-467c-8e5f-84a6e5723a11-0
00:10:03.080 --> 00:10:05.800
If it's too small,
you throw it back quotas.

38a2c10a-91b6-4afc-a639-804a12a67377-0
00:10:05.800 --> 00:10:07.240
You can only catch this many.

518858fc-7c00-4b89-933e-84d4184f7142-0
00:10:07.520 --> 00:10:11.022
If you if you've ever gone fishing at all
in it for anything,

518858fc-7c00-4b89-933e-84d4184f7142-1
00:10:11.022 --> 00:10:13.000
you'd recognize these policy tools.

aa19cffa-329a-48cd-b725-7605e6d1f1a7-0
00:10:13.600 --> 00:10:17.379
But in recent years there's been a push
to say, no,

aa19cffa-329a-48cd-b725-7605e6d1f1a7-1
00:10:17.379 --> 00:10:20.360
the problem is not unsustainable fishing.

eeacd506-7f62-415d-8266-5d3413e55795-0
00:10:20.360 --> 00:10:21.280
The problem is fishing.

f952e37f-c8f2-4ea3-b35d-6277f59b0ab5-0
00:10:21.280 --> 00:10:23.160
Let's ban all fishing entirely.

d6c79fe7-8209-404b-ae85-acad1676e0b0-0
00:10:23.400 --> 00:10:26.840
These are things like shark sanctuaries
and shark fin trade bans.

113cd0eb-4674-4866-bc60-e28811e98847-0
00:10:27.760 --> 00:10:31.226
It's important to note here,
as an interdisciplinary scholar,

113cd0eb-4674-4866-bc60-e28811e98847-1
00:10:31.226 --> 00:10:35.308
science is one of the best tools ever
made for answering questions like,

113cd0eb-4674-4866-bc60-e28811e98847-2
00:10:35.308 --> 00:10:38.720
is it possible to do this or what will
happen if we do this?

57dd291f-33c8-4fbf-87b3-be4401a1a22f-0
00:10:39.080 --> 00:10:43.910
But science absolutely cannot answer
questions that start with should Should

57dd291f-33c8-4fbf-87b3-be4401a1a22f-1
00:10:43.910 --> 00:10:44.600
we do this?

c4a60de6-a357-40c1-a515-a69b17d1b85f-0
00:10:44.640 --> 00:10:46.320
Is this the right thing to do?

356b127e-7b63-44d2-a37d-8849c8bb4e30-0
00:10:46.680 --> 00:10:49.000
That is not what science is for.

01c691a2-e420-4982-9eb7-b5856c3344ad-0
00:10:50.360 --> 00:10:54.090
I will note that people who are
interested in these target based policies

01c691a2-e420-4982-9eb7-b5856c3344ad-1
00:10:54.090 --> 00:10:57.417
for sustainable shark fisheries,
and I'll note in the interest of

01c691a2-e420-4982-9eb7-b5856c3344ad-2
00:10:57.417 --> 00:11:00.240
transparency,
I am on team sustainable shark fisheries.

c78d5421-23a5-41d6-bb6f-983fb321a4f0-0
00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:04.840
This is tied to the beliefs that
sustainable shark fisheries can and do

c78d5421-23a5-41d6-bb6f-983fb321a4f0-1
00:11:04.840 --> 00:11:05.160
exist.

326ed35e-8185-4380-a4ff-b6529d0973bc-0
00:11:05.200 --> 00:11:08.440
Obviously you wouldn't support a policy
if you think it's impossible to work.

602030fe-3b9a-4680-877c-0961ab80fee7-0
00:11:09.160 --> 00:11:13.745
And the belief that sustainable fisheries
for sharks offer some benefits that are

602030fe-3b9a-4680-877c-0961ab80fee7-1
00:11:13.745 --> 00:11:15.200
not found with total bans.

9152d2eb-6e97-4986-b021-f68a5f80a752-0
00:11:15.920 --> 00:11:19.920
So is it possible to have a sustainable
fishery for sharks?

fc661e8c-0bb7-4af7-b183-6073cc3ca96d-0
00:11:19.920 --> 00:11:20.800
Can this exist?

ef9c1f09-7969-4c74-9eb3-dcc1d6faaa1d-0
00:11:20.800 --> 00:11:21.680
Does it exist?

4036572a-fb43-4db1-9d79-a01b86078abb-0
00:11:22.240 --> 00:11:26.619
When I talk to people who are sort of
amateur ocean conservation activists,

4036572a-fb43-4db1-9d79-a01b86078abb-1
00:11:26.619 --> 00:11:29.040
they overwhelmingly believe obviously not.

2f6d722f-a24e-4369-b1c5-b8ecfef443bb-0
00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:29.720
Of course not.

ba6e5c77-5556-4be4-a224-5e7c07b3b5f2-0
00:11:29.720 --> 00:11:30.920
I've never heard of this.

8f92ce7c-b5ee-4700-aeab-192bf213fdec-0
00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:34.000
No group that I,
I follow ever talks about this.

ffe621d5-e888-4edd-aca5-8cae130b655a-0
00:11:34.240 --> 00:11:36.560
But the answer is absolutely,
unequivocally yes.

f54d440c-66fc-4815-b8e7-8aaaf8347ee3-0
00:11:36.560 --> 00:11:38.240
And we've known that for 30 years.

c67fa3c2-d4d7-434b-ad34-3aa3e31c5b89-0
00:11:39.760 --> 00:11:42.920
Unsustainable overfishing is a big
problem for sharks,

c67fa3c2-d4d7-434b-ad34-3aa3e31c5b89-1
00:11:42.920 --> 00:11:46.080
but sustainable fisheries absolutely can
and do exist.

ede7f797-e7f5-4669-a77b-c9e3bf3ec262-0
00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:52.046
This diagram from or comes from a paper
Co written by one of my one of my postdoc

ede7f797-e7f5-4669-a77b-c9e3bf3ec262-1
00:11:52.046 --> 00:11:53.400
advisors, Nick Dolvey.

fb32e909-b323-4938-aea5-c7d6872e1b27-0
00:11:53.880 --> 00:11:56.240
It's called Bright Spots of Sustainable
Shark Fishing.

29d28178-5900-4aab-9a34-a31c204b0cdf-0
00:11:56.480 --> 00:11:59.253
The fisheries modeling math here is very
confusing,

29d28178-5900-4aab-9a34-a31c204b0cdf-1
00:11:59.253 --> 00:12:03.626
but what I want you to note here is that
a sustainable shark fishery confirmed by

29d28178-5900-4aab-9a34-a31c204b0cdf-2
00:12:03.626 --> 00:12:08.106
science is indicated in green on this map,
and you note there are green dots on the

29d28178-5900-4aab-9a34-a31c204b0cdf-3
00:12:08.106 --> 00:12:08.319
map.

1d66fb2b-53e6-440f-8747-454f75d6f323-0
00:12:08.520 --> 00:12:10.760
Sustainable shark fisheries can and do
exist.

1251c787-fddb-41a6-a7ff-c1922c911eed-0
00:12:11.720 --> 00:12:16.880
This paper also went further and said
that bans are not the answer and that

1251c787-fddb-41a6-a7ff-c1922c911eed-1
00:12:16.880 --> 00:12:22.312
some fisheries that are currently not
sustainable could become sustainable with

1251c787-fddb-41a6-a7ff-c1922c911eed-2
00:12:22.312 --> 00:12:24.960
relatively minor changes to management.

75537edc-8277-4e40-83ca-79d526562afa-0
00:12:26.760 --> 00:12:31.127
Sustainable seafood Guides such as
Seafood Wash and the Marine Stewardship

75537edc-8277-4e40-83ca-79d526562afa-1
00:12:31.127 --> 00:12:35.495
Council have identified a variety of
shark fisheries that are sustainable,

75537edc-8277-4e40-83ca-79d526562afa-2
00:12:35.495 --> 00:12:38.640
including the spiny dogfish fishery in
Massachusetts,

75537edc-8277-4e40-83ca-79d526562afa-3
00:12:38.640 --> 00:12:41.960
which is the largest shark fishery in the
United States.

5fde86a5-0030-4395-b8a4-a1030e8e8c83-0
00:12:43.960 --> 00:12:48.240
This is the result of a survey I did of
my entire field during Graduate School.

a95eed9b-b172-48c6-ae26-96c85d4408d5-0
00:12:48.640 --> 00:12:52.262
For those of you who are not familiar
with interdisciplinary conservation

a95eed9b-b172-48c6-ae26-96c85d4408d5-1
00:12:52.262 --> 00:12:54.759
science,
let me brief you or let me briefly Orient

a95eed9b-b172-48c6-ae26-96c85d4408d5-2
00:12:54.759 --> 00:12:55.200
you here.

7484c182-8a83-48e2-8172-a9cb6ae03901-0
00:12:55.200 --> 00:12:59.106
This is called a bar chart,
and a bigger bar means that more people

7484c182-8a83-48e2-8172-a9cb6ae03901-1
00:12:59.106 --> 00:13:00.600
agree with that statement.

6e2af7ed-a4f0-415b-9f1b-d4aaca110291-0
00:13:01.280 --> 00:13:05.069
90% of the scientific experts in my field,
9 out of 10,

6e2af7ed-a4f0-415b-9f1b-d4aaca110291-1
00:13:05.069 --> 00:13:08.927
believe that sustainable fisheries
management, not bans,

6e2af7ed-a4f0-415b-9f1b-d4aaca110291-2
00:13:08.927 --> 00:13:12.040
should be how we move forward to save
sharks.

356e2d33-6d59-4152-9b4b-233ebcd52f2d-0
00:13:12.360 --> 00:13:12.760
Good luck.

6282f53c-5229-498f-9c63-9e2bd9a267be-0
00:13:12.920 --> 00:13:17.040
Good luck getting 90% of your scientific
field to agree on literally anything.

a951fb48-dcfe-46b8-93af-b9d89312555e-0
00:13:17.520 --> 00:13:21.662
And we were able to agree on this,
something so fundamental to the future of

a951fb48-dcfe-46b8-93af-b9d89312555e-1
00:13:21.662 --> 00:13:22.200
our field.

e2b12bf7-0300-4814-b02c-7f7d013c3bb5-0
00:13:23.600 --> 00:13:26.412
NOAA,
the US government agency that manages

e2b12bf7-0300-4814-b02c-7f7d013c3bb5-1
00:13:26.412 --> 00:13:29.801
fisheries,
is actively promoting US caught sharks as

e2b12bf7-0300-4814-b02c-7f7d013c3bb5-2
00:13:29.801 --> 00:13:31.080
sustainable seafood.

7cc8d61f-5db9-408c-b795-4ed2282ac4f3-0
00:13:31.280 --> 00:13:34.347
And as an amateur home cook,
I did not think this was going to this

7cc8d61f-5db9-408c-b795-4ed2282ac4f3-1
00:13:34.347 --> 00:13:37.640
was going to be how I ended up getting
quoted in Food and Wine magazine.

18919e94-a8ff-4f5c-990b-98477f3914e7-0
00:13:37.640 --> 00:13:38.520
But it totally counts.

dba3260e-b563-441d-9401-47a74e76da6b-0
00:13:38.520 --> 00:13:40.950
I've been quoted in Food and Wine
magazine,

dba3260e-b563-441d-9401-47a74e76da6b-1
00:13:40.950 --> 00:13:45.148
so hopefully I've convinced you that
sustainable shark fisheries can and do

dba3260e-b563-441d-9401-47a74e76da6b-2
00:13:45.148 --> 00:13:45.480
exist.

19720952-1469-4189-9e84-d328d0245a82-0
00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:48.920
That doesn't mean that's what we should
do, but it does.

aa2674a9-25ff-4707-8b2f-6dfd6d8d640d-0
00:13:48.920 --> 00:13:49.600
It should be.

3be98da1-efdb-4834-bd05-cc722d8edd85-0
00:13:49.600 --> 00:13:52.093
You should be convinced now that it is
absolutely,

3be98da1-efdb-4834-bd05-cc722d8edd85-1
00:13:52.093 --> 00:13:54.000
unequivocally possible and does happen.

0324cfb1-f832-46bb-b938-ec0b727b59ab-0
00:13:54.880 --> 00:13:57.960
So what about people who support these
limit based policy tools?

a205eb1f-8971-4fa6-ad49-30cd850aca57-0
00:13:58.440 --> 00:14:02.909
Support for these policy tools are are
often tied to personal values,

a205eb1f-8971-4fa6-ad49-30cd850aca57-1
00:14:02.909 --> 00:14:05.080
which might be cultural in nature.

dcc5e1bc-dd49-430e-ac5b-5aa195d90aa2-0
00:14:05.080 --> 00:14:09.728
Some cultures values Revere sharks as the
reincarnated spirits of ancestors who

dcc5e1bc-dd49-430e-ac5b-5aa195d90aa2-1
00:14:09.728 --> 00:14:10.600
drowned at sea.

70a0fd26-22d7-4947-bb79-f1c5fbb60ea2-0
00:14:11.080 --> 00:14:12.800
And sometimes people just like sharks.

2d4d033a-92de-4f93-903c-c641828a5bf9-0
00:14:13.520 --> 00:14:18.229
These are people who they just don't the
the idea that sustainable shark fisheries

2d4d033a-92de-4f93-903c-c641828a5bf9-1
00:14:18.229 --> 00:14:20.840
can and do exist just doesn't matter to
them.

74833f66-1703-478c-ad13-4431b24abe01-0
00:14:20.840 --> 00:14:23.040
It's independent of how they value sharks.

42c307d6-399e-463d-b395-4a57c9a4db2c-0
00:14:23.800 --> 00:14:27.788
And Johnson ET al 2004 reminds us as
scientists that sometimes it's important

42c307d6-399e-463d-b395-4a57c9a4db2c-1
00:14:27.788 --> 00:14:29.680
to know you roll and shut your mouth.

ce66e2ea-f4ce-4f0e-8a75-5eb551eddfe1-0
00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.960
I would never say your values are wrong
or your values are bad.

7f9ec241-c214-47ee-a539-0918795e67e1-0
00:14:35.200 --> 00:14:36.640
That is not my job.

d6d59b83-e955-417b-92ba-599ac7b4432d-0
00:14:36.640 --> 00:14:38.880
It is inappropriate as a scientist to say
that.

91351a10-2602-4dae-b82e-2e43faa7fa9a-0
00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:42.960
But there are also people who wrongly
state that science.

b6c5e698-b013-45e9-9fc7-74d82093dcd9-0
00:14:42.960 --> 00:14:46.600
Science says that sustainable shark
fisheries are impossible.

46afe59d-b7dc-49f7-a5c5-df20b43f5a81-0
00:14:46.600 --> 00:14:47.480
There's no such thing.

e2aa0871-4faa-4e30-a605-e842bdaa3000-0
00:14:47.480 --> 00:14:50.240
We shouldn't do it,
and that is factually wrong.

5428eea8-df7c-47b5-a625-f9c00c188d77-0
00:14:50.720 --> 00:14:54.024
It is appropriate for scientists to stand
up for things that are,

5428eea8-df7c-47b5-a625-f9c00c188d77-1
00:14:54.024 --> 00:14:57.680
to protest things that are factually
wrong about our field of expertise.

56bc0883-f5d5-4325-adee-0a65fbea62e0-0
00:14:59.200 --> 00:15:02.960
So the science is clear that sustainable
shark fisheries can and do exist.

aecf3dbc-6c07-438e-8bdb-16bca6879ee7-0
00:15:03.120 --> 00:15:06.917
But so many people who care about this
issue wrongly believe that they can't and

aecf3dbc-6c07-438e-8bdb-16bca6879ee7-1
00:15:06.917 --> 00:15:07.480
don't exist.

f9d7be9d-bbe0-4261-a766-2cabc853626d-0
00:15:07.480 --> 00:15:10.320
And I'm going back to our science policy
interface diagram.

b0722847-094a-4aad-bbec-bb350b4c2aca-0
00:15:10.640 --> 00:15:13.130
I spent two years of my life during my
post doc,

b0722847-094a-4aad-bbec-bb350b4c2aca-1
00:15:13.130 --> 00:15:17.248
living right here trying to understand
what people learn about science and where

b0722847-094a-4aad-bbec-bb350b4c2aca-2
00:15:17.248 --> 00:15:17.960
it comes from.

74edc78f-0aad-409b-8636-32f3cd250d1d-0
00:15:19.320 --> 00:15:23.413
What we found in general that I'll
outline over the rest of the talk is that

74edc78f-0aad-409b-8636-32f3cd250d1d-1
00:15:23.413 --> 00:15:26.869
some scientific research,
the idea that sharks are in trouble is

74edc78f-0aad-409b-8636-32f3cd250d1d-2
00:15:26.869 --> 00:15:29.634
reaching the public,
but other scientific research,

74edc78f-0aad-409b-8636-32f3cd250d1d-3
00:15:29.634 --> 00:15:33.834
sustainable shark fisheries can and do
exist and are the preferred solution of

74edc78f-0aad-409b-8636-32f3cd250d1d-4
00:15:33.834 --> 00:15:36.493
experts,
is not reaching the public and troubling

74edc78f-0aad-409b-8636-32f3cd250d1d-5
00:15:36.493 --> 00:15:40.800
Lee the the public is learning about that
stuff from sources other than science.

7f3aa663-6138-4e97-aea5-63fdd5c55de0-0
00:15:41.160 --> 00:15:43.113
Now,
science is not the only form of expertise

7f3aa663-6138-4e97-aea5-63fdd5c55de0-1
00:15:43.113 --> 00:15:45.400
and it's not the only way of learning
about the world.

a1723abd-b09e-4d01-b521-579c61539a64-0
00:15:45.720 --> 00:15:48.697
But in this case,
people are learning about this stuff from

a1723abd-b09e-4d01-b521-579c61539a64-1
00:15:48.697 --> 00:15:51.080
sources other than reality,
which is a problem.

f0b23fde-682f-4359-931c-a04e8e8f9194-0
00:15:51.760 --> 00:15:54.440
And this can lead to what's called an
effort goal mismatch.

821b8a2c-7e8b-42c2-b8f1-ed9f12d85339-0
00:15:54.440 --> 00:15:58.901
Remember how nice and clean the science
policy interface diagram I originally

821b8a2c-7e8b-42c2-b8f1-ed9f12d85339-1
00:15:58.901 --> 00:15:59.760
showed you was?

9fcd2ae6-9ef8-49bc-b472-352ca8366895-0
00:16:00.160 --> 00:16:02.800
The more complicated it gets,
the more things are going wrong.

a11e539b-b52d-48f2-b82a-de14221a1e25-0
00:16:02.800 --> 00:16:04.680
And this is basically a worst case
scenario.

838dcd94-0062-44af-a547-98b23782ad25-0
00:16:04.680 --> 00:16:09.085
And this is groups that are supposed to
be working together are actually working

838dcd94-0062-44af-a547-98b23782ad25-1
00:16:09.085 --> 00:16:10.880
towards mutually exclusive goals.

ecf2207d-54e4-4ea1-b62b-87758e04e2da-0
00:16:10.880 --> 00:16:14.080
You can't have a sustainable fishery and
a ban on all fisheries,

ecf2207d-54e4-4ea1-b62b-87758e04e2da-1
00:16:14.080 --> 00:16:16.000
at least not in the same place in time.

c1b36576-e89a-4d98-99d0-37d8cae3ee14-0
00:16:16.520 --> 00:16:19.720
And in some cases the groups are actively
in conflict with each other.

164b867e-d399-46fc-be46-6b1bcba829a0-0
00:16:20.520 --> 00:16:23.920
So this is where interdisciplinary
research comes into play.

a76f2ba2-76dd-420d-ab9f-cb680552d86c-0
00:16:24.640 --> 00:16:26.520
Are sustainable shark fisheries possible?

ce3bcf9f-6e06-4368-a130-50b581193724-0
00:16:26.520 --> 00:16:29.200
That's a natural science question,
and it's been answered.

d80e4be6-f94e-4791-ac9a-1f6b443acabd-0
00:16:29.200 --> 00:16:32.440
Yes, they are possible,
but why don't people know about that?

c76a11a4-f7cc-46e6-b55d-f5a5bd3a224c-0
00:16:32.440 --> 00:16:35.960
Or why do people why have people heard
this but disagree with the experts?

bc85ed90-09e9-43b0-9ade-14025cad4cbe-0
00:16:36.440 --> 00:16:40.004
That is something that requires social
science or interdisciplinary methods to

bc85ed90-09e9-43b0-9ade-14025cad4cbe-1
00:16:40.004 --> 00:16:40.320
answer.

e22fc78c-c25b-4cf4-9706-7d23692d44ca-0
00:16:41.880 --> 00:16:46.274
There have long been calls for the for
including social science and

e22fc78c-c25b-4cf4-9706-7d23692d44ca-1
00:16:46.274 --> 00:16:50.088
interdisciplinary work in the world of
shark conservation,

e22fc78c-c25b-4cf4-9706-7d23692d44ca-2
00:16:50.088 --> 00:16:54.160
but this is a research priority that is
not being prioritized.

bfdc2d4f-044c-46aa-b9dc-c193c479a160-0
00:16:54.680 --> 00:17:00.396
We did an analysis of all of the shark,
of all of the scientific talks that have

bfdc2d4f-044c-46aa-b9dc-c193c479a160-1
00:17:00.396 --> 00:17:06.324
ever been published or ever been given at
the American Elasabank Society conference

bfdc2d4f-044c-46aa-b9dc-c193c479a160-2
00:17:06.324 --> 00:17:09.641
and found that in about 2000 scientific
talks,

bfdc2d4f-044c-46aa-b9dc-c193c479a160-3
00:17:09.641 --> 00:17:14.439
fewer than 30 involved social science,
and nine of those were mine.

9ead4460-2466-4603-b0e5-0debbd53e1aa-0
00:17:14.600 --> 00:17:17.720
So you have to look really hard to find
this stuff.

7d39493b-913a-4af6-8f35-487e31e3aa97-0
00:17:19.480 --> 00:17:23.584
So given that sustainable shark fisheries
can and do exist,

7d39493b-913a-4af6-8f35-487e31e3aa97-1
00:17:23.584 --> 00:17:28.851
the overall focus of my research was
trying to understand why people believe

7d39493b-913a-4af6-8f35-487e31e3aa97-2
00:17:28.851 --> 00:17:31.039
that they can't and don't exist.

65bbc5f8-0029-4845-a597-03da0ccd4c2a-0
00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:35.952
Or put a little more technically,
where do non scientists learn about these

65bbc5f8-0029-4845-a597-03da0ccd4c2a-1
00:17:35.952 --> 00:17:39.800
issues and what information is shared
through those information pathways?

db2bfeab-438a-4c06-9957-6aa1345dbc91-0
00:17:40.160 --> 00:17:44.112
And I'm going to present to you today the
result of three interrelated projects

db2bfeab-438a-4c06-9957-6aa1345dbc91-1
00:17:44.112 --> 00:17:46.040
once you're not a grad student anymore.

2606ddc6-fd18-4228-9746-2b2d57c66e89-0
00:17:46.040 --> 00:17:48.600
We don't call them chapters,
but they're basically chapters.

06f932f9-2644-4993-9809-7103db261286-0
00:17:49.880 --> 00:17:53.648
One is through,
one is people learning about this stuff

06f932f9-2644-4993-9809-7103db261286-1
00:17:53.648 --> 00:17:59.302
through popular press coverage newspaper,
one is through infotainment documentaries

06f932f9-2644-4993-9809-7103db261286-2
00:17:59.302 --> 00:18:04.349
with a specific focus on Shark Week,
and one is through public information

06f932f9-2644-4993-9809-7103db261286-3
00:18:04.349 --> 00:18:06.839
shared from environmental nonprofits.

e896e4bb-e77b-43ff-8a14-b3975ee6b696-0
00:18:06.840 --> 00:18:09.200
Let's first talk about popular press
coverage.

ed519529-2b56-4f1f-8bc5-8b7a289fe960-0
00:18:09.840 --> 00:18:14.457
So media content and discourse analysis
is a really complex and nuanced field

ed519529-2b56-4f1f-8bc5-8b7a289fe960-1
00:18:14.457 --> 00:18:18.720
within interdisciplinary studies,
but I what I want you to know here as

ed519529-2b56-4f1f-8bc5-8b7a289fe960-2
00:18:18.720 --> 00:18:23.574
background is that citizens understanding
of what the environmental threat is and

ed519529-2b56-4f1f-8bc5-8b7a289fe960-3
00:18:23.574 --> 00:18:27.600
what the possible solutions are affect
what solutions they support.

12bb4355-1903-42d1-8e2c-ebec76e69556-0
00:18:27.920 --> 00:18:31.455
And also media coverage effects what
people know about threats in the

12bb4355-1903-42d1-8e2c-ebec76e69556-1
00:18:31.455 --> 00:18:31.960
solutions.

056935f1-098e-4e2e-9c7d-dff6bd9da385-0
00:18:33.360 --> 00:18:36.360
Sharks are often the subject of popular
press coverage.

49eda5a5-4f7a-43f9-b8ee-dc22239e5dc9-0
00:18:36.360 --> 00:18:39.537
There are thousands of articles about
sharks written every year,

49eda5a5-4f7a-43f9-b8ee-dc22239e5dc9-1
00:18:39.537 --> 00:18:43.351
but an analysis by colleagues of mine in
Australia found that less than 8% of

49eda5a5-4f7a-43f9-b8ee-dc22239e5dc9-2
00:18:43.351 --> 00:18:47.213
those news articles even mentioned that
sharks are some of the most threatened

49eda5a5-4f7a-43f9-b8ee-dc22239e5dc9-3
00:18:47.213 --> 00:18:48.240
species in the world.

bbc9822d-b883-48eb-acb6-692e1520c770-0
00:18:48.240 --> 00:18:51.822
Most of them are about sharks either
biting people or sharks swimming near a

bbc9822d-b883-48eb-acb6-692e1520c770-1
00:18:51.822 --> 00:18:55.080
beach in a way that made people think
they were going to bite people.

a31a22d9-f35c-4cfa-b714-062a54e14382-0
00:18:56.480 --> 00:18:58.400
Media framing matters.

96fc9370-c1f5-43e1-adb6-d1c12aa37110-0
00:18:58.400 --> 00:19:00.898
This is a,
this is a topic that some of you might be

96fc9370-c1f5-43e1-adb6-d1c12aa37110-1
00:19:00.898 --> 00:19:02.360
more familiar with than others.

5a578102-dc40-48bd-90ce-29c5c051f3a5-0
00:19:02.600 --> 00:19:05.957
But even if all the facts in an issue are
presented accurately,

5a578102-dc40-48bd-90ce-29c5c051f3a5-1
00:19:05.957 --> 00:19:09.840
an article can be framed in a certain way
to make you feel a certain way.

6546e087-2c40-4521-9916-6b0e243180c2-0
00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:12.947
So in this humorous example,
the shark is not biting the cage to eat

6546e087-2c40-4521-9916-6b0e243180c2-1
00:19:12.947 --> 00:19:15.920
the human, but they're, Oh my God,
someone's trapped in the cage.

7495a80a-813b-4698-886a-2708d333e49c-0
00:19:15.920 --> 00:19:16.760
Let me get it out.

0bc6c77b-c958-46d1-9db7-5365756b5a39-0
00:19:18.400 --> 00:19:21.920
So this is a,
this is a real thing that that happens.

b9982de4-e92f-466a-8f60-a7f633df9d5a-0
00:19:21.920 --> 00:19:24.680
That the same sort of story can be framed
wildly differently.

37883026-2844-444a-b1a6-7ce277fc3862-0
00:19:25.080 --> 00:19:28.745
So my research questions for this project
are, would some overall,

37883026-2844-444a-b1a6-7ce277fc3862-1
00:19:28.745 --> 00:19:32.793
would someone learning about shark
conservation just by reading newspaper

37883026-2844-444a-b1a6-7ce277fc3862-2
00:19:32.793 --> 00:19:35.200
articles be well informed about this
issue?

a12115b8-5df1-4e73-94aa-3919fe094f5c-0
00:19:35.400 --> 00:19:38.169
And specifically,
are threats to sharks and policy

a12115b8-5df1-4e73-94aa-3919fe094f5c-1
00:19:38.169 --> 00:19:40.776
solutions to those threats framed in a
factual,

a12115b8-5df1-4e73-94aa-3919fe094f5c-2
00:19:40.776 --> 00:19:43.600
factually accurate manner with
appropriate context?

691ba726-e61e-4a88-9e77-1f6061830787-0
00:19:43.600 --> 00:19:47.800
And all of these words have very
technical social science definitions.

20138983-20e5-4aee-a5f6-c6cf5fae9bcc-0
00:19:47.800 --> 00:19:50.480
But I'll, I'll give you a,
a bird's eye view here.

7956e307-e08c-4bfe-aa94-c9478d2e1b99-0
00:19:51.600 --> 00:19:54.531
Importantly,
in media content and discourse studies,

7956e307-e08c-4bfe-aa94-c9478d2e1b99-1
00:19:54.531 --> 00:19:56.080
it's not just fact checking.

81386351-0d65-4055-af82-7437f9030bd5-0
00:19:56.360 --> 00:19:58.680
Things can be wrong in a bunch of
different ways.

d4bbe6fd-0d05-4407-817b-5057d11725cc-0
00:19:58.960 --> 00:20:02.704
One of those ways that I think is really
interesting is what's called aggregate

d4bbe6fd-0d05-4407-817b-5057d11725cc-1
00:20:02.704 --> 00:20:03.360
coverage bias.

b0d5e80a-031a-4767-bffe-a92dc39612fb-0
00:20:03.880 --> 00:20:07.581
Aggregate coverage bias occurs when there
are, let's say, 10 threats,

b0d5e80a-031a-4767-bffe-a92dc39612fb-1
00:20:07.581 --> 00:20:10.436
but one of those threats gets much, much,
much, much,

b0d5e80a-031a-4767-bffe-a92dc39612fb-2
00:20:10.436 --> 00:20:12.868
much more media coverage than all the
others,

b0d5e80a-031a-4767-bffe-a92dc39612fb-3
00:20:12.868 --> 00:20:16.200
even if every individual fact is correct
in all those stories.

28a46eef-4d22-4689-bdc1-8f59326c160e-0
00:20:16.680 --> 00:20:20.870
You would wrong readers would wrongly
believe that that one issue is much, much,

28a46eef-4d22-4689-bdc1-8f59326c160e-1
00:20:20.870 --> 00:20:24.854
much more important than the others just
by virtue of the relative volume of

28a46eef-4d22-4689-bdc1-8f59326c160e-2
00:20:24.854 --> 00:20:25.320
coverage.

f15646eb-b4d1-481a-ab2c-b608809bc384-0
00:20:25.320 --> 00:20:29.400
And a classic example of this is coverage
of Hillary Clinton's emails during the

f15646eb-b4d1-481a-ab2c-b608809bc384-1
00:20:29.400 --> 00:20:30.760
2016 presidential election.

211d96bc-1ad2-4c92-bb56-e12c3ebdcec8-0
00:20:32.120 --> 00:20:35.359
There's also just straight up wrong
information,

211d96bc-1ad2-4c92-bb56-e12c3ebdcec8-1
00:20:35.359 --> 00:20:40.317
which can be sometimes from the quoted
expert or sometimes the journalist,

211d96bc-1ad2-4c92-bb56-e12c3ebdcec8-2
00:20:40.317 --> 00:20:44.680
and also things that are misleading due
to inappropriate context.

1272bcb8-a79e-4ecd-9a77-04c651e0a0c7-0
00:20:44.680 --> 00:20:47.533
A fact is correct,
but it's not introduced or put or

1272bcb8-a79e-4ecd-9a77-04c651e0a0c7-1
00:20:47.533 --> 00:20:48.880
contextualized correctly.

35822cc4-8e1b-4c06-b00d-edf1b79ec971-0
00:20:50.160 --> 00:20:55.154
So we found about 2000 popular press
articles from the last 10 years in the

35822cc4-8e1b-4c06-b00d-edf1b79ec971-1
00:20:55.154 --> 00:21:00.280
English speaking world about Shark Khan's
broadly defined shark conservation.

601f38db-39fa-4dc1-b03a-0da3f6e4ea4c-0
00:21:00.520 --> 00:21:05.566
And I had a team of 10 volunteer readers,
including some undergraduates under my

601f38db-39fa-4dc1-b03a-0da3f6e4ea4c-1
00:21:05.566 --> 00:21:08.869
supervision,
and they answered 76 questions for each

601f38db-39fa-4dc1-b03a-0da3f6e4ea4c-2
00:21:08.869 --> 00:21:10.240
one of these articles.

81c23f45-c55b-43ba-b4cf-6b948cd55f8f-0
00:21:10.440 --> 00:21:12.520
Some of these were presence absence
questions.

25d4e1b1-283c-42c1-9244-3747a0a87641-0
00:21:12.520 --> 00:21:14.880
Does this article mention climate change,
yes or no?

de2ac764-678b-41c3-82eb-d9e7bac480dd-0
00:21:15.280 --> 00:21:19.360
But also things that were a little more
specific is the IUCN Red List quoted?

d6a051d5-4129-4ea0-a9ba-00997d66d5e9-0
00:21:19.600 --> 00:21:23.511
Is the expert who is quoted from a
nonprofit or a government agency or a

d6a051d5-4129-4ea0-a9ba-00997d66d5e9-1
00:21:23.511 --> 00:21:25.280
scientific institution, etcetera.

c72797c8-a0e2-4cb8-bf7d-9b971e6042b5-0
00:21:26.080 --> 00:21:28.600
Here are some of the highlights of what
we found.

9bdf85a4-275f-4208-bbb8-bf869fd97a4a-0
00:21:29.200 --> 00:21:31.804
One is the art,
the species that were featured,

9bdf85a4-275f-4208-bbb8-bf869fd97a4a-1
00:21:31.804 --> 00:21:34.843
and I apologize here if anyone is red
green colorblind,

9bdf85a4-275f-4208-bbb8-bf869fd97a4a-2
00:21:34.843 --> 00:21:37.720
but this is the official IUCN Red List
color scheme.

9b6038c2-ff1b-469e-b15d-ec83de16445d-0
00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:42.774
We found that out of of thousands of
articles,

9b6038c2-ff1b-469e-b15d-ec83de16445d-1
00:21:42.774 --> 00:21:49.520
fewer than 20 of those articles mentioned
a critically endangered species of shark.

63ea888e-f635-4ceb-b6aa-fc863516669e-0
00:21:50.160 --> 00:21:54.240
So the species of sharks that are the
most threatened and could most benefit

63ea888e-f635-4ceb-b6aa-fc863516669e-1
00:21:54.240 --> 00:21:57.684
from a little publicity,
and also those that have perhaps a more

63ea888e-f635-4ceb-b6aa-fc863516669e-2
00:21:57.684 --> 00:22:01.499
interesting story than just don't eat
unsustainable seafood were barely

63ea888e-f635-4ceb-b6aa-fc863516669e-3
00:22:01.499 --> 00:22:02.399
mentioned at all.

5ba3b13d-f444-4597-a28f-aa7d31a30c97-0
00:22:02.400 --> 00:22:06.118
People would be well informed about
what's going on with great white sharks,

5ba3b13d-f444-4597-a28f-aa7d31a30c97-1
00:22:06.118 --> 00:22:09.934
but they would not know what's going on
with many of the critically endangered

5ba3b13d-f444-4597-a28f-aa7d31a30c97-2
00:22:09.934 --> 00:22:11.480
species that most need our help.

9ad05862-0c76-4c7c-b5eb-4aac1beaa028-0
00:22:12.160 --> 00:22:14.120
So now let's look about threats to sharks.

6900de9f-d0c1-4f0a-937c-3aebbf3f1c4d-0
00:22:14.120 --> 00:22:18.280
Remember that shark fin soup is not the
biggest or only threat to sharks anymore.

ca0f561c-f7da-453d-86b3-82c163aa7875-0
00:22:18.280 --> 00:22:22.230
It hasn't been in the lifetime of any of
the undergraduates who are watching this

ca0f561c-f7da-453d-86b3-82c163aa7875-1
00:22:22.230 --> 00:22:22.760
talk today.

4bf0d9f6-dd77-4b5f-8971-4362cdfb9d48-0
00:22:23.080 --> 00:22:28.325
And the shark meat trade is growing in as
a threat and is now the biggest threat to

4bf0d9f6-dd77-4b5f-8971-4362cdfb9d48-1
00:22:28.325 --> 00:22:29.200
sharks by far.

a077709d-6031-4547-826f-6d2070426437-0
00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:34.160
And you would not know that from looking
at popular press coverage which included

a077709d-6031-4547-826f-6d2070426437-1
00:22:34.160 --> 00:22:38.592
6 1/2 times as many mentions of shark
finning and and the shark fin trade as

a077709d-6031-4547-826f-6d2070426437-2
00:22:38.592 --> 00:22:41.874
the shark meat trade,
which is a clear case of aggregate

a077709d-6031-4547-826f-6d2070426437-3
00:22:41.874 --> 00:22:42.679
coverage bias.

bc6b8240-3fd9-4121-8aaa-402ed466f511-0
00:22:43.720 --> 00:22:44.920
What about are?

17e60748-2cb6-42b0-9154-de84fa3f4115-0
00:22:44.960 --> 00:22:48.212
So are the threats to sharks described in
a factually accurate manner with

17e60748-2cb6-42b0-9154-de84fa3f4115-1
00:22:48.212 --> 00:22:49.080
appropriate context?

379a33d1-fd3a-4e28-9bc4-49c398e81524-0
00:22:49.240 --> 00:22:50.000
No, they're not.

cd28901b-3ce9-4c72-af89-7fde1759b5cc-0
00:22:50.920 --> 00:22:52.560
What about policy solutions?

0db66644-422f-4bf6-a62c-61044e0042a3-0
00:22:52.760 --> 00:22:56.510
Remember we have the target based policy
tools which focus on sustainable

0db66644-422f-4bf6-a62c-61044e0042a3-1
00:22:56.510 --> 00:23:00.311
fisheries management and we have the
limit based policy tools which say no

0db66644-422f-4bf6-a62c-61044e0042a3-2
00:23:00.311 --> 00:23:02.440
shark fishing, no trade in shark products.

504bf23e-9339-48cb-8585-648ae5aacce1-0
00:23:05.120 --> 00:23:10.196
So there is a great deal more coverage of
shark fin trade ban, the limit based tool,

504bf23e-9339-48cb-8585-648ae5aacce1-1
00:23:10.196 --> 00:23:13.600
than there is of sustainable shark
fisheries management.

4c690a79-c17e-4314-ad58-12c5849f57e0-0
00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:17.259
This is a suite of 10 policy tools
together in the blue bar,

4c690a79-c17e-4314-ad58-12c5849f57e0-1
00:23:17.259 --> 00:23:21.160
because otherwise most of them wouldn't
show up against the axis at all.

e87b2882-764c-412a-a62a-83c8d766f467-0
00:23:21.160 --> 00:23:24.840
They were mentioned so few times despite
being supported by experts.

b1735953-b4f1-473e-967c-ddd547f4e1cd-0
00:23:25.520 --> 00:23:27.960
So let's look specifically at shark fin
trade bans.

3600a18c-c8a7-4b14-a4ff-53e0eeb6fafa-0
00:23:28.200 --> 00:23:33.218
Shark fin trade bans were mentioned 2 1/2
times as often as all sustainable

3600a18c-c8a7-4b14-a4ff-53e0eeb6fafa-1
00:23:33.218 --> 00:23:38.368
fisheries management tools combined,
despite the fact that these are a policy

3600a18c-c8a7-4b14-a4ff-53e0eeb6fafa-2
00:23:38.368 --> 00:23:41.999
solution that are are widely not
supported by experts.

8f787373-5183-432c-bfd1-a8a8b583f8e7-0
00:23:42.640 --> 00:23:46.068
Even if you think that this is the best
way to protect sharks,

8f787373-5183-432c-bfd1-a8a8b583f8e7-1
00:23:46.068 --> 00:23:49.878
which again most experts do not,
we wrote a whole paper about this in

8f787373-5183-432c-bfd1-a8a8b583f8e7-2
00:23:49.878 --> 00:23:50.640
Marine Policy.

b9b811e9-c54b-474f-84b8-becae4e7580d-0
00:23:50.960 --> 00:23:54.693
The fact that they are covered 2 1/2
times as much as all sustainable

b9b811e9-c54b-474f-84b8-becae4e7580d-1
00:23:54.693 --> 00:23:58.960
fisheries management tools combined is a
clear case of aggregate coverage bias.

caf062b3-1b74-4c97-ab24-27394d31edf3-0
00:23:59.640 --> 00:24:04.167
And what about these consumer boycotts,
which I I have charitably characterized

caf062b3-1b74-4c97-ab24-27394d31edf3-1
00:24:04.167 --> 00:24:04.960
as other here?

449bcdc5-cce0-4fce-902b-daea88727d53-0
00:24:05.240 --> 00:24:07.000
You could also call them nonsense.

a7001c7f-746d-4e6a-a9de-21be4529fcf3-0
00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:10.280
This is one small nonprofit.

09e613d9-9e42-40fa-9f1c-2a89c239b245-0
00:24:10.280 --> 00:24:14.659
They have two employees and a few
volunteers and they find these well known,

09e613d9-9e42-40fa-9f1c-2a89c239b245-1
00:24:14.659 --> 00:24:18.981
often beloved brands and that have a very,
very tenuous connection to shark

09e613d9-9e42-40fa-9f1c-2a89c239b245-2
00:24:18.981 --> 00:24:22.280
conservation and they make a lot of
publicity about this.

c41bd0b1-2a49-41ba-b76a-97ca47b686a6-0
00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:27.151
These get meant these get more media
coverage than all sustainable fisheries

c41bd0b1-2a49-41ba-b76a-97ca47b686a6-1
00:24:27.151 --> 00:24:30.200
management tools combined,
despite being literally nothing.

aa5038e4-f775-4b46-8585-a8ce8e5b6cd1-0
00:24:30.760 --> 00:24:34.999
You may be wondering, hey David,
what the heck does Starbucks have to do

aa5038e4-f775-4b46-8585-a8ce8e5b6cd1-1
00:24:34.999 --> 00:24:36.800
with global shark conservation?

0ce121b4-1573-40f9-8c53-aa22d1b67098-0
00:24:37.240 --> 00:24:38.560
This is the answer to that.

4ea2cea5-5f1d-4604-ab58-9d6e5ace3b34-0
00:24:38.800 --> 00:24:42.440
And this is not an exaggeration of how
ridiculous these campaigns are.

684f32f6-2bb5-49af-8207-0b5d46b39550-0
00:24:43.040 --> 00:24:45.738
When Starbucks sells their coffee in
Southeast Asia,

684f32f6-2bb5-49af-8207-0b5d46b39550-1
00:24:45.738 --> 00:24:48.487
they go through a food importer exporter
distributor,

684f32f6-2bb5-49af-8207-0b5d46b39550-2
00:24:48.487 --> 00:24:51.440
as everyone does when they sell anything
internationally.

dff7c357-ae8b-4315-82e3-3406e336d52c-0
00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:55.367
That food importer exporter distributor
is owned by a holding company,

dff7c357-ae8b-4315-82e3-3406e336d52c-1
00:24:55.367 --> 00:24:57.360
which is owned by another holding company.

137a07f1-728c-44e7-a109-48782cdcdc92-0
00:24:57.720 --> 00:25:01.533
One of the thousands of businesses owned
by that other holding company is a

137a07f1-728c-44e7-a109-48782cdcdc92-1
00:25:01.533 --> 00:25:03.440
restaurant that serves shark fin soup.

3bc3a749-5acb-4780-af43-44b21c0ffd4e-0
00:25:03.960 --> 00:25:06.733
For that,
this this campaign got dozens of articles

3bc3a749-5acb-4780-af43-44b21c0ffd4e-1
00:25:06.733 --> 00:25:08.760
about how Starbucks is killing sharks.

19f5939c-8adc-49ff-8556-1be4f0035363-0
00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:10.120
It's just nonsense.

a2601cb5-bc5c-4bb0-8f2e-818bd7642131-0
00:25:10.600 --> 00:25:14.967
But I will note that a consumer boycott
of an Atlantic City hotel chain that you

a2601cb5-bc5c-4bb0-8f2e-818bd7642131-1
00:25:14.967 --> 00:25:19.120
may have heard of that was serving shark
fin soup was responsible for these.

82472414-fdb3-458f-abe5-afb1a0353664-0
00:25:19.120 --> 00:25:22.269
I swear to God,
real tweets sharks are last on my list

82472414-fdb3-458f-abe5-afb1a0353664-1
00:25:22.269 --> 00:25:24.960
other than the losers and haters of the
world.

2f8c08ba-c64c-460f-ba0f-ad2bb84a6252-0
00:25:26.600 --> 00:25:30.882
So does popular press coverage cover
policy solutions in a factually accurate

2f8c08ba-c64c-460f-ba0f-ad2bb84a6252-1
00:25:30.882 --> 00:25:32.640
manner with appropriate context?

95df77a9-ed96-4f15-9160-2535564934ad-0
00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:33.440
It does not.

a9bd8679-2ae9-4e72-ac47-acb61c5783d4-0
00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:37.759
Would someone learning about shark
conservation by reading newspapers be

a9bd8679-2ae9-4e72-ac47-acb61c5783d4-1
00:25:37.759 --> 00:25:38.480
well informed?

588b2063-0a34-4335-982e-271af9693c7b-0
00:25:38.480 --> 00:25:39.360
They would not be.

dcbde952-01c2-469e-8c3c-b4b49b315142-0
00:25:39.520 --> 00:25:43.084
They would wrongly believe that shark
finning is the only major threat to

dcbde952-01c2-469e-8c3c-b4b49b315142-1
00:25:43.084 --> 00:25:45.397
sharks,
that banning the shark fin trade is the

dcbde952-01c2-469e-8c3c-b4b49b315142-2
00:25:45.397 --> 00:25:48.480
only solution to save sharks,
and that these consumer corporate

dcbde952-01c2-469e-8c3c-b4b49b315142-3
00:25:48.480 --> 00:25:50.600
boycotts have some role to play in
helping.

2c10c13e-12fc-432f-bfd9-8ff8bde7f60b-0
00:25:50.600 --> 00:25:51.800
None of these things are true.

e7886560-d95b-4170-9e30-6863a04f845b-0
00:25:53.120 --> 00:25:56.813
I also briefly note that if any of the
faculty or graduate students or other

e7886560-d95b-4170-9e30-6863a04f845b-1
00:25:56.813 --> 00:26:00.506
scholars watching this are interested in
doing a media content and discourse

e7886560-d95b-4170-9e30-6863a04f845b-2
00:26:00.506 --> 00:26:03.479
analysis of your issue,
I would love to collaborate with you.

86a352c4-cace-4721-b335-7c650c28df33-0
00:26:03.640 --> 00:26:05.880
Shoot me an e-mail after this talk and
let's chat.

08aaf62d-9f26-4984-bf7f-06dd0ca83ec8-0
00:26:07.280 --> 00:26:11.990
So now let's talk about infotainment
documentary, specifically Shark Week,

08aaf62d-9f26-4984-bf7f-06dd0ca83ec8-1
00:26:11.990 --> 00:26:14.440
which some of you may be familiar with.

0e98d291-1c41-46c0-8ca5-29440a7a5b43-0
00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:16.280
So what is Shark Week?

f96a8c3b-8ee7-469b-bc67-7a7a34f068d7-0
00:26:17.080 --> 00:26:19.915
Shark Week is the longest running cable
event in history,

f96a8c3b-8ee7-469b-bc67-7a7a34f068d7-1
00:26:19.915 --> 00:26:21.920
attracting millions of viewers each year.

a109df99-0cbc-4be2-b58e-46c8f64252e8-0
00:26:22.160 --> 00:26:24.895
Theoretically,
it's a week long series of sarcastic air

a109df99-0cbc-4be2-b58e-46c8f64252e8-1
00:26:24.895 --> 00:26:27.680
quotes documentaries that airs on the
Discovery Channel.

2c067004-7559-4545-8403-f78060a56e12-0
00:26:27.880 --> 00:26:30.756
And it is, as you'll see,
a dumpster fire of lies,

2c067004-7559-4545-8403-f78060a56e12-1
00:26:30.756 --> 00:26:32.280
pseudoscience and nonsense.

f745d278-ce4a-4526-988b-59425b04f5b1-0
00:26:33.480 --> 00:26:37.496
To give you a sense of this,
I think we're in webinar mode so it'll be

f745d278-ce4a-4526-988b-59425b04f5b1-1
00:26:37.496 --> 00:26:39.080
hard to hard to pull people.

a069a23d-8175-41be-acef-f01a63280647-0
00:26:39.080 --> 00:26:41.399
But shout,
shout the answer out loud wherever you

a069a23d-8175-41be-acef-f01a63280647-1
00:26:41.399 --> 00:26:43.440
are and let your office mates get
confused.

55a34738-46e0-4afd-9c93-460616433a03-0
00:26:44.200 --> 00:26:48.152
One of the following Shark Week episode
titles is a real episode title,

55a34738-46e0-4afd-9c93-460616433a03-1
00:26:48.152 --> 00:26:51.720
and the others I made-up this morning to
make fun of Shark Week.

4183d57a-24f9-4fd8-b219-73e160f1ba1f-0
00:26:53.960 --> 00:26:56.040
Which of these do you think is real?

5f8c90e1-220c-441e-b58a-3034b63e6995-0
00:26:56.640 --> 00:26:58.120
Great white serial killer.

c629e3bb-90cb-426f-9c88-8dad027aa2f6-0
00:26:58.320 --> 00:27:01.920
Fatal Christmas ******* does shark Week 2.

8fbc8af5-7d58-4ac3-ae41-3320564c6bf6-0
00:27:02.800 --> 00:27:07.172
Naked and Afraid of Sharks 2 The Haunting
of Shark Tower,

8fbc8af5-7d58-4ac3-ae41-3320564c6bf6-1
00:27:07.172 --> 00:27:12.600
Real Monsters of the Bermuda Triangle and
Mecca Shark Lover down Under.

b378cc88-566e-433b-baf8-0feedab425b4-0
00:27:12.600 --> 00:27:14.400
Which of those do you anyone think is
real?

7f8cba5c-ab15-483b-858c-8550e0648d1f-0
00:27:14.400 --> 00:27:19.640
I'll give you a few few seconds here to
think you're right, they're all real.

1f2d7033-a8a7-4b76-ab16-f2b2e52e0753-0
00:27:20.400 --> 00:27:25.162
So we we have no time to talk about
science on the Discovery Channel because

1f2d7033-a8a7-4b76-ab16-f2b2e52e0753-1
00:27:25.162 --> 00:27:28.440
we are too busy with Naked and Afraid of
Sharks too.

c6c21799-894b-486a-8516-2c36ca9e7c2c-0
00:27:29.080 --> 00:27:32.652
I happened to watch that episode with my
mother who said, wait a minute,

c6c21799-894b-486a-8516-2c36ca9e7c2c-1
00:27:32.652 --> 00:27:35.540
these people are allowed to have a mask,
fins and snorkel,

c6c21799-894b-486a-8516-2c36ca9e7c2c-2
00:27:35.540 --> 00:27:37.400
but they're not allowed to have pants.

eafea0e4-bd42-4559-a486-fba32d4456ae-0
00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:38.960
You know, science.

caf92b1b-ad81-4721-b4d5-ff9870994026-0
00:27:40.280 --> 00:27:42.040
So how do we know that Shark Week is bad?

4459eadf-2d13-47cf-a1f2-8e983f7e4ecd-0
00:27:42.040 --> 00:27:42.600
We checked.

4ae1dfc9-c4b8-43c1-82c4-8410a66153dd-0
00:27:42.600 --> 00:27:47.660
We did a media content discourse analysis
of 202 episodes of Shark Week over 32

4ae1dfc9-c4b8-43c1-82c4-8410a66153dd-1
00:27:47.660 --> 00:27:48.040
years.

9ed97cfe-b464-4572-bcbe-09fa6a848da9-0
00:27:48.320 --> 00:27:52.667
We had two poor undergraduate volunteers
who watched all of Shark Week ever and

9ed97cfe-b464-4572-bcbe-09fa6a848da9-1
00:27:52.667 --> 00:27:54.080
wrote down what was in it.

bc452d4c-df75-49f4-a073-d5d29e24bb42-0
00:27:54.280 --> 00:27:57.000
And it was in fact worse than we thought.

c1444e75-c286-4f6a-8eb5-8225b2dda0e8-0
00:27:58.320 --> 00:28:00.200
This contains egregious lies.

24df5719-0182-4fc8-aec5-ba40a7a7afa6-0
00:28:00.480 --> 00:28:04.958
Perhaps the the worst example of this was
the megalodon shows which claimed that

24df5719-0182-4fc8-aec5-ba40a7a7afa6-1
00:28:04.958 --> 00:28:07.778
that megalodon,
which is if you've ever been to an

24df5719-0182-4fc8-aec5-ba40a7a7afa6-2
00:28:07.778 --> 00:28:11.206
aquarium, they there,
there was giant shark jaws that you can

24df5719-0182-4fc8-aec5-ba40a7a7afa6-3
00:28:11.206 --> 00:28:12.920
stand in and take your picture.

56801b8e-4dbf-42cc-8be2-c76a9c7be1d1-0
00:28:13.800 --> 00:28:16.906
Sharkweed claimed that not only is this
extinct animal alive,

56801b8e-4dbf-42cc-8be2-c76a9c7be1d1-1
00:28:16.906 --> 00:28:20.864
but it claimed this extinct animal is
alive and is a threat to your family and

56801b8e-4dbf-42cc-8be2-c76a9c7be1d1-2
00:28:20.864 --> 00:28:23.720
scientists and the government are lying
to you about it.

fe31571f-d5f5-410a-a95f-98fd8ccff2e7-0
00:28:23.880 --> 00:28:24.680
Don't trust them.

1f5ade70-f675-461c-8364-b034bd17bb33-0
00:28:25.680 --> 00:28:27.640
Colleagues of mine got death threats
about this.

40927ecb-508c-4417-987a-56c30224bf42-0
00:28:28.160 --> 00:28:29.440
This is completely fictional.

94bc11bf-bb30-4fb8-8b56-7c9f94c12cbd-0
00:28:29.440 --> 00:28:33.165
It used actors pretending to be the
families of shark bite victims and

94bc11bf-bb30-4fb8-8b56-7c9f94c12cbd-1
00:28:33.165 --> 00:28:35.160
pretending to be government officials.

08acbb1f-bbcf-41e3-9dcb-06179cf03f30-0
00:28:35.400 --> 00:28:38.880
It used CGI video if photoshopped images.

73a7fc57-01f8-4ee0-a9fe-53a2e1ec6634-0
00:28:38.880 --> 00:28:39.920
Completely fictional.

54ec5f02-554b-467f-9da8-5b90e90fa160-0
00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:42.680
I give public talks about sharks all the
time.

1cd4ea6b-14cf-47ea-97a8-86940c322622-0
00:28:42.680 --> 00:28:43.880
I get questions about this.

3af1d82f-487a-4d49-b179-ddd216a8cd05-0
00:28:43.880 --> 00:28:46.560
Is this real all the time, 10 years later?

870d62a0-d011-44aa-8554-bac5c36fe591-0
00:28:47.760 --> 00:28:52.680
And then the most horrifying thing I've
ever experienced was the next year Shark

870d62a0-d011-44aa-8554-bac5c36fe591-1
00:28:52.680 --> 00:28:55.960
Week aired a show called Megalodon,
The New Evidence,

870d62a0-d011-44aa-8554-bac5c36fe591-2
00:28:55.960 --> 00:29:01.001
which used real criticism that the first
show had received as evidence of Look how

870d62a0-d011-44aa-8554-bac5c36fe591-3
00:29:01.001 --> 00:29:02.520
deep the conspiracy goes.

ed0fe0b6-0372-4e4c-80bb-0bb7493fd9c0-0
00:29:03.600 --> 00:29:07.240
Shark Week also lies to scientists to get
them to appear in shows.

1ac5a292-2f12-4dc2-ad6d-47c57df9f98e-0
00:29:08.760 --> 00:29:12.069
It makes them seem like they were
responding to questions that they were

1ac5a292-2f12-4dc2-ad6d-47c57df9f98e-1
00:29:12.069 --> 00:29:14.200
never actually asked due to deceptive
editing.

e7fe5111-0cf0-499f-93fb-f90dbe443ade-0
00:29:14.480 --> 00:29:18.944
One of my colleagues who is a hammerhead
shark scientist was shocked to learn that

e7fe5111-0cf0-499f-93fb-f90dbe443ade-1
00:29:18.944 --> 00:29:23.462
she was showing up not in a special about
hammerhead shark science as she was told,

e7fe5111-0cf0-499f-93fb-f90dbe443ade-2
00:29:23.462 --> 00:29:26.528
but in a special about Hitler the magic
evil hammerhead,

e7fe5111-0cf0-499f-93fb-f90dbe443ade-3
00:29:26.528 --> 00:29:28.680
and this resulted in her losing her job.

b33ea2a4-ec10-479e-8cb3-24802dbcba59-0
00:29:30.040 --> 00:29:33.080
This show presents fringe lunatics as
credible experts.

e652187c-fb36-4c53-b013-6a62530a84aa-0
00:29:33.520 --> 00:29:36.934
Of the most featured expert on Shark Week
is Andy Casa Grande,

e652187c-fb36-4c53-b013-6a62530a84aa-1
00:29:36.934 --> 00:29:41.162
who you can see here on his Instagram
page encouraging people to take LSD and

e652187c-fb36-4c53-b013-6a62530a84aa-2
00:29:41.162 --> 00:29:45.064
then go swimming with sharks because
that's the only way you can really

e652187c-fb36-4c53-b013-6a62530a84aa-3
00:29:45.064 --> 00:29:46.040
experience nature.

4aa437fc-b640-48e1-b263-5f78f419e768-0
00:29:46.240 --> 00:29:47.200
Please don't do that.

19c4379d-39ef-4d48-8c52-734c7e9b92d3-0
00:29:48.080 --> 00:29:52.346
There was also this reality show Shark
Academy with Doctor Riley Elliott,

19c4379d-39ef-4d48-8c52-734c7e9b92d3-1
00:29:52.346 --> 00:29:56.612
in which people did a series of
ridiculous survivor style competitions to

19c4379d-39ef-4d48-8c52-734c7e9b92d3-2
00:29:56.612 --> 00:30:00.360
gain a graduate student spot in the lab
of Doctor Riley Elliott.

bb425124-9808-43f6-91e3-a2613633ad61-0
00:30:00.760 --> 00:30:04.353
This show was cancelled when it was
revealed that Riley Elliott is not a PhD

bb425124-9808-43f6-91e3-a2613633ad61-1
00:30:04.353 --> 00:30:06.920
and does not have a lab or spot for
graduate students.

dce951b4-bd06-4e18-bd5e-0765e55486da-0
00:30:08.520 --> 00:30:11.120
It's also a disaster for representation.

a2e513a2-5d29-4f60-a7b5-a8aefd85d8e5-0
00:30:12.040 --> 00:30:14.200
My field is about 2/3 women.

93273aa5-5e17-4af1-9a6b-872e5995310c-0
00:30:14.800 --> 00:30:17.112
You would not know that from watching
Shark Week,

93273aa5-5e17-4af1-9a6b-872e5995310c-1
00:30:17.112 --> 00:30:19.192
which not only features more men than
women,

93273aa5-5e17-4af1-9a6b-872e5995310c-2
00:30:19.192 --> 00:30:21.320
but features more guys named Mike than
women.

3b6553b7-2b3f-48db-b9ac-f061cca7ed38-0
00:30:22.880 --> 00:30:26.748
Most of the shows take place in Mexico,
South Africa or the Bahamas,

3b6553b7-2b3f-48db-b9ac-f061cca7ed38-1
00:30:26.748 --> 00:30:30.055
three very sharky areas,
but local experts are hardly ever

3b6553b7-2b3f-48db-b9ac-f061cca7ed38-2
00:30:30.055 --> 00:30:30.560
featured.

209778fa-583c-430d-804c-c853f6878a45-0
00:30:30.560 --> 00:30:34.597
They fly white guys from halfway around
the world rather than interview a local

209778fa-583c-430d-804c-c853f6878a45-1
00:30:34.597 --> 00:30:35.960
expert from that community.

0d1946f1-3c6c-490a-b5f0-06f9f10f7764-0
00:30:36.320 --> 00:30:40.724
The few women who are shown on the show
are never called doctor or shown their

0d1946f1-3c6c-490a-b5f0-06f9f10f7764-1
00:30:40.724 --> 00:30:43.680
credentials,
but they give Riley Elliott a fake PhD.

feb82b36-b639-4e75-9203-1ae4ab669467-0
00:30:45.640 --> 00:30:49.298
The claim that Shark Week is good for
public awareness and how conservation is

feb82b36-b639-4e75-9203-1ae4ab669467-1
00:30:49.298 --> 00:30:50.040
laughably false.

f86000e6-cb83-418e-a47e-cc230286f605-0
00:30:50.680 --> 00:30:54.970
It is extremely common for an hour long
episode of fear mongering nonsense to

f86000e6-cb83-418e-a47e-cc230286f605-1
00:30:54.970 --> 00:30:57.280
note oh as narration over the end credits.

b0348668-84cf-472e-b866-7650fb482c42-0
00:30:57.480 --> 00:30:59.027
Actually,
sharks aren't a big threat to you and

b0348668-84cf-472e-b866-7650fb482c42-1
00:30:59.027 --> 00:30:59.640
they're in trouble.

86b247a9-f895-4f88-97b6-acb18d89b694-0
00:30:59.640 --> 00:31:00.240
Save them.

0bcd287f-1d3b-4bfc-b879-3eecde1c643d-0
00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:01.520
That's it.

b5ccf736-3f0a-4528-9836-7c1155d0232f-0
00:31:01.800 --> 00:31:03.120
And that's not conservation.

5e0ff77a-30ba-4f63-9efb-1a178b883669-0
00:31:04.280 --> 00:31:07.545
In 202 episodes, we identified only 6,
not 66,

5e0ff77a-30ba-4f63-9efb-1a178b883669-1
00:31:07.545 --> 00:31:13.035
actionable things that Shark Week ask
their audience of millions to do to help

5e0ff77a-30ba-4f63-9efb-1a178b883669-2
00:31:13.035 --> 00:31:13.800
save shark.

46c68b44-05a3-4fac-8a8a-fc6ebfb85959-0
00:31:14.240 --> 00:31:17.465
And four of those things were don't eat
shark fin soup,

46c68b44-05a3-4fac-8a8a-fc6ebfb85959-1
00:31:17.465 --> 00:31:20.000
which most Americans are already not
doing.

76b91337-6341-489b-92b6-cf79b9f3cc9a-0
00:31:21.640 --> 00:31:25.487
So the most widely viewed,
supposedly educational content about

76b91337-6341-489b-92b6-cf79b9f3cc9a-1
00:31:25.487 --> 00:31:28.192
shark science and conservation uses
blatant,

76b91337-6341-489b-92b6-cf79b9f3cc9a-2
00:31:28.192 --> 00:31:31.800
egregious lies and does not talk about
the actual problems.

3503cb45-ccad-4d82-8447-9acb5442cc28-0
00:31:31.800 --> 00:31:34.440
In addition to promoting fringe lunatics.

8f4d5559-3ff8-4dea-b6a4-921eba4761ad-0
00:31:34.560 --> 00:31:35.560
This is bad news.

6fe2e177-291b-4c83-94cf-f8f4d878b43c-0
00:31:37.000 --> 00:31:40.371
And finally,
people learn about this stuff from

6fe2e177-291b-4c83-94cf-f8f4d878b43c-1
00:31:40.371 --> 00:31:42.760
environmental nonprofit advocates.

7ff8de46-bb2d-459a-9833-6fb355c625f4-0
00:31:43.880 --> 00:31:47.434
So my questions for this part of the
research were,

7ff8de46-bb2d-459a-9833-6fb355c625f4-1
00:31:47.434 --> 00:31:50.920
how does science influence environmental
advocacy?

eb36f444-5c5e-44e8-aa34-bd8f1bce2db7-0
00:31:51.320 --> 00:31:55.116
I wanted to know if advocates believe
that science matters for environmental

eb36f444-5c5e-44e8-aa34-bd8f1bce2db7-1
00:31:55.116 --> 00:31:55.560
advocacy.

9d8ac31e-eb98-4e0e-acbc-b1fdaea9233f-0
00:31:55.840 --> 00:31:58.080
Where do advocates get their science?

a6a8dc7c-b751-4392-8acd-adfed54146de-0
00:31:58.440 --> 00:32:02.687
Does all relevant science reach them and
do advocates work towards the stated

a6a8dc7c-b751-4392-8acd-adfed54146de-1
00:32:02.687 --> 00:32:04.920
policy preferences of scientific experts?

2e0b3e86-db6d-4396-82b8-673408fa7945-0
00:32:05.240 --> 00:32:10.009
So we did a voluntary online survey of
and we reached out to every environmental

2e0b3e86-db6d-4396-82b8-673408fa7945-1
00:32:10.009 --> 00:32:14.190
nonprofit employee who's brought,
whose portfolio broadly and includes

2e0b3e86-db6d-4396-82b8-673408fa7945-2
00:32:14.190 --> 00:32:16.840
broadly defined shark conservation
advocacy.

3c5a5feb-3e07-419d-97de-aa7583950954-0
00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:19.680
Not these are not the scientists who work
for these nonprofits.

0922cb77-4a0a-4c07-838f-08c5df54b593-0
00:32:19.680 --> 00:32:21.440
These are the advocates and educators.

45cc7abc-66ca-47fc-aac0-4f0a6b2bec03-0
00:32:21.760 --> 00:32:26.864
We have 84 responses who are 84
respondents who did this voluntary online

45cc7abc-66ca-47fc-aac0-4f0a6b2bec03-1
00:32:26.864 --> 00:32:30.243
survey,
and these included ocean nonprofits that

45cc7abc-66ca-47fc-aac0-4f0a6b2bec03-2
00:32:30.243 --> 00:32:32.520
do sharks, but other ocean stuff.

b7403cf3-36e9-4e1b-9e89-877104ace589-0
00:32:33.360 --> 00:32:37.672
All we do is sharks and groups that work
on both land and sea issues,

b7403cf3-36e9-4e1b-9e89-877104ace589-1
00:32:37.672 --> 00:32:38.720
including sharks.

dad5328f-bd31-4f4e-a6a4-e7a8dea1874b-0
00:32:39.800 --> 00:32:41.800
We had respondents from all over the
world.

11564a54-5ea5-4315-a6da-6165978798da-0
00:32:42.120 --> 00:32:45.593
They were heavily biased towards North
America and Europe,

11564a54-5ea5-4315-a6da-6165978798da-1
00:32:45.593 --> 00:32:47.360
but that is not sampling bias.

72c3f47d-f7af-4878-bbfc-058df267733b-0
00:32:47.360 --> 00:32:48.400
That's the population.

73a9cc7e-6813-479c-a3ff-a142ece1f47a-0
00:32:48.400 --> 00:32:50.974
They're just,
they're just are more nonprofits working

73a9cc7e-6813-479c-a3ff-a142ece1f47a-1
00:32:50.974 --> 00:32:53.080
on these issues in North America and
Europe.

4bc052d2-b3b1-4292-b998-f4e39dbe11c5-0
00:32:53.280 --> 00:32:57.358
But we had at least at least three
responses from every major region of the

4bc052d2-b3b1-4292-b998-f4e39dbe11c5-1
00:32:57.358 --> 00:32:57.680
world.

06f94c1e-76e7-414b-a615-6aac798e114a-0
00:32:59.320 --> 00:33:01.534
So first,
I wanted to know if these advocates

06f94c1e-76e7-414b-a615-6aac798e114a-1
00:33:01.534 --> 00:33:04.520
believe that science matters for
environmental policy making.

a8789918-58f2-4a48-9003-3007a386df4c-0
00:33:04.520 --> 00:33:08.200
And we got a range of responses here from
Science is Essential.

92f30bf0-f22d-4a1b-9682-6433b881e939-0
00:33:08.440 --> 00:33:10.880
We can't do appropriate management
without Science.

4eb23737-bef1-4c49-a974-a73012482c1c-0
00:33:11.520 --> 00:33:14.479
We got some intermediate responses,
such as, sure,

4eb23737-bef1-4c49-a974-a73012482c1c-1
00:33:14.479 --> 00:33:18.308
science in general is really important
for conservation advocacy,

4eb23737-bef1-4c49-a974-a73012482c1c-2
00:33:18.308 --> 00:33:22.080
but that doesn't mean every individual
piece of science matters.

98f780b6-c5dc-40e3-ae0a-8aa1d41aca26-0
00:33:22.800 --> 00:33:27.231
And then also we had a lot of concerns
about people who pretended or claimed

98f780b6-c5dc-40e3-ae0a-8aa1d41aca26-1
00:33:27.231 --> 00:33:30.800
that their science mattered for
conservation when it did not.

127285c6-d7cc-4c42-b451-916ae97ab5f6-0
00:33:32.320 --> 00:33:34.820
Next,
I wanted to know where do these advocates

127285c6-d7cc-4c42-b451-916ae97ab5f6-1
00:33:34.820 --> 00:33:36.800
get their scientific information from?

6ba3876f-07b7-4c77-a3dd-3c8afda90f18-0
00:33:37.240 --> 00:33:38.440
And is this happening?

7f70015a-1851-4506-82e8-86200fa749fd-0
00:33:39.760 --> 00:33:41.200
A majority of respondents.

0171a330-cf1f-459b-b40a-9e0209f131b1-0
00:33:41.200 --> 00:33:43.320
And again,
these are not the scientists who work for

0171a330-cf1f-459b-b40a-9e0209f131b1-1
00:33:43.320 --> 00:33:44.000
these nonprofits.

ccb32137-aeea-4d56-924c-c6140df2e729-0
00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:46.680
These are the advocates and educators,
they said.

65160ded-3e00-4140-9fdf-4c5acdcf22e3-0
00:33:46.960 --> 00:33:52.773
I read several scientific articles from
peer reviewed scientific journals every

65160ded-3e00-4140-9fdf-4c5acdcf22e3-1
00:33:52.773 --> 00:33:58.296
month as part of my job and more than
half of them said that they've been a

65160ded-3e00-4140-9fdf-4c5acdcf22e3-2
00:33:58.296 --> 00:34:00.040
co-author on an article.

f262b80b-073c-4db3-8ee7-923ef87023cc-0
00:34:00.040 --> 00:34:02.160
Again, not the scientists, the advocates.

a7a212e1-97fa-4b34-b4fc-4564e1775a05-0
00:34:03.560 --> 00:34:08.502
A minority said I have never read a peer
reviewed scientific journal article in my

a7a212e1-97fa-4b34-b4fc-4564e1775a05-1
00:34:08.502 --> 00:34:08.800
life.

321932c5-b8f8-4812-8dfc-a7f0bb8ee52c-0
00:34:10.280 --> 00:34:13.544
I also asked are there scientists who
work for your nonprofit if you have a

321932c5-b8f8-4812-8dfc-a7f0bb8ee52c-1
00:34:13.544 --> 00:34:14.360
technical question.

62189c4b-68a5-4042-b3da-8c1723aba4e1-0
00:34:15.080 --> 00:34:18.063
More than half said yes,
we have scientists who work for my

62189c4b-68a5-4042-b3da-8c1723aba4e1-1
00:34:18.063 --> 00:34:20.698
nonprofit whose job it is to teach me,
the advocate,

62189c4b-68a5-4042-b3da-8c1723aba4e1-2
00:34:20.698 --> 00:34:22.240
the educator about the science.

acf68f3a-03ae-463f-8e8a-f6d013656852-0
00:34:22.480 --> 00:34:27.500
Whereas other groups said I there are,
there are external scientific volunteers

acf68f3a-03ae-463f-8e8a-f6d013656852-1
00:34:27.500 --> 00:34:32.583
who are available to help me with this or
I have some other access to scientists

acf68f3a-03ae-463f-8e8a-f6d013656852-2
00:34:32.583 --> 00:34:32.960
there.

3e55961c-2093-4841-8656-7a936e1aebf3-0
00:34:32.960 --> 00:34:36.040
About 10% of respondents said no,
I haven't, I do not.

b868b077-8eb5-4655-8cae-dca5325806dd-0
00:34:36.560 --> 00:34:39.360
Scientists are not involved in my group
in any capacity.

042672f2-3727-4ea5-bc8a-b803811165b8-0
00:34:39.360 --> 00:34:40.600
I never speak to scientists.

e2bddca7-3df9-4624-a21c-24b99562ce39-0
00:34:40.600 --> 00:34:44.296
Those are the same people,
100% overlap who said they never read

e2bddca7-3df9-4624-a21c-24b99562ce39-1
00:34:44.296 --> 00:34:45.320
scientific papers.

010f2e4f-1f1e-4c19-92e7-b8f38e322cc9-0
00:34:46.280 --> 00:34:49.400
Does all relevant science reach these
advocates?

3d5321bf-78f9-41fe-9b76-26adb2acb349-0
00:34:49.400 --> 00:34:53.640
I want and this was compared by a series
of questions about the the literature.

0abab34f-3224-4127-b45c-3120d78ddab3-0
00:34:54.560 --> 00:34:56.360
You have seen the green bars here.

1221b6e1-a9aa-462a-800d-5770b7dd681e-0
00:34:56.480 --> 00:34:59.859
This is how scientists feel about
sustainable shark fisheries,

1221b6e1-a9aa-462a-800d-5770b7dd681e-1
00:34:59.859 --> 00:35:03.560
whether or not they can and do exist and
if they should be the gold.

dee62df6-7ef9-4fa0-9064-3bdaff616831-0
00:35:03.560 --> 00:35:04.520
The blue bars are new.

1c53cfbb-59ea-4fdf-bdda-81bd417d3843-0
00:35:04.520 --> 00:35:09.436
Those are the environmental respondents,
the the environmental advocate

1c53cfbb-59ea-4fdf-bdda-81bd417d3843-1
00:35:09.436 --> 00:35:11.280
respondents to this survey.

e5dbb0a5-22be-4781-b8c9-ee6cd7408e00-0
00:35:12.560 --> 00:35:18.162
A majority of of environmental advocates
correctly identified that sustainable

e5dbb0a5-22be-4781-b8c9-ee6cd7408e00-1
00:35:18.162 --> 00:35:23.694
fisheries are possible a but a majority
felt that there are none in the world

e5dbb0a5-22be-4781-b8c9-ee6cd7408e00-2
00:35:23.694 --> 00:35:24.120
today.

d313267a-781d-4275-8b7b-823b8d3ab305-0
00:35:24.120 --> 00:35:28.401
They are theoretically possible,
but they I have not seen evidence of 1

d313267a-781d-4275-8b7b-823b8d3ab305-1
00:35:28.401 --> 00:35:33.159
and 78% of these respondents said that
shark conservation advocacy should focus

d313267a-781d-4275-8b7b-823b8d3ab305-2
00:35:33.159 --> 00:35:35.360
on sustainable fisheries, not banned.

bc652416-2422-4504-ad88-1332cd958f67-0
00:35:35.360 --> 00:35:37.920
So still a huge majority,
though not quite 90%.

deabd696-d419-4eeb-9f6e-d971788e7f77-0
00:35:39.040 --> 00:35:43.815
This was an interesting analysis of the
what's called the primary partitioning

deabd696-d419-4eeb-9f6e-d971788e7f77-1
00:35:43.815 --> 00:35:46.475
variable,
which is the survey response that

deabd696-d419-4eeb-9f6e-d971788e7f77-2
00:35:46.475 --> 00:35:51.553
explains the greatest variation in other
survey responses of people who were asked,

deabd696-d419-4eeb-9f6e-d971788e7f77-3
00:35:51.553 --> 00:35:52.399
do you prefer?

0ce7d405-c243-456a-b3b0-acd63d181f95-0
00:35:53.120 --> 00:35:56.302
Do you think the goal of shark
conservation advocacy should be making

0ce7d405-c243-456a-b3b0-acd63d181f95-1
00:35:56.302 --> 00:35:59.440
those fisheries more sustainable,
or a ban on all fishing and trade?

967c723a-d8e8-4221-9009-f21ec4003bfc-0
00:35:59.720 --> 00:36:04.065
Among respondents who regularly read the
peer reviewed scientific journal

967c723a-d8e8-4221-9009-f21ec4003bfc-1
00:36:04.065 --> 00:36:08.000
literature on the right,
90% of them prefer sustainable fisheries.

a4799016-6c7e-40cb-b125-4d9f51513a46-0
00:36:08.000 --> 00:36:11.200
The exact same percentage as with
scientists, though.

e8ab3528-acce-4828-9e8a-e9678dd19ecc-0
00:36:11.200 --> 00:36:15.377
Among respondents who rarely or never
read the peer reviewed scientific journal

e8ab3528-acce-4828-9e8a-e9678dd19ecc-1
00:36:15.377 --> 00:36:16.840
literature, it's about 5050.

0019cbb1-a4e9-4e44-bb6e-517fb40e7eb0-0
00:36:17.040 --> 00:36:20.440
So the people who are met are better
informed about the facts.

41c6f9c3-ad44-410b-a21f-1e751f004726-0
00:36:20.440 --> 00:36:23.720
Not even getting into values,
you're more aware of the facts.

49c924e0-1dae-4531-a382-047f2bb10206-0
00:36:24.320 --> 00:36:27.000
They overwhelmingly agree with scientists
about the way forward.

887d2d64-9851-4598-8d08-2e1a60b04284-0
00:36:27.880 --> 00:36:32.716
I explicitly ask these people about what
do you think the state of science is

887d2d64-9851-4598-8d08-2e1a60b04284-1
00:36:32.716 --> 00:36:37.552
about Sustainable shark fisheries of a a
plurality of people said the science

887d2d64-9851-4598-8d08-2e1a60b04284-2
00:36:37.552 --> 00:36:41.768
concerning the sustainable the
sustainability of shark fisheries is

887d2d64-9851-4598-8d08-2e1a60b04284-3
00:36:41.768 --> 00:36:42.760
still uncertain.

9736d6f5-781d-489a-aec6-30c3f2e7dc2a-0
00:36:42.760 --> 00:36:43.760
That's not correct.

b0d72e6f-ac93-47fa-a4c2-bb4fd1204c91-0
00:36:45.120 --> 00:36:48.654
The next largest group,
about 35% said the science is clear,

b0d72e6f-ac93-47fa-a4c2-bb4fd1204c91-1
00:36:48.654 --> 00:36:51.320
sustainable shark fisheries can and do
exist.

3346bea4-ba89-4b50-a4b8-096e719109a5-0
00:36:51.480 --> 00:36:53.440
That is the factually correct answer.

c9536675-81e8-43cb-943b-5053e9d6a6c4-0
00:36:54.320 --> 00:36:57.292
And then about 12% of respondents said
the science is clear,

c9536675-81e8-43cb-943b-5053e9d6a6c4-1
00:36:57.292 --> 00:37:00.800
sustainable shark fisheries are
impossible and they've never been done.

49ed77cb-f4cf-435b-93f1-febd87dca56b-0
00:37:01.400 --> 00:37:04.330
Those are the very is the very same
people who said,

49ed77cb-f4cf-435b-93f1-febd87dca56b-1
00:37:04.330 --> 00:37:08.200
I've never talked to a scientist,
I've never read a scientific paper.

1a0b3eea-028a-4066-856d-5d56b8865c0f-0
00:37:08.200 --> 00:37:10.616
They are,
they feel very comfortable opining on

1a0b3eea-028a-4066-856d-5d56b8865c0f-1
00:37:10.616 --> 00:37:14.240
opining on the state of the science and
they say things that are wrong.

22f9f37d-7345-436d-911e-6e2f54ca689b-0
00:37:16.360 --> 00:37:19.304
One of those people said,
I've never seen any evidence that it's

22f9f37d-7345-436d-911e-6e2f54ca689b-1
00:37:19.304 --> 00:37:21.388
possible to have a sustainable shark
fishery,

22f9f37d-7345-436d-911e-6e2f54ca689b-2
00:37:21.388 --> 00:37:24.832
which is an interesting thing to say when
they are not looking for evidence

22f9f37d-7345-436d-911e-6e2f54ca689b-3
00:37:24.832 --> 00:37:25.240
anywhere.

a516977d-b666-446b-9b37-28f658f87249-0
00:37:25.240 --> 00:37:28.920
That evidence exists,
some intermediate responses.

06855078-17e4-496c-affb-2684bd84fdee-0
00:37:28.920 --> 00:37:31.983
It's clear that sustainable shark
fisheries can and do exist,

06855078-17e4-496c-affb-2684bd84fdee-1
00:37:31.983 --> 00:37:35.640
but that doesn't mean that all shark
fisheries could be made sustainable.

7c07c638-e6a1-4461-9357-37fe6fe8057f-0
00:37:35.640 --> 00:37:36.240
Fair enough.

cfb3add0-17e6-4643-a2d5-a9688b85d60d-0
00:37:37.040 --> 00:37:40.440
And then there was a lot of support for
the idea of sustainable shark fisheries.

6826d7e6-cbd0-4dc0-845f-b51e80942de0-0
00:37:42.600 --> 00:37:46.251
I also wanted to know if advocates were
working towards the stated policy

6826d7e6-cbd0-4dc0-845f-b51e80942de0-1
00:37:46.251 --> 00:37:50.051
preferences of scientific experts,
in this case sustainable shark fisheries,

6826d7e6-cbd0-4dc0-845f-b51e80942de0-2
00:37:50.051 --> 00:37:53.160
or if we had one of these effort goal
mismatches on our hands.

ba360e0d-ccb6-4319-831a-897fa8cbdd47-0
00:37:54.360 --> 00:37:57.888
So a majority of respondents said that in
the last five years,

ba360e0d-ccb6-4319-831a-897fa8cbdd47-1
00:37:57.888 --> 00:38:02.200
my nonprofit has worked primarily on
sustainable fisheries management tools.

09bb9884-77e9-465b-a7d5-df12a5090ef2-0
00:38:02.400 --> 00:38:02.880
Great.

d4814d04-1e86-405a-9cd0-d6a0ee4d59eb-0
00:38:03.160 --> 00:38:06.720
But there were a lot of groups that were
working on these limit based tools,

d4814d04-1e86-405a-9cd0-d6a0ee4d59eb-1
00:38:06.720 --> 00:38:08.200
especially shark fin trade bans.

152f2309-813c-462e-aa64-82525ea38e3a-0
00:38:10.120 --> 00:38:11.640
This is a stacked bar chart.

9672666f-7578-400f-93fb-dc576200cbbd-0
00:38:11.800 --> 00:38:14.960
Green showing,
I agree with the I support this policy.

1327e860-9bd9-4af7-8626-a5a4cefd634c-0
00:38:14.960 --> 00:38:21.080
Red showing I oppose this policy even
among environmental advocates.

7708b545-2dea-4e0a-be1b-5238f0bb9d6a-0
00:38:21.440 --> 00:38:25.277
Shark sanctuaries and shark fin trade
bans received less support,

7708b545-2dea-4e0a-be1b-5238f0bb9d6a-1
00:38:25.277 --> 00:38:27.080
less green and more opposition.

153a0672-9136-492d-9593-0a1f2db9589f-0
00:38:27.080 --> 00:38:29.760
More red than sustainable fisheries
management.

26252982-0b2e-455e-ad6c-f49094478796-0
00:38:29.920 --> 00:38:35.434
But there was still more support among
this community than there was for these

26252982-0b2e-455e-ad6c-f49094478796-1
00:38:35.434 --> 00:38:37.040
tools among scientists.

ec594d35-6e62-4592-b738-f303b2035e24-0
00:38:39.760 --> 00:38:42.840
So this is my favorite graph that I've
ever made.

fed61f57-7c77-4b7c-a7e9-e84fb0b85dc7-0
00:38:42.840 --> 00:38:45.444
It doesn't claim that everyone who
disagrees with me is wrong,

fed61f57-7c77-4b7c-a7e9-e84fb0b85dc7-1
00:38:45.444 --> 00:38:46.560
and I'd never claimed that.

4c7f1e34-357e-478b-bf8b-36f34f4c4b0d-0
00:38:46.560 --> 00:38:48.979
But again,
the primary partitioning variable here is

4c7f1e34-357e-478b-bf8b-36f34f4c4b0d-1
00:38:48.979 --> 00:38:50.440
a factually answerable question.

2a9a6764-245c-4f40-92b9-5ec8fe926472-0
00:38:50.760 --> 00:38:53.200
Do you believe that sustainable shark
fisheries exist?

85c92828-e162-4805-84ab-fd1e0150aad8-0
00:38:53.680 --> 00:38:58.323
Among respondents who believe that
sustainable shark fisheries do exist,

85c92828-e162-4805-84ab-fd1e0150aad8-1
00:38:58.323 --> 00:39:01.440
about 20% of them support shark fin trade
bands.

bfaa1060-c7ac-4f6b-8043-0fe7867bf413-0
00:39:01.840 --> 00:39:06.265
But among respondents who believe that
sustainable shark fisheries do not exist,

bfaa1060-c7ac-4f6b-8043-0fe7867bf413-1
00:39:06.265 --> 00:39:08.560
100% of them support shark fin trade bans.

c036e045-5c3b-482b-80f7-f1b5b470c40e-0
00:39:08.560 --> 00:39:10.840
And remember,
sustainable shark fisheries do exist.

aacc4680-cceb-4a01-8bb5-9a39c6ce5440-0
00:39:11.040 --> 00:39:12.680
That doesn't mean that's what we should
do.

6897dee7-0875-4cab-a38a-de7c6f307e6d-0
00:39:12.680 --> 00:39:13.840
That's a values question.

79d3ef22-5454-4649-91a6-a7da383c8310-0
00:39:14.120 --> 00:39:16.360
But they absolutely,
unequivocally do exist.

27bc794d-20f4-4104-9027-b9ab1351d9ca-0
00:39:16.600 --> 00:39:19.806
So I would never say that everyone who
disagrees with me is wrong,

27bc794d-20f4-4104-9027-b9ab1351d9ca-1
00:39:19.806 --> 00:39:21.960
but everyone who is wrong disagrees with
me.

5e176230-3122-4bd6-af1e-08cf2e90e9d3-0
00:39:21.960 --> 00:39:23.960
And that is almost as satisfying to say.

387f8213-34dd-49a6-badb-930c825ef9b2-0
00:39:25.880 --> 00:39:27.920
So why do people support bans?

df7d1c36-16db-4a6e-809e-9c8981537564-0
00:39:28.440 --> 00:39:30.600
There are people who said people should
not eat.

935df0a3-0074-4f18-9930-63453adc5f65-0
00:39:30.920 --> 00:39:32.560
People just should not eat sharks.

49fdf08c-39c3-47de-aaad-34acb80ed018-0
00:39:32.560 --> 00:39:33.360
Sharks are nature.

27062846-316c-4e9f-ae80-ecdd5ad3a1ce-0
00:39:33.360 --> 00:39:34.720
Sharks are not food animals.

46b55ca7-b485-4f9b-854f-00f2ed8b8710-0
00:39:36.520 --> 00:39:40.107
People believing sustainable shark
fisheries are not possible and then

46b55ca7-b485-4f9b-854f-00f2ed8b8710-1
00:39:40.107 --> 00:39:43.240
people saying that no one should kill or
eat any animal ever.

502141a0-6e30-4059-8ad4-92899b969cfa-0
00:39:43.600 --> 00:39:46.197
Notably,
that respondent came from a wealthy

502141a0-6e30-4059-8ad4-92899b969cfa-1
00:39:46.197 --> 00:39:50.930
country in Europe and not from a country
that perhaps relies a little bit more on

502141a0-6e30-4059-8ad4-92899b969cfa-2
00:39:50.930 --> 00:39:52.200
wild animals for food.

3b9fc6ff-646a-4360-b33f-bd6756b9170b-0
00:39:54.040 --> 00:39:59.000
Among people who supported sustainability,
there was opposition to the idea of bans.

5ea855f3-41bc-48e8-9592-4d0b4505ab6e-0
00:39:59.920 --> 00:40:02.320
There was opposition to the idea of
blanket bans.

acaef0aa-a791-4740-9ff1-df31f167d54c-0
00:40:02.320 --> 00:40:05.896
These policies say,
don't say we look at the individuals of

acaef0aa-a791-4740-9ff1-df31f167d54c-1
00:40:05.896 --> 00:40:08.400
conservation status of each shark species.

2a4e9b20-7368-4e8e-acb0-6285cb0a65d6-0
00:40:08.640 --> 00:40:13.200
They say we were no shark fishing or no
fishing for any species of shark at all.

021320b0-00a5-4225-b1fd-2f8e58dcf0d0-0
00:40:13.200 --> 00:40:14.840
But some shark species are doing great.

074fe141-4b83-4f7d-8e74-38a5084dda5c-0
00:40:15.160 --> 00:40:17.040
And there are also concerns about bans.

e4677fa6-4194-4212-90a8-77d94303c10d-0
00:40:17.040 --> 00:40:19.640
Just make things go underground where
it's harder to measure.

950de575-f3a6-49b6-9bd4-9b7fd3da5dd4-0
00:40:21.320 --> 00:40:23.800
So in conclusion for this section.

11c5d9bc-7e75-4482-9cbc-513c165ff4de-0
00:40:24.240 --> 00:40:27.680
Do advocates believe that science matters
for policy making in general?

43802cee-e032-4272-acc6-fa5c8ca910d0-0
00:40:27.680 --> 00:40:30.160
Yes,
but not every individual piece of science.

f6768e5b-bfd4-4d33-b096-4d5a02c88bb4-0
00:40:31.120 --> 00:40:33.080
Where do advocates learn about science?

fb0c0f73-5751-4492-aaa7-f91bba107d6b-0
00:40:33.320 --> 00:40:36.924
Most of them read the literature or work
with a nonprofit that employs scientists,

fb0c0f73-5751-4492-aaa7-f91bba107d6b-1
00:40:36.924 --> 00:40:39.400
which is the same way scientists learn
about this stuff.

5ffffbd1-87e8-4aef-a529-6fb25b251807-0
00:40:39.720 --> 00:40:43.923
But there are some who are very loud in
their opposition to sustainable shark

5ffffbd1-87e8-4aef-a529-6fb25b251807-1
00:40:43.923 --> 00:40:47.480
fisheries who do not ever read the
science or talk to scientists.

e5d13356-1701-4356-873e-7ad9d19f2e5b-0
00:40:48.600 --> 00:40:50.720
Does all relevant information reach them?

97a44d2c-bf3b-4ccf-85ec-5fa57fddf551-0
00:40:51.040 --> 00:40:54.274
I know people were were very aware that
sharks are in trouble,

97a44d2c-bf3b-4ccf-85ec-5fa57fddf551-1
00:40:54.274 --> 00:40:57.920
but not that aware of sustainable
sustainable fisheries as a solution.

b017c9fd-7232-4f84-8024-6b4ae8e3ec4a-0
00:40:58.520 --> 00:41:02.560
And do advocates work towards the stated
policy preferences of scientific experts?

d026c87e-867a-4ca7-aad4-2a4c51d1eee3-0
00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:06.080
Many of them do, but a lot of them do not.

a7f397a6-978f-4793-9200-82baa35ef378-0
00:41:06.240 --> 00:41:08.480
That we had found strong evidence of this
effort.

06bf7042-177a-4531-941d-ecf11193f515-0
00:41:08.480 --> 00:41:10.520
Goal mismatch, this worst case scenario.

cd7e3200-14fc-4396-8597-6aba450c0cb4-0
00:41:12.320 --> 00:41:14.080
Another interlude for you here.

287c072e-9201-454e-bad4-1b72b471f7ee-0
00:41:14.600 --> 00:41:19.466
A thing that I I do a lot is assessing
what the entire state of a field opinion

287c072e-9201-454e-bad4-1b72b471f7ee-1
00:41:19.466 --> 00:41:20.440
is on something.

1f82fffc-de99-4d39-94a5-cad1c4679d98-0
00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:22.901
What do people,
especially for environmental issues,

1f82fffc-de99-4d39-94a5-cad1c4679d98-1
00:41:22.901 --> 00:41:24.480
what do people think is the biggest
threat?

2d4f3b33-4eb7-4cc9-b8bd-327959a807c4-0
00:41:24.480 --> 00:41:26.480
What do people think is the most
effective solution?

f83e5f72-88be-4066-ab9b-1f2382e18828-0
00:41:26.800 --> 00:41:28.080
You want to do that for your field?

c8c78823-5cbf-47ce-af99-0608c01ab091-0
00:41:28.080 --> 00:41:30.200
I'd love to chat with you about how we
can collaborate.

1d32babf-8606-41ff-9de8-158289d573a0-0
00:41:30.440 --> 00:41:34.840
I also work on a related issue of expert
solicitation research priority setting.

4b9bcce6-f0b0-4af5-bb18-589df1bceae7-0
00:41:35.080 --> 00:41:38.158
In this case,
we got together everyone in my field and

4b9bcce6-f0b0-4af5-bb18-589df1bceae7-1
00:41:38.158 --> 00:41:42.299
asked them what are the biggest
unanswered questions in shark ecology and

4b9bcce6-f0b0-4af5-bb18-589df1bceae7-2
00:41:42.299 --> 00:41:46.833
conservation and frame them as research
priorities that future graduate students

4b9bcce6-f0b0-4af5-bb18-589df1bceae7-3
00:41:46.833 --> 00:41:48.960
can use to help inform their research.

d7c4d077-322b-442d-98bf-80f338a57185-0
00:41:50.080 --> 00:41:53.153
So in conclusion,
overall the popular press overwhelmingly

d7c4d077-322b-442d-98bf-80f338a57185-1
00:41:53.153 --> 00:41:56.174
covers one threat,
shark finning and the shark fin trade,

d7c4d077-322b-442d-98bf-80f338a57185-2
00:41:56.174 --> 00:41:59.040
and one set of policy solutions banning
shark finning.

c95f6dcb-ab20-4845-8ad1-9c218b463af9-0
00:41:59.520 --> 00:42:03.640
And that is not the biggest threat or the
most effective solution.

7feaa124-c39d-49d0-bcd4-33e921ac4d15-0
00:42:04.240 --> 00:42:08.577
The most widely viewed documentaries
about sharks do not accurately portray

7feaa124-c39d-49d0-bcd4-33e921ac4d15-1
00:42:08.577 --> 00:42:09.320
these issues.

6ea17022-9731-442e-a03c-9d931507244d-0
00:42:10.240 --> 00:42:12.548
People are aware that sharks are in
trouble,

6ea17022-9731-442e-a03c-9d931507244d-1
00:42:12.548 --> 00:42:14.960
but do not are less aware about the
solutions.

6bfe9044-e19c-410e-9718-2ebe78d7a554-0
00:42:15.440 --> 00:42:19.392
And at least some of these environmental
nonprofit groups work against the stated

6bfe9044-e19c-410e-9718-2ebe78d7a554-1
00:42:19.392 --> 00:42:21.080
policy preference is of scientists.

4c025bf4-e762-4dab-af38-6de4932e2408-0
00:42:21.440 --> 00:42:24.795
So back to my original question,
why do so many people believe that

4c025bf4-e762-4dab-af38-6de4932e2408-1
00:42:24.795 --> 00:42:28.890
sustainable shark fisheries cannot and do
not exist when the science is clear that

4c025bf4-e762-4dab-af38-6de4932e2408-2
00:42:28.890 --> 00:42:29.680
they can and do?

f38ddb30-126c-4a62-874d-a6f8444e8072-0
00:42:30.080 --> 00:42:33.445
And it's because there's a lot of
confusing information out there shared

f38ddb30-126c-4a62-874d-a6f8444e8072-1
00:42:33.445 --> 00:42:36.120
from a lot of different sources that
people should trust.

c2d22a81-a057-414e-bcf5-86e78a96ae74-0
00:42:36.880 --> 00:42:40.623
If you are learning about sustainable
shark fisheries and shark conservation

c2d22a81-a057-414e-bcf5-86e78a96ae74-1
00:42:40.623 --> 00:42:44.415
from sources other than credentialed
experts and the peer reviewed scientific

c2d22a81-a057-414e-bcf5-86e78a96ae74-2
00:42:44.415 --> 00:42:47.819
journal, journal literature,
you are learning information that is not

c2d22a81-a057-414e-bcf5-86e78a96ae74-3
00:42:47.819 --> 00:42:48.839
supported by science.

bfe8db24-be84-4aed-9a6d-934f03d21ec8-0
00:42:49.080 --> 00:42:52.440
And that is true of a lot of different
fields and a lot of different issues.

28131a4c-2e94-4eef-bd40-9e1ad88a5419-0
00:42:52.680 --> 00:42:56.739
But I have colleagues who study
misinformation and disinformation for

28131a4c-2e94-4eef-bd40-9e1ad88a5419-1
00:42:56.739 --> 00:43:01.088
much more controversial things like GMO
foods or climate change or plastic

28131a4c-2e94-4eef-bd40-9e1ad88a5419-2
00:43:01.088 --> 00:43:04.104
pollution,
and they're shocked at how much nonsense

28131a4c-2e94-4eef-bd40-9e1ad88a5419-3
00:43:04.104 --> 00:43:07.120
is shared by people supposedly helping
with sharks.

45646df4-9f45-48b4-9878-7b4ad9e63fb5-0
00:43:07.600 --> 00:43:09.520
So is it bad that so many people are
wrong?

ac11033b-d95a-41ff-937a-b7dbd1748cf4-0
00:43:10.080 --> 00:43:11.040
Yes, it is.

eaef09d0-5b11-4633-a2ca-59e4eccf696f-0
00:43:11.360 --> 00:43:15.985
When people in a democracy like ours,
public support is needed to pass

eaef09d0-5b11-4633-a2ca-59e4eccf696f-1
00:43:15.985 --> 00:43:17.680
regulations and pass laws.

46e68437-41a4-4d44-806b-420380f32bd7-0
00:43:17.880 --> 00:43:21.572
And when people do not understand the
problem and do not understand what the

46e68437-41a4-4d44-806b-420380f32bd7-1
00:43:21.572 --> 00:43:24.305
solutions are,
they do not support the policies that the

46e68437-41a4-4d44-806b-420380f32bd7-2
00:43:24.305 --> 00:43:26.080
evidence and the experts say we need.

09eb47a7-21ef-4ea7-b976-b04f42a3b194-0
00:43:26.760 --> 00:43:30.221
I'll also note that while we're arguing
about how to save sharks,

09eb47a7-21ef-4ea7-b976-b04f42a3b194-1
00:43:30.221 --> 00:43:32.320
sharks still very much need to be saved.

eaef0316-f528-4931-a09d-8399e4960d6a-0
00:43:33.160 --> 00:43:36.225
This is a this, this is actually,
it's way less than this,

eaef0316-f528-4931-a09d-8399e4960d6a-1
00:43:36.225 --> 00:43:39.240
the number of humans that are killed by
sharks each year.

6768ad13-0cd3-49e0-aacc-ca24ba05cc82-0
00:43:39.760 --> 00:43:43.447
But compare that to the number of sharks
that have been killed by humans in the

6768ad13-0cd3-49e0-aacc-ca24ba05cc82-1
00:43:43.447 --> 00:43:44.600
hour we've been speaking.

249d0c26-66bf-471a-b330-72c7bde9f77e-0
00:43:44.600 --> 00:43:47.280
I should note that that is significantly
zoomed in.

2f662266-7ae9-44c0-9f9b-1c4dfbb0d83a-0
00:43:47.520 --> 00:43:51.840
So while we're arguing about how to help,
sharks very much still need our help.

4bda8e1e-425b-4160-89ad-675420299223-0
00:43:52.680 --> 00:43:54.640
What can scientists do about this?

463113c6-1799-41e9-ac67-4b294878fb49-0
00:43:55.080 --> 00:43:58.440
It'd be really great with more scientific
and technical experts.

e3d95faa-63f4-42aa-b916-2e1b233db5d2-0
00:43:58.440 --> 00:44:02.162
Join me doing public science engagement
and talking to policy makers and talking

e3d95faa-63f4-42aa-b916-2e1b233db5d2-1
00:44:02.162 --> 00:44:02.760
to the press.

4f05c70b-4b7a-49fa-8825-fccc3f17ce9f-0
00:44:03.160 --> 00:44:07.455
And it would be great in academia world
if doing that stuff counted as leadership

4f05c70b-4b7a-49fa-8825-fccc3f17ce9f-1
00:44:07.455 --> 00:44:09.760
and service in hiring and tenure
decisions.

b0a0337e-7292-4090-bb39-92fdae262348-0
00:44:09.760 --> 00:44:10.920
Often it does not.

2f25dec3-feeb-418e-bacc-0e6cd63c3740-0
00:44:10.920 --> 00:44:14.912
It is something that people have to do
because they believe it's important,

2f25dec3-feeb-418e-bacc-0e6cd63c3740-1
00:44:14.912 --> 00:44:18.800
in addition to all the other work that
you're that professors have to do.

bd722874-e341-4409-814f-29ec933da734-0
00:44:20.080 --> 00:44:23.322
So before I wrap up here,
I would like to thank my many project

bd722874-e341-4409-814f-29ec933da734-1
00:44:23.322 --> 00:44:25.905
collaborators,
including people who read all those

bd722874-e341-4409-814f-29ec933da734-2
00:44:25.905 --> 00:44:29.907
articles and watched all those Shark Week
specials for me, my finding sources,

bd722874-e341-4409-814f-29ec933da734-3
00:44:29.907 --> 00:44:33.605
especially from the Liebert Euro
Postdoctoral Fellowship in Conservation

bd722874-e341-4409-814f-29ec933da734-4
00:44:33.605 --> 00:44:35.480
Leadership, which I did in Vancouver.

7b206d6f-639d-4564-a424-238c9a95447c-0
00:44:35.800 --> 00:44:40.173
I'd like to thank my new friends at Salem
State for inviting me to speak with you

7b206d6f-639d-4564-a424-238c9a95447c-1
00:44:40.173 --> 00:44:40.760
here today.

1b086796-fae4-46e1-9028-dc932a914bf8-0
00:44:42.680 --> 00:44:48.225
I have written up this talk as an invited
editorial in Integrative and Comparative

1b086796-fae4-46e1-9028-dc932a914bf8-1
00:44:48.225 --> 00:44:48.760
Biology.

f3b69d2d-5189-4242-9079-6daff46e638f-0
00:44:48.920 --> 00:44:51.640
I have PDF copies of it if people are
interested.

16c8d778-c9a4-4998-84a8-93fd377558d1-0
00:44:51.640 --> 00:44:52.760
You can shoot me an e-mail.

c9d295ad-ca50-4e31-8f73-836360616afb-0
00:44:53.160 --> 00:44:56.680
All of this is covered under Human
Subjects Research Ethics Permits.

7270aa8e-b85d-478f-b3db-6cf8dca753ee-0
00:44:57.400 --> 00:45:00.160
You can find me on social media at Why
Sharks Matter.

09d816c1-c1a2-4a97-bee7-4cc8fa016361-0
00:45:00.160 --> 00:45:01.160
I am everywhere.

c95b7f7e-5d49-4ed0-8088-fdea53664755-0
00:45:01.680 --> 00:45:03.720
I'm one of the most followed scientists
in the world.

60216537-1f82-480c-8a0e-271723d410a9-0
00:45:03.960 --> 00:45:07.481
So if you have a question that we don't
get to here today,

60216537-1f82-480c-8a0e-271723d410a9-1
00:45:07.481 --> 00:45:12.376
or if you're interested in talking with
me more about collaboration or about some

60216537-1f82-480c-8a0e-271723d410a9-2
00:45:12.376 --> 00:45:16.017
of this other research,
or if you want to join me on a shark

60216537-1f82-480c-8a0e-271723d410a9-3
00:45:16.017 --> 00:45:19.658
research expedition,
shoot me an e-mail at Why Sharks Matter

60216537-1f82-480c-8a0e-271723d410a9-4
00:45:19.658 --> 00:45:23.120
at Gmail or find me on social media at
Why Sharks Matter.

c31a2e25-c71e-4a5c-8120-d2522ab3a04a-0
00:45:23.240 --> 00:45:26.280
Why Sharks Matter is also the title of my
shark conservation book.

748a9914-6a83-43b9-8245-2118860cf1a1-0
00:45:26.680 --> 00:45:27.960
Thank you so much for having me.

7df816e9-6168-4b3e-916f-2a5fff998eab-0
00:45:27.960 --> 00:45:30.240
I'm going to stop sharing and bring us
all back together here.

ad12255f-6cd8-41e3-89bc-4e0b9deaed58-0
00:45:34.600 --> 00:45:35.400
Great, awesome.

437b64b3-d277-4a84-8e3e-9fa2694a4d70-0
00:45:35.400 --> 00:45:36.440
Thank you, David.

9abbebbc-dc2f-45b9-bdfa-fdf8abcfcded-0
00:45:37.080 --> 00:45:41.043
Just a reminder to folks in attendance,
if you have a question,

9abbebbc-dc2f-45b9-bdfa-fdf8abcfcded-1
00:45:41.043 --> 00:45:45.565
please type it into the Q&
A and Ethel and I who are moderating will

9abbebbc-dc2f-45b9-bdfa-fdf8abcfcded-2
00:45:45.565 --> 00:45:46.680
ask the questions.

5218c168-c7b5-4b80-aab5-f40844836f01-0
00:45:47.600 --> 00:45:49.643
Ethel,
I think I'll start off with a couple and

5218c168-c7b5-4b80-aab5-f40844836f01-1
00:45:49.643 --> 00:45:51.560
then I'll pass it over to you if that
works.

09c0949a-c437-4c86-9a92-7dddc8f0f81a-0
00:45:51.560 --> 00:45:54.898
OK,
I'm going to go a little bit out of order,

09c0949a-c437-4c86-9a92-7dddc8f0f81a-1
00:45:54.898 --> 00:46:00.440
but Brendan asked when you mentioned
sustainable fisheries, what do you mean?

d787136a-45ed-4e31-8d76-50703b4299ce-0
00:46:00.960 --> 00:46:02.240
That's a great question, Brendan.

ab84ae92-4e51-4fc0-8d58-cb857a539d15-0
00:46:02.240 --> 00:46:05.360
And sustainability of seafood is a very
complicated issue.

2e44eca6-68cb-45e8-8c32-705b9cc1df3d-0
00:46:05.360 --> 00:46:08.043
That's actually the subject of my second
book,

2e44eca6-68cb-45e8-8c32-705b9cc1df3d-1
00:46:08.043 --> 00:46:11.240
which I just turned in the draft for
earlier this year.

ac0fc281-9110-4eb8-8f17-dca17da6cdfb-0
00:46:11.600 --> 00:46:12.400
So that'll be out.

411e7a2b-728c-48c4-8b17-7a5e9da42ce6-0
00:46:12.520 --> 00:46:15.000
If you follow me on social media,
you'll get alerts about that.

aabde600-36b8-4d96-9e17-9198de51f716-0
00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.536
But the short answer is we're generally
talking about a fishery that we know how

aabde600-36b8-4d96-9e17-9198de51f716-1
00:46:19.536 --> 00:46:22.560
many individuals are in the population
approximately.

1fa5e9a9-657a-4ab4-96cc-0f416fbc5cbb-0
00:46:22.720 --> 00:46:25.146
We know how many babies they have and how
often,

1fa5e9a9-657a-4ab4-96cc-0f416fbc5cbb-1
00:46:25.146 --> 00:46:28.809
and therefore we know how many can be
removed from the population without

1fa5e9a9-657a-4ab4-96cc-0f416fbc5cbb-2
00:46:28.809 --> 00:46:29.800
causing overfishing.

690c93d6-3a0b-4996-bb5b-0ccb56cb9bbb-0
00:46:30.480 --> 00:46:33.480
And also there are rules in place to make
sure that that's followed.

1026578c-a687-4be1-b754-b0517cf6aa38-0
00:46:34.120 --> 00:46:36.240
the US generally does a very good job
with that.

826d7330-d3a8-4f60-a743-21a5e3c6440a-0
00:46:36.360 --> 00:46:38.720
Canada does a medium job with that.

2501bf90-f8b6-4172-a5ec-42f33d3611be-0
00:46:38.800 --> 00:46:40.160
Australia is pretty solid.

785a3017-fb45-41df-a84c-0dbb888b665b-0
00:46:40.400 --> 00:46:41.920
The UK is intermediate.

406aa975-dae9-4638-bc1c-5d2d6955b381-0
00:46:42.120 --> 00:46:45.360
Much of the rest of the world is
significantly behind us.

dfa5ab1f-8bef-4efb-8cfa-c317794f358e-0
00:46:45.920 --> 00:46:50.555
If you so unsustainable fishing practices
are the number one threat to sharks by

dfa5ab1f-8bef-4efb-8cfa-c317794f358e-1
00:46:50.555 --> 00:46:52.959
far,
so much that there's not really a #2

dfa5ab1f-8bef-4efb-8cfa-c317794f358e-2
00:46:52.959 --> 00:46:53.360
threat.

c3499807-70ea-4d04-9566-dcb553f388d3-0
00:46:54.480 --> 00:46:58.840
And if you want to help save sharks,
which will also is also how you help save

c3499807-70ea-4d04-9566-dcb553f388d3-1
00:46:58.840 --> 00:47:01.765
coral reefs and sea turtles and whales
and all that,

c3499807-70ea-4d04-9566-dcb553f388d3-2
00:47:01.765 --> 00:47:04.359
don't support unsustainable seafood
practices.

dcc9cbd2-cbbb-4be6-b7b4-b6a121a4079d-0
00:47:04.720 --> 00:47:07.680
Notice I didn't say you have to give up
all seafood,

dcc9cbd2-cbbb-4be6-b7b4-b6a121a4079d-1
00:47:07.680 --> 00:47:11.814
but use a guide such as a seafood watch
run by the Monterey Bay Aquarium,

dcc9cbd2-cbbb-4be6-b7b4-b6a121a4079d-2
00:47:11.814 --> 00:47:15.166
which is an excellent science based
resource that's really,

dcc9cbd2-cbbb-4be6-b7b4-b6a121a4079d-3
00:47:15.166 --> 00:47:17.959
really easy to use if you tell it where
you live.

63cc3027-1d9c-4f5d-9db7-d17797112d6a-0
00:47:17.960 --> 00:47:22.511
It gives you some common seafood areas in
your seafood products available in your

63cc3027-1d9c-4f5d-9db7-d17797112d6a-1
00:47:22.511 --> 00:47:26.120
area organized into green,
which is you can eat this guilt free.

59589b7f-04cd-482b-9a06-2c7f64a3e74e-0
00:47:26.120 --> 00:47:30.336
It's a caught environmentally responsibly
yellow every once in a while you can have

59589b7f-04cd-482b-9a06-2c7f64a3e74e-1
00:47:30.336 --> 00:47:32.595
it,
but there's some issues and red which is

59589b7f-04cd-482b-9a06-2c7f64a3e74e-2
00:47:32.595 --> 00:47:33.800
maybe order the chicken.

716438d9-c64d-45af-95e1-7bc19104a773-0
00:47:36.320 --> 00:47:37.000
Awesome thank you.

9592cea0-09c5-4a37-a93f-fe2169c26ade-0
00:47:37.800 --> 00:47:43.245
Another question from William is why are
bands not considered effective forms of

9592cea0-09c5-4a37-a93f-fe2169c26ade-1
00:47:43.245 --> 00:47:44.120
conservation?

040e7437-d1ac-40d8-8785-2ff771ba8d63-0
00:47:45.760 --> 00:47:49.786
That's a good question,
and bans are an appropriate form of

040e7437-d1ac-40d8-8785-2ff771ba8d63-1
00:47:49.786 --> 00:47:51.800
conservation for some species.

da4930f9-5ab5-4da6-a351-181688a78d28-0
00:47:52.560 --> 00:47:58.160
For species that are so threatened or so
vulnerable or so fragile that there's no

da4930f9-5ab5-4da6-a351-181688a78d28-1
00:47:58.160 --> 00:48:02.600
way to sustainably exploit them,
a ban is the only way possible.

9f53e49e-4f2f-4386-8863-2a820b47b301-0
00:48:03.000 --> 00:48:07.996
The problem comes when people from
primarily wealthy Western nations tell

9f53e49e-4f2f-4386-8863-2a820b47b301-1
00:48:07.996 --> 00:48:12.183
people who are in developing nations
where they are starving,

9f53e49e-4f2f-4386-8863-2a820b47b301-2
00:48:12.183 --> 00:48:16.640
often as a result of exploitation by
Western nations in the past.

4d388d04-3379-4da2-a1c7-9168770e0612-0
00:48:16.920 --> 00:48:19.120
Hey,
you're bad for trying to feed your family.

a38dc615-4742-493e-8780-6e0564c5123f-0
00:48:19.160 --> 00:48:20.680
We we love sharks.

82ceea64-0bd7-4f42-b4e0-b0554a125168-0
00:48:20.800 --> 00:48:21.720
Leave sharks alone.

8a67217f-ff86-4f51-8d45-e9c80e1dcde1-0
00:48:23.280 --> 00:48:25.360
That is not that does not work for some.

365e0c6f-f4f3-4d31-a4ea-944f234c485a-0
00:48:25.720 --> 00:48:27.920
That is ethically deeply problematic.

5484a19d-77c9-4253-b0b7-eb3100f95d0a-0
00:48:28.200 --> 00:48:31.840
I have a lot of examples I could rant
about if we have time later,

5484a19d-77c9-4253-b0b7-eb3100f95d0a-1
00:48:31.840 --> 00:48:34.720
but also it doesn't work because people
won't do it.

62017fae-58fd-46f8-9596-287d91d40b69-0
00:48:35.560 --> 00:48:38.960
There are species that are particularly
threatened should be protected.

629a092a-1ca6-4d2b-9782-db276c1b9c56-0
00:48:39.040 --> 00:48:43.960
Species that can be sustainably exploited
generally should be because that is how

629a092a-1ca6-4d2b-9782-db276c1b9c56-1
00:48:43.960 --> 00:48:47.320
humans eat and humans provide money for
their families.

6ead0aff-d121-4511-9f36-045326faa3f9-0
00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:52.880
This is sort of related,
but Jen asks what type of research has

6ead0aff-d121-4511-9f36-045326faa3f9-1
00:48:52.880 --> 00:48:57.367
been done on how to convince fishermen
that sustainable fishing is a good

6ead0aff-d121-4511-9f36-045326faa3f9-2
00:48:57.367 --> 00:48:58.520
direction to go in.

2767f948-0526-4bc2-862d-30c82a25a556-0
00:48:58.800 --> 00:48:59.520
Oh, there's a lot.

7a094d68-3dd6-41cf-90b4-b9c179d3216f-0
00:48:59.520 --> 00:49:01.680
And I talked to fishermen a lot about
this stuff.

ff9d4286-1aa5-462c-b42f-4fa9a8182cec-0
00:49:02.280 --> 00:49:08.200
And there's generally speaking,
fishermen are on board with this.

d4289ef8-c080-48a8-90ce-a8ff7b5778ce-0
00:49:08.800 --> 00:49:09.880
They understand.

99f015c8-7783-40fc-b7e9-06642403e033-0
00:49:09.920 --> 00:49:14.100
They have friends in other fishing
communities elsewhere that when a fishery

99f015c8-7783-40fc-b7e9-06642403e033-1
00:49:14.100 --> 00:49:18.280
is collapsed due to over harvesting,
they understand that it's bad for them.

9a8f68c3-26e3-459f-9fe9-93afaede08c1-0
00:49:18.600 --> 00:49:20.480
They understand it's bad for the whole
community.

b4a414ba-3d4a-45eb-b5b8-7c0cf6c4dec4-0
00:49:20.760 --> 00:49:24.814
There's some skepticism about specific
research papers or sometimes even labs,

b4a414ba-3d4a-45eb-b5b8-7c0cf6c4dec4-1
00:49:24.814 --> 00:49:28.406
but the idea that fisheries are
vulnerable and that we need to manage

b4a414ba-3d4a-45eb-b5b8-7c0cf6c4dec4-2
00:49:28.406 --> 00:49:30.664
them well is something that most
fishermen,

b4a414ba-3d4a-45eb-b5b8-7c0cf6c4dec4-3
00:49:30.664 --> 00:49:34.000
at least in the at least in the US,
are very much on board with.

b650016e-ebb5-41b8-a98e-4553343369ff-0
00:49:34.680 --> 00:49:37.223
Sometimes we have to get into specific
techniques of, hey,

b650016e-ebb5-41b8-a98e-4553343369ff-1
00:49:37.223 --> 00:49:38.560
this thing you're doing is bad.

aaf6bff5-b61a-4eb1-a692-0b94924051f1-0
00:49:38.560 --> 00:49:39.560
Do this instead.

1729ba9a-6241-4f8f-91a9-4f13ac3511f8-0
00:49:40.040 --> 00:49:43.119
That gets tricky because a lot of times
the what they say is,

1729ba9a-6241-4f8f-91a9-4f13ac3511f8-1
00:49:43.119 --> 00:49:46.993
but this is the way my father did it and
the way his father did it, etcetera,

1729ba9a-6241-4f8f-91a9-4f13ac3511f8-2
00:49:46.993 --> 00:49:47.440
etcetera.

ad511af3-38d8-40be-b3c9-fff8f1d0d154-0
00:49:48.000 --> 00:49:50.583
Like, OK,
that the fact that it's been done wrong

ad511af3-38d8-40be-b3c9-fff8f1d0d154-1
00:49:50.583 --> 00:49:52.960
for 200 years doesn't make it any less
wrong.

e10b54c7-b1eb-4c1f-aa43-83ac8e8f9740-0
00:49:53.640 --> 00:49:56.360
So there's a,
there's a lot of discussion with this.

ab22df62-c2e3-4c82-9f57-821a6451ad3e-0
00:49:56.360 --> 00:49:58.000
It has to do a lot with relationships.

fa595303-4ba1-40c7-9a9d-bef6531607cf-0
00:49:58.320 --> 00:50:02.000
But usually what happens is there are,
there are regulations that are passed.

ca721735-efb4-48f5-8942-ee99cc3382a2-0
00:50:02.320 --> 00:50:07.041
We don't try to persuade them to
voluntarily do this because even if there

ca721735-efb4-48f5-8942-ee99cc3382a2-1
00:50:07.041 --> 00:50:11.195
are lots of fishermen that are doing a
lot of great, great stuff,

ca721735-efb4-48f5-8942-ee99cc3382a2-2
00:50:11.195 --> 00:50:15.098
if some say I'm still going to do it the
easier, cheaper way,

ca721735-efb4-48f5-8942-ee99cc3382a2-3
00:50:15.098 --> 00:50:18.119
then that's a problem for whales or for
sharks.

82fafcdd-1e43-4ce4-a0da-4b395114e294-0
00:50:18.120 --> 00:50:21.670
So usually the goal here is absolutely
make sure that these communities who

82fafcdd-1e43-4ce4-a0da-4b395114e294-1
00:50:21.670 --> 00:50:23.960
depend on the resource have a seat at the
table.

1a6572d6-880b-49bd-b132-9d329150e441-0
00:50:24.200 --> 00:50:27.899
But the goal here is not persuading
individual fishermen to voluntarily

1a6572d6-880b-49bd-b132-9d329150e441-1
00:50:27.899 --> 00:50:30.365
change,
but making a regulation so everyone has

1a6572d6-880b-49bd-b132-9d329150e441-2
00:50:30.365 --> 00:50:30.520
to.

8adc9250-5293-4c4f-8d1d-12658e34160b-0
00:50:33.680 --> 00:50:33.880
Great.

45829cc0-50e6-40ee-aa9a-83f0d8a7d2dc-0
00:50:33.960 --> 00:50:34.560
Ethel, Thank you.

e293784d-3d90-4097-82c8-3c1d39ebe1cb-0
00:50:35.200 --> 00:50:36.560
Yeah, sure.

bdebd098-62f9-4c0b-97c1-60a47546cb1f-0
00:50:37.400 --> 00:50:40.960
So I'll ask a couple of questions from
the audience.

7f0e69de-3120-427c-a667-08fcd57ca6a5-0
00:50:41.720 --> 00:50:45.560
How was Shark Week legally allowed to get
away with what they're doing?

868ded78-1c6b-45da-bbb8-7224d1a61ef1-0
00:50:45.880 --> 00:50:47.480
There are no rules against lying on TV.

88ba9598-b335-4ee6-a3f0-b10646ff2592-0
00:50:48.960 --> 00:50:51.480
Have you guys seen the state of our state
of the world?

b51c779b-1024-49a1-9889-e350f96f3d05-0
00:50:51.480 --> 00:50:53.200
There's, I mean,
there's no rules against it.

a53a712a-114a-4ca1-a07f-84c3801faa04-0
00:50:53.680 --> 00:50:59.188
If they had the So one of the reasons why
they used fake people in some of these

a53a712a-114a-4ca1-a07f-84c3801faa04-1
00:50:59.188 --> 00:51:04.628
specials is because one thing there is a
rule about is defaming individuals who

a53a712a-114a-4ca1-a07f-84c3801faa04-2
00:51:04.628 --> 00:51:05.240
are real.

66eef27c-20b8-4a19-b9cc-c089414021ca-0
00:51:05.920 --> 00:51:09.995
So by having a fake person that they
completely made-up for the purpose of the

66eef27c-20b8-4a19-b9cc-c089414021ca-1
00:51:09.995 --> 00:51:12.368
show,
they get around that and the rest of it

66eef27c-20b8-4a19-b9cc-c089414021ca-2
00:51:12.368 --> 00:51:15.000
they say like, Oh well,
we're just simplifying it.

595b3994-1f9a-4711-ae2a-dd307da3070b-0
00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:16.080
No, you're not simplifying it.

5e2d5cee-17ba-481b-9516-bb62ce8d6626-0
00:51:16.080 --> 00:51:16.720
You're lying.

c401adf3-dcc4-4acc-ac5a-02095c6d7b3f-0
00:51:16.880 --> 00:51:18.000
That's not the same thing.

a2d2b2bd-129c-4da4-a9c7-a9ac78d7106b-0
00:51:19.160 --> 00:51:20.360
It's a it's a good time.

76b8f07c-8ffb-497a-b9ba-7d2feb36b768-0
00:51:21.960 --> 00:51:22.360
Thank you.

89e91ddb-62b5-42af-8381-432304673962-0
00:51:22.800 --> 00:51:27.280
Another question would be,
do you do any research on deep sea sharks?

ebf65b78-1a52-4ba2-8524-476fd883c663-0
00:51:27.760 --> 00:51:28.640
Great question.

3ce67cd6-02c9-4fe0-9da4-3a3b6892ac35-0
00:51:28.640 --> 00:51:30.959
I don't personally work on deep sea
sharks,

3ce67cd6-02c9-4fe0-9da4-3a3b6892ac35-1
00:51:30.959 --> 00:51:33.120
though I do have some colleagues that do.

b3f54a84-9872-463b-b226-9154b44cfb0d-0
00:51:33.920 --> 00:51:38.957
I have most of those species that I work
on are what we call small and large

b3f54a84-9872-463b-b226-9154b44cfb0d-1
00:51:38.957 --> 00:51:42.360
coastal sharks under US fisheries
management rules.

3192cb7b-fa2a-4858-b8b8-67527dc5bc19-0
00:51:43.000 --> 00:51:45.160
And that's species that you've probably
heard of.

2eeb8ba8-0cf3-4846-b1a7-5a129912abbb-0
00:51:45.840 --> 00:51:49.895
We, I work on black tip sharks,
I work on hammerhead sharks,

2eeb8ba8-0cf3-4846-b1a7-5a129912abbb-1
00:51:49.895 --> 00:51:54.948
I work on nurse sharks and also some
common species that you might not have

2eeb8ba8-0cf3-4846-b1a7-5a129912abbb-2
00:51:54.948 --> 00:51:59.469
heard of, like I work on bonnet heads,
I work on black nose sharks,

2eeb8ba8-0cf3-4846-b1a7-5a129912abbb-3
00:51:59.469 --> 00:52:00.600
things like that.

9353a4ef-f22e-42b3-9128-86e133ff7e87-0
00:52:00.880 --> 00:52:03.360
So most of my work to work on deep sea
species,

9353a4ef-f22e-42b3-9128-86e133ff7e87-1
00:52:03.360 --> 00:52:05.480
you need a big boat that goes really far.

9f95f873-5b21-4cdf-a948-0f3facba2849-0
00:52:05.760 --> 00:52:08.358
And most of the research that I do,
it's a,

9f95f873-5b21-4cdf-a948-0f3facba2849-1
00:52:08.358 --> 00:52:12.080
it's a medium sized boat and we are back
at the dock everyday.

bd65fcac-e6e0-4293-8045-3fa13fa99340-0
00:52:12.360 --> 00:52:14.120
So we don't go far enough to work on
those.

ceaf274f-60da-4084-8d24-8b0fcb1b2663-0
00:52:19.120 --> 00:52:20.600
Oh that's the next next one.

288ad76c-80fe-4571-8bcb-ff48e9a9691c-0
00:52:21.720 --> 00:52:25.000
What is your input on cage diving or
swimming with shocks?

4b2331f3-e192-4577-bb6a-396924be60b7-0
00:52:25.240 --> 00:52:30.378
Do you think it's unethical or do you
think it helps people have more open mind

4b2331f3-e192-4577-bb6a-396924be60b7-1
00:52:30.378 --> 00:52:34.040
on shocks and decrease negative
association with shocks?

ead73478-dbf3-473f-a7d5-d62663b3d421-0
00:52:34.480 --> 00:52:38.497
Great question and the short answer,
which is every scientist favorite answer

ead73478-dbf3-473f-a7d5-d62663b3d421-1
00:52:38.497 --> 00:52:42.360
to everything and every non scientist
least favorite answer is it depends.

0b643931-2659-4cbd-8eb3-501b811aca0f-0
00:52:43.080 --> 00:52:47.720
There are some wildlife tourism scuba
operations that do a really great job.

8fb3ab8b-bb7a-4e71-8774-1ce7682ef32c-0
00:52:48.040 --> 00:52:50.961
They're responsible,
they're safe for the sharks and the

8fb3ab8b-bb7a-4e71-8774-1ce7682ef32c-1
00:52:50.961 --> 00:52:51.320
humans.

78f243e3-ac25-411e-a3db-a5e16645b531-0
00:52:51.480 --> 00:52:54.824
They teach people about sharks and you
get to have an amazing experience with

78f243e3-ac25-411e-a3db-a5e16645b531-1
00:52:54.824 --> 00:52:56.840
wildlife that lots of people don't get to
see.

c7603b09-75dc-444a-87fb-0cf41510dc94-0
00:52:57.200 --> 00:52:57.680
That's great.

c3e86e91-1296-4cc6-acb8-0c9f28e5b352-0
00:52:58.360 --> 00:53:03.624
But there is also a group of what a term
I'm trying to get into the peer reviewed

c3e86e91-1296-4cc6-acb8-0c9f28e5b352-1
00:53:03.624 --> 00:53:08.054
journal literature of quote,
macho cowboy idiot scuba divers who are

c3e86e91-1296-4cc6-acb8-0c9f28e5b352-2
00:53:08.054 --> 00:53:11.200
trying to who they ride sharks,
they hug sharks.

d253a21e-95d5-4601-86de-666c307c146c-0
00:53:11.880 --> 00:53:15.931
They they cause serious physiological
disruption to the sharks and humans have

d253a21e-95d5-4601-86de-666c307c146c-1
00:53:15.931 --> 00:53:18.240
died participating in that these
activities.

d2adf5bd-734d-428a-8967-7f03b5442be0-0
00:53:18.880 --> 00:53:19.520
That's bad.

78abcfcb-67c0-4723-811f-7396a5b5a010-0
00:53:19.680 --> 00:53:20.720
That should not be allowed.

df592f56-fe5d-4940-a7d4-0284d80cee03-0
00:53:20.720 --> 00:53:21.960
You should not support that.

c255ccfd-7adc-46cc-a343-6e0f173e5912-0
00:53:22.560 --> 00:53:24.760
There are some people who say, well,
I'm raising awareness.

b2dff09c-ed0c-4f26-8619-b3381099cb37-0
00:53:24.760 --> 00:53:25.320
No, you're not.

cc53e299-1a1e-41cd-9b50-11ad275db964-0
00:53:25.640 --> 00:53:28.768
You're just trying to get an amazing shot
of yourself doing something scary for

cc53e299-1a1e-41cd-9b50-11ad275db964-1
00:53:28.768 --> 00:53:29.160
Instagram.

600aa329-6fe8-454e-a87a-176a0aa45653-0
00:53:29.360 --> 00:53:31.360
There's no awareness of any kind
happening there.

b71e2340-b1c6-4477-947b-6d2cd89fc126-0
00:53:32.320 --> 00:53:33.240
So it depends.

f99ee032-6221-4cac-b438-cb86a45948e1-0
00:53:33.520 --> 00:53:37.332
The good news is the responsible
operations are usually not hard to tell

f99ee032-6221-4cac-b438-cb86a45948e1-1
00:53:37.332 --> 00:53:39.160
apart from the macho cowboy idiots.

f50c5248-0e7e-4a4c-9cf1-90cf8da70f69-0
00:53:39.440 --> 00:53:43.211
I will note that macho cowboy idiot is a
gender neutral term and many of the worst

f50c5248-0e7e-4a4c-9cf1-90cf8da70f69-1
00:53:43.211 --> 00:53:44.120
offenders are women.

9ff75660-21f6-4056-8398-8e0342749138-0
00:53:44.880 --> 00:53:46.560
But there's the people who do this.

db3d18b3-74b7-4336-ad95-2e771330fa58-0
00:53:46.560 --> 00:53:49.804
It's real obvious on their website that
they're pushing boundaries and it's

db3d18b3-74b7-4336-ad95-2e771330fa58-1
00:53:49.804 --> 00:53:51.000
extreme and stuff like that.

10d7dc08-1f3c-410d-ae02-cf0c66d7cc14-0
00:53:51.320 --> 00:53:55.960
No, that's not good, Lindsay.

2e91d58c-3a1e-45a3-8ff4-f8122b0d9155-0
00:53:56.800 --> 00:54:00.520
OK, a question from Chanel.

3932595c-1132-4e01-b493-54d925e61f78-0
00:54:00.800 --> 00:54:03.760
I live in Gloucester,
which is a huge fishing town.

b0646e35-e843-4aa6-b1f8-5acacf792d9f-0
00:54:04.040 --> 00:54:08.990
I honestly haven't seen any mention of
overfishing or anything to help managing

b0646e35-e843-4aa6-b1f8-5acacf792d9f-1
00:54:08.990 --> 00:54:10.600
harmful fishing practices.

4dd82534-4671-415f-8917-0878273efbd7-0
00:54:11.000 --> 00:54:15.800
Is there anything a smaller town could do
to help get regulations passed?

1f4708b0-c3e9-4cb6-95dc-335bcc54c656-0
00:54:16.600 --> 00:54:17.880
So it's a great question.

b4a276ae-9584-4e0d-abed-d94360a73e79-0
00:54:18.120 --> 00:54:22.106
Most of our regulations in the US are
passed at the federal level or at the

b4a276ae-9584-4e0d-abed-d94360a73e79-1
00:54:22.106 --> 00:54:23.680
state level rather than local.

fe3c567f-6b5c-439c-b156-4da058289bd5-0
00:54:24.400 --> 00:54:27.091
If you want to do something at the local
level,

fe3c567f-6b5c-439c-b156-4da058289bd5-1
00:54:27.091 --> 00:54:30.120
that is if just most regulations don't
work that way.

181aa29e-0668-4071-8482-8b45e63da414-0
00:54:30.120 --> 00:54:33.544
Though some things do happen at the
Marina level that if you are fishing

181aa29e-0668-4071-8482-8b45e63da414-1
00:54:33.544 --> 00:54:36.360
using this gear,
you're not welcome to dock or unload here.

cb0cb866-8123-41cd-9f75-fb5d0a0c1f3f-0
00:54:37.360 --> 00:54:40.954
A big issue happening in seafood
sustainability in your neck of the woods

cb0cb866-8123-41cd-9f75-fb5d0a0c1f3f-1
00:54:40.954 --> 00:54:41.440
right now.

e7fc764d-5850-4bfb-a402-c8e91a24228d-0
00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:42.960
Do you know that?

a8ba2772-de68-4705-b69f-fda45f368b68-0
00:54:42.960 --> 00:54:46.822
What the answer to the question what is
the most valuable fishery in the United

a8ba2772-de68-4705-b69f-fda45f368b68-1
00:54:46.822 --> 00:54:47.160
States?

fe1cabdc-0632-47e6-9b81-44283cbb9ada-0
00:54:47.160 --> 00:54:51.600
And also what is a fishery that is newly
on the Seafood Watch Red List?

dbf22973-6d4f-4b31-a322-b4d519b9c813-0
00:54:52.360 --> 00:54:54.863
Maine lobster,
that is because that fishery,

dbf22973-6d4f-4b31-a322-b4d519b9c813-1
00:54:54.863 --> 00:54:57.979
the way that the the lobster are caught
with the traps,

dbf22973-6d4f-4b31-a322-b4d519b9c813-2
00:54:57.979 --> 00:55:02.096
with lines and floats attached to them,
kills critically endangered North

dbf22973-6d4f-4b31-a322-b4d519b9c813-3
00:55:02.096 --> 00:55:03.320
Atlantic right whales.

6308eb00-6832-4512-bc6e-778cb384cc1c-0
00:55:03.320 --> 00:55:07.840
They get tangled in the line and drown
and that is bad.

6f008084-8ba7-45fc-92f8-ce4c5a4ad61d-0
00:55:08.680 --> 00:55:12.795
And there's groups that are are usually
quite supportive of seafood

6f008084-8ba7-45fc-92f8-ce4c5a4ad61d-1
00:55:12.795 --> 00:55:17.214
sustainability and saving endangered
species push back hard when lobster

6f008084-8ba7-45fc-92f8-ce4c5a4ad61d-2
00:55:17.214 --> 00:55:20.119
fishing is criticized because it's so
valuable.

22b54f6d-ccac-4add-b9bf-ccd073a6a5ac-0
00:55:20.240 --> 00:55:22.695
But there are solutions in the form of
different gear,

22b54f6d-ccac-4add-b9bf-ccd073a6a5ac-1
00:55:22.695 --> 00:55:25.284
gear that does not tangle the does not
tangle the whales,

22b54f6d-ccac-4add-b9bf-ccd073a6a5ac-2
00:55:25.284 --> 00:55:28.320
or if they do get tangled,
it snaps the line and then they're fine.

75465d0e-d123-4ca2-a7da-97a81cc475b7-0
00:55:28.800 --> 00:55:31.970
And thus far,
fishermen have been extremely resistant

75465d0e-d123-4ca2-a7da-97a81cc475b7-1
00:55:31.970 --> 00:55:32.440
to this.

2c99d018-bd09-4d38-a0f9-589763083857-0
00:55:33.080 --> 00:55:33.360
There.

0f1e7cf7-d53f-4b20-8e38-4ceb6ce1031e-0
00:55:33.360 --> 00:55:36.080
I see another question in here about the
New England Aquarium.

9b8ffe12-f0cb-4253-ad44-85a43bd827c5-0
00:55:36.520 --> 00:55:38.760
It's great facility in in Boston.

25fc95b2-0c2f-44cd-bb5e-d3d7b75f3496-0
00:55:39.640 --> 00:55:43.360
They have done some work on trying to
develop alternative gear types.

e559ecc2-1959-4594-a1f4-c9b9d1468d48-0
00:55:46.200 --> 00:55:50.541
Demarius asks what are the benefits you
mentioned earlier that aren't found by

e559ecc2-1959-4594-a1f4-c9b9d1468d48-1
00:55:50.541 --> 00:55:52.520
doing a full ban on shark fisheries?

10b448b4-f0ba-404d-a0f8-19ce22632c57-0
00:55:52.720 --> 00:55:53.680
It's a great question.

c8ff1eb1-5471-4623-8caf-8fc68214b798-0
00:55:53.760 --> 00:55:58.706
So the if you allow fishing at a
sustainable level versus banning it,

c8ff1eb1-5471-4623-8caf-8fc68214b798-1
00:55:58.706 --> 00:56:00.120
a few things happen.

8e867596-9acc-456e-889a-faa67cd1bacd-0
00:56:00.440 --> 00:56:03.484
One,
people can eat and people can feed their

8e867596-9acc-456e-889a-faa67cd1bacd-1
00:56:03.484 --> 00:56:04.080
families.

2e0ebde6-12d7-4c6d-ba5d-60d8f6872c25-0
00:56:04.920 --> 00:56:07.362
Two,
we get more data on what's going on with

2e0ebde6-12d7-4c6d-ba5d-60d8f6872c25-1
00:56:07.362 --> 00:56:11.450
the fish that are out there because
scientists depend on fishermen for a lot

2e0ebde6-12d7-4c6d-ba5d-60d8f6872c25-2
00:56:11.450 --> 00:56:13.840
of the data that we use to make these
rules.

cea71522-57ef-4592-a573-7640ac752edf-0
00:56:14.120 --> 00:56:16.920
There are a lot more fishermen than there
are marine biologists.

002195ea-2179-4bd0-b09d-a3d801ab6397-0
00:56:17.080 --> 00:56:21.000
They're out on the water every day and
they are required to take very, very,

002195ea-2179-4bd0-b09d-a3d801ab6397-1
00:56:21.000 --> 00:56:22.680
very detailed data in their logs.

25b91b94-777b-4106-8411-53ce365f213d-0
00:56:23.000 --> 00:56:28.275
And if we just ban a fishery entirely,
then that's gone then we have no idea

25b91b94-777b-4106-8411-53ce365f213d-1
00:56:28.275 --> 00:56:29.440
what's happening.

a55b3bfe-8e38-4ad6-844e-ef1463505fde-0
00:56:30.160 --> 00:56:33.170
So those that's a very,
very general level,

a55b3bfe-8e38-4ad6-844e-ef1463505fde-1
00:56:33.170 --> 00:56:38.713
but the IT is good for the animals if we
know what's going on and it is good for

a55b3bfe-8e38-4ad6-844e-ef1463505fde-2
00:56:38.713 --> 00:56:41.040
people if they have jobs and food.

88d74378-c0bc-434e-859c-bf4e3ccc5f87-0
00:56:43.320 --> 00:56:46.049
Gracie asks,
what other people do you suggest we

88d74378-c0bc-434e-859c-bf4e3ccc5f87-1
00:56:46.049 --> 00:56:49.280
follow to learn more about important
topics such as this?

8bf87774-fe2b-4a9f-90c1-d92c4434e30c-0
00:56:49.480 --> 00:56:50.440
Great question.

31cf2d7d-903e-4f86-a59f-74c0df358ddc-0
00:56:50.720 --> 00:56:54.706
So I actually have my students,
both graduate students and undergraduates,

31cf2d7d-903e-4f86-a59f-74c0df358ddc-1
00:56:54.706 --> 00:56:58.480
do a follow ocean experts on social media
assignment for the semester.

898ee8d2-b6df-4edf-aa27-c082103b93a0-0
00:56:59.000 --> 00:57:04.172
And I have a curated list of experts that
in a variety of topics that I say follow

898ee8d2-b6df-4edf-aa27-c082103b93a0-1
00:57:04.172 --> 00:57:08.348
these people on Instagram,
check your feed for a few minutes every

898ee8d2-b6df-4edf-aa27-c082103b93a0-2
00:57:08.348 --> 00:57:10.280
day and you'll learn something.

7433014a-58bf-4d78-968c-495aefe4df15-0
00:57:10.280 --> 00:57:12.560
And then we talk about it in class.

6e2200dd-761f-466e-99df-812f220ddb5b-0
00:57:13.120 --> 00:57:15.177
There are,
if you want to learn about seafood

6e2200dd-761f-466e-99df-812f220ddb5b-1
00:57:15.177 --> 00:57:17.816
sustainability issues,
you can follow Seafood Watch at the

6e2200dd-761f-466e-99df-812f220ddb5b-2
00:57:17.816 --> 00:57:18.800
Monterey Bay Aquarium.

d17a8832-43fe-4434-95db-e57a4b022330-0
00:57:19.600 --> 00:57:22.515
If you want to learn about ocean
conservation in general,

d17a8832-43fe-4434-95db-e57a4b022330-1
00:57:22.515 --> 00:57:25.080
the Ocean Conservancy and Oceana are
great groups.

1b8feb48-772f-4f89-a3a4-d55057d0e8d4-0
00:57:26.040 --> 00:57:30.432
I share stuff in my stories of anything I
come across from sort of less followed

1b8feb48-772f-4f89-a3a4-d55057d0e8d4-1
00:57:30.432 --> 00:57:30.920
accounts.

d23c7af9-8872-4843-b195-8dc09bba15fd-0
00:57:31.160 --> 00:57:34.186
So if if,
if I am again at why sharks matter on

d23c7af9-8872-4843-b195-8dc09bba15fd-1
00:57:34.186 --> 00:57:34.880
everything.

f9327d86-9e3a-4448-8e8c-1c4a8ce86222-0
00:57:35.520 --> 00:57:38.549
And if you follow me there,
you will get a lot of stuff about shark

f9327d86-9e3a-4448-8e8c-1c4a8ce86222-1
00:57:38.549 --> 00:57:41.400
science and marine biology and ocean
conservation in your feet.

8a3c439e-ccb3-48f8-8f62-99a942b608e5-0
00:57:44.120 --> 00:57:45.200
Ethel, I'm going to pop.

ce1dbdc3-50ac-4994-b454-c943d6edfed6-0
00:57:45.320 --> 00:57:45.680
Thank you.

a1c8875f-e8a4-4322-ad33-7c8ec7942398-0
00:57:45.960 --> 00:57:46.400
Sure.

bd0c1858-2a43-4e69-a9d7-4d9e63793f3a-0
00:57:46.400 --> 00:57:47.960
Here's here's another question.

ebea6bae-5361-4189-84e5-28dec7a5f188-0
00:57:48.160 --> 00:57:52.200
What is the most ethical way to interact
with sharks in the wild?

ad58d7fd-60f3-4a7d-9ce2-29f0b81a4429-0
00:57:52.480 --> 00:57:57.160
And how do people worst impact shark
habitats?

01ecc431-3508-4db8-b29d-5a5c9eb0d032-0
00:57:57.440 --> 00:57:57.640
Sure.

17cce993-70fa-4210-b9ab-29dcf939908a-0
00:57:57.960 --> 00:58:00.972
So again,
there are there are absolutely these

17cce993-70fa-4210-b9ab-29dcf939908a-1
00:58:00.972 --> 00:58:04.881
responsible wildlife scuba tour
operations that you can use,

17cce993-70fa-4210-b9ab-29dcf939908a-2
00:58:04.881 --> 00:58:09.880
that you can use and they'll take you out
scuba diving and you'll see sharks.

9d6f6449-14df-456b-bddd-d30162d829fc-0
00:58:10.080 --> 00:58:13.776
There are places that that put chum in
the water or put bait in the water to

9d6f6449-14df-456b-bddd-d30162d829fc-1
00:58:13.776 --> 00:58:14.880
attract sharks to them.

0ce00dbf-5da1-44d2-85b1-f23d010444e6-0
00:58:15.880 --> 00:58:18.240
I don't I don't support businesses that
do that.

52c50d5d-9d3e-482e-bcc9-4c49f6b904cc-0
00:58:18.240 --> 00:58:20.800
It can be done responsibly,
but I personally don't like it.

630366c8-90e8-446d-b972-d394866bed1a-0
00:58:21.080 --> 00:58:24.240
That to me is the difference between
going to the zoo and going on safari.

6f4f32ae-879b-4f38-95a0-d66973567ca8-0
00:58:24.520 --> 00:58:29.548
I'd rather go scuba diving and be lucky
and see a shark than do a targeted shark

6f4f32ae-879b-4f38-95a0-d66973567ca8-1
00:58:29.548 --> 00:58:30.480
dive operation.

096962a6-f640-4cdf-a30f-ecf5f1647899-0
00:58:32.640 --> 00:58:35.635
If you're interested in joining a shark
research expedition,

096962a6-f640-4cdf-a30f-ecf5f1647899-1
00:58:35.635 --> 00:58:39.464
our team does offer fundraiser charters
that help support the labs efforts to

096962a6-f640-4cdf-a30f-ecf5f1647899-2
00:58:39.464 --> 00:58:41.920
bring inner City Schools out on the boat
with us.

d0435cb9-5f40-4bb4-b637-a20db9a56453-0
00:58:42.520 --> 00:58:44.880
So you can reach out to me to talk about
that.

5f738f7b-0940-4a20-bf65-f384868cc2bd-0
00:58:47.160 --> 00:58:52.080
Going to responsible aquariums is a great
way to see sharks really up close.

ad4ed69f-2cf1-4111-ba24-376a4073f58e-0
00:58:52.320 --> 00:58:55.485
And most aquariums,
the New England Aquarium is actually a

ad4ed69f-2cf1-4111-ba24-376a4073f58e-1
00:58:55.485 --> 00:58:56.880
world leader in this fund.

257ea1d7-4299-49ac-a91d-0a7c5251037d-0
00:58:56.880 --> 00:58:59.840
A lot of science and conservation efforts
around the world.

f5dbb56f-7054-40b4-b49c-e37835e50e53-0
00:59:00.840 --> 00:59:04.609
In Massachusetts,
I know the the Atlantic White Shark

f5dbb56f-7054-40b4-b49c-e37835e50e53-1
00:59:04.609 --> 00:59:09.425
Conservancy out on Cape Cod,
they do trips where you can join Doctor

f5dbb56f-7054-40b4-b49c-e37835e50e53-2
00:59:09.425 --> 00:59:13.404
Greg Skomal and his team out tagging
great white sharks,

f5dbb56f-7054-40b4-b49c-e37835e50e53-3
00:59:13.404 --> 00:59:18.640
or you can fly in fly in a plane and and
see the sharks close to Cape Cod.

18cd1258-59e5-418a-a962-b34362a9de27-0
00:59:18.880 --> 00:59:20.160
So there are lots of ways to do it.

45281e16-a1fc-4cb1-8ce6-b16ac198f3e9-0
00:59:21.680 --> 00:59:22.000
Thank you.

91ab0ea6-82da-436d-bd7b-8fdf6ab7c056-0
00:59:22.960 --> 00:59:28.045
Another question would be which species
of shark is most critically endangered

91ab0ea6-82da-436d-bd7b-8fdf6ab7c056-1
00:59:28.045 --> 00:59:28.560
and why?

56ca86b7-bd05-408b-b4ff-9cf63bb888e1-0
00:59:28.800 --> 00:59:32.840
Is it because of the lack of scientific
knowledge and media coverage?

2f5a041c-6573-430d-8452-464fc3321f6b-0
00:59:33.320 --> 00:59:33.600
Yeah.

43bf93bc-d007-4883-9b1a-d8875ff2d2b3-0
00:59:33.600 --> 00:59:37.623
So there are different categories of
endangerment with within the IUCN Red

43bf93bc-d007-4883-9b1a-d8875ff2d2b3-1
00:59:37.623 --> 00:59:40.734
List and this gets very technical and
mathy very quickly,

43bf93bc-d007-4883-9b1a-d8875ff2d2b3-2
00:59:40.734 --> 00:59:45.240
but critically endangered is a status and
there's not a most critically endangered.

2f8dacfd-0d7c-4900-9b30-1b88a8597b30-0
00:59:45.320 --> 00:59:48.160
Anything that's critically endangered is
equally bad.

9f33712b-e3af-474f-8bef-8d517dff96ce-0
00:59:48.480 --> 00:59:52.133
And that means that generally we are in
serious danger of this animal going

9f33712b-e3af-474f-8bef-8d517dff96ce-1
00:59:52.133 --> 00:59:53.720
extinct within the next 10 years.

b09b1ecc-2da8-4b88-9729-24078e603ff7-0
00:59:53.960 --> 00:59:59.230
If nothing is done and there are 30 or 40
species that are critically endangered,

b09b1ecc-2da8-4b88-9729-24078e603ff7-1
00:59:59.230 --> 01:00:04.372
there are a lot more that are endangered
and then a lot more than that that are

b09b1ecc-2da8-4b88-9729-24078e603ff7-2
01:00:04.372 --> 01:00:05.079
vulnerable.

4b320f75-3d8b-47b6-b891-a90646583e85-0
01:00:05.920 --> 01:00:09.124
But the IUCN Red List database,
which is iucnredlist.org,

4b320f75-3d8b-47b6-b891-a90646583e85-1
01:00:09.124 --> 01:00:12.440
is a free online resource and you can
learn all about this.

1a751e85-7e54-4e33-8746-1e68c5a7b8ca-0
01:00:15.480 --> 01:00:15.880
Thank you.

0bd22a6b-625c-43af-bada-190adc4fa034-0
01:00:20.240 --> 01:00:21.760
Lindsey, did you have another question?

7069293e-9e95-4247-a2b4-3bd3c512ec62-0
01:00:22.920 --> 01:00:24.360
Sure, I can ask a few more.

8fc4ee2d-8dac-4bc8-9879-f6776a194a37-0
01:00:24.360 --> 01:00:26.600
We have a few more minutes for questions.

e6bc30a6-13ab-489b-9f2a-bc5cfe55fb1c-0
01:00:27.160 --> 01:00:28.320
This is an easy one.

940b3cf8-9dab-4a34-99ae-9d1715398740-0
01:00:28.320 --> 01:00:30.400
Where did you get your cool shark shirt?

5958a081-de23-45ef-9f22-6ac5eb98c6cf-0
01:00:30.840 --> 01:00:33.778
So among the many,
among the many ridiculous hats that I

5958a081-de23-45ef-9f22-6ac5eb98c6cf-1
01:00:33.778 --> 01:00:37.749
wear sometimes literally as you saw on
that picture of me on the shark boat,

5958a081-de23-45ef-9f22-6ac5eb98c6cf-2
01:00:37.749 --> 01:00:39.760
is I'm an Instagram fashion influencer.

c2112e4e-861a-40c7-96e4-54d4a53a2fc1-0
01:00:40.280 --> 01:00:41.840
I get AW9 from Meta.

3f9b2433-2f49-4b23-90c4-c9d332bc45bb-0
01:00:42.480 --> 01:00:45.370
So I these,
these outfits literally just show up on

3f9b2433-2f49-4b23-90c4-c9d332bc45bb-1
01:00:45.370 --> 01:00:49.040
my doorstep and the company sends me
clothes with sharks on them.

c5c13d3c-4637-4bad-978b-1cc2914a7e83-0
01:00:49.040 --> 01:00:53.080
And I post a picture on Instagram and tag
the company and I get free clothes.

6ecc629c-dc04-4c47-ab2b-6421b134de16-0
01:00:53.480 --> 01:00:55.320
So this one,
I don't even know where it came from.

201a5f7c-015e-4830-af23-6c18cbdeea81-0
01:00:55.320 --> 01:00:56.160
It showed up in the mail.

9add6367-7ca1-427d-945b-8f96bebd279b-0
01:00:56.360 --> 01:00:58.320
This sort,
this stuff just sort of happens to me.

c01a3b33-6bca-48a1-8be7-e4e22b2174a4-0
01:01:01.120 --> 01:01:05.111
What inspired you to do research on
sharks or just be interested in that

c01a3b33-6bca-48a1-8be7-e4e22b2174a4-1
01:01:05.111 --> 01:01:05.440
topic?

aa5859ef-3e37-4f08-a526-09e59fcec9ea-0
01:01:05.800 --> 01:01:06.600
Great question.

58c00d18-0560-45a4-827c-2fb63b4d43b3-0
01:01:07.080 --> 01:01:11.045
I feel like most kids go through a shark
thing or a dinosaur thing at some point

58c00d18-0560-45a4-827c-2fb63b4d43b3-1
01:01:11.045 --> 01:01:13.640
in their lives,
and I never really grew out of mine.

ad72646e-d2a8-4748-8916-0f961f3f706d-0
01:01:14.080 --> 01:01:17.404
There are pictures of me with three years
old wearing shark shirts and playing with

ad72646e-d2a8-4748-8916-0f961f3f706d-1
01:01:17.404 --> 01:01:17.840
shark toys.

4b69ec7d-f76e-4ee5-9622-9d9bc2ce4a36-0
01:01:18.240 --> 01:01:21.509
When I was five years old,
I told my parents I want to be a marine

4b69ec7d-f76e-4ee5-9622-9d9bc2ce4a36-1
01:01:21.509 --> 01:01:25.120
biologist and my dad said I have no idea
what that is, but I'll find out.

f7b5c8ff-89b5-41d7-a538-0a1ce92692fa-0
01:01:25.880 --> 01:01:29.028
And now he's retired and he takes his
golf buddies on shark research shirts

f7b5c8ff-89b5-41d7-a538-0a1ce92692fa-1
01:01:29.028 --> 01:01:29.360
with me.

5b054ae7-20b3-4b46-8135-bffe8d92167c-0
01:01:30.400 --> 01:01:32.750
So I've,
I've just sort of always wanted to do

5b054ae7-20b3-4b46-8135-bffe8d92167c-1
01:01:32.750 --> 01:01:33.000
this.

dd49c33d-2efe-4b02-b36f-fe60d03ac5a6-0
01:01:33.000 --> 01:01:37.520
But a thing I tell my students is it's OK
if your path is less linear than that.

a1126b89-a115-4bf5-9f8a-22ebaa882b10-0
01:01:37.760 --> 01:01:40.520
Most professional paths are not
especially linear.

254615ad-bc5b-4ca4-a76d-eb4207fb30bf-0
01:01:40.520 --> 01:01:44.382
I'm one of the the lucky few who has sort
of always known what I want to do and was

254615ad-bc5b-4ca4-a76d-eb4207fb30bf-1
01:01:44.382 --> 01:01:45.440
able to make it happen.

b43295e3-736a-4019-80d5-b9b976fefa52-0
01:01:45.800 --> 01:01:48.755
But if you have a few twists and turns
and you change what you want to do,

b43295e3-736a-4019-80d5-b9b976fefa52-1
01:01:48.755 --> 01:01:51.080
that does not mean you're a bad scientist
or a bad person.

455bc61a-e3cf-437b-b118-8be4f10df546-0
01:01:54.200 --> 01:01:57.465
Besides fishing,
what is the biggest environmental human

455bc61a-e3cf-437b-b118-8be4f10df546-1
01:01:57.465 --> 01:01:58.840
caused threat to sharks?

655f955d-16bc-434c-8f71-33e0505f3e50-0
01:01:59.120 --> 01:01:59.960
Habitat loss.

3d46d08f-32b7-4098-8a73-05e993337d72-0
01:02:00.520 --> 01:02:04.688
So this is the again,
the IUCN Red List stats among threatened

3d46d08f-32b7-4098-8a73-05e993337d72-1
01:02:04.688 --> 01:02:05.880
species of sharks.

f32f5739-e829-4150-bb19-1eeca46fc6bd-0
01:02:05.880 --> 01:02:09.280
The species that we have said these are
face serious conservation challenges.

23a5c7f9-d85d-42fd-911b-adc60e99694a-0
01:02:09.640 --> 01:02:14.080
100% of those list overfishing among
their top threats.

30a969e1-61a4-4d3b-8384-1c03ea78c7c9-0
01:02:14.960 --> 01:02:17.600
Habitat loss is listed in about 15%.

36733b8a-64ed-4a18-8ad3-e2bf8b9a98eb-0
01:02:17.600 --> 01:02:18.520
And that's number two.

b7d19c3c-25a7-447c-b146-3c8790ac5ffd-0
01:02:19.000 --> 01:02:21.280
So habitat loss is bad.

eac1b03f-cd9f-48ce-9611-4e51acccbd8e-0
01:02:21.880 --> 01:02:22.680
We should stop that.

ca57130d-8b31-47a1-9f0b-cf919c47ff5e-0
01:02:22.680 --> 01:02:24.980
That's usually actively destroying
habitat,

ca57130d-8b31-47a1-9f0b-cf919c47ff5e-1
01:02:24.980 --> 01:02:28.640
sometimes to make coastal property or
development, sometimes to make.

aae884dd-daa1-4a09-b185-97e466149fb3-0
01:02:29.080 --> 01:02:32.223
In Southeast Asia,
we bulldoze mangroves to make shrimp

aae884dd-daa1-4a09-b185-97e466149fb3-1
01:02:32.223 --> 01:02:32.560
farms.

c575705b-c141-4cb4-8e8c-d68b264393db-0
01:02:33.320 --> 01:02:34.760
So things like that are really bad.

105baaa3-5500-4b60-bd97-e10bfee887b0-0
01:02:34.760 --> 01:02:38.120
There are some fishing gears that destroy
the sea floor, things like that.

b762da60-dfc6-4b56-95a7-81b267312200-0
01:02:40.360 --> 01:02:40.520
Awesome.

f63b5757-df1e-48bb-a01b-fd900efbac38-0
01:02:40.560 --> 01:02:43.080
I'm going to pop it back to you, Ethel,
to maybe wrap it up.

c2f4714a-d381-45dd-a37f-5188a5261c40-0
01:02:43.560 --> 01:02:47.095
OK,
So I found this question of sustainable

c2f4714a-d381-45dd-a37f-5188a5261c40-1
01:02:47.095 --> 01:02:52.720
fisheries occurred for other endangered
species and have they helped?

c7d22a74-0835-4213-8456-30cd7a39ff64-0
01:02:53.480 --> 01:02:56.019
So I want to be clear here that if a
species is endangered,

c7d22a74-0835-4213-8456-30cd7a39ff64-1
01:02:56.019 --> 01:02:57.120
we should not fish for it.

ee76ac68-f36e-4d2a-8291-99b2a5fcddb0-0
01:02:58.000 --> 01:03:02.246
The issue is that there are lots of shark
species that are not endangered that we

ee76ac68-f36e-4d2a-8291-99b2a5fcddb0-1
01:03:02.246 --> 01:03:02.920
can fish for.

5452bef0-6bfc-4b4e-9b9f-4f313a0d47ed-0
01:03:02.920 --> 01:03:06.447
And people say because great hammerhead
sharks are are endangered,

5452bef0-6bfc-4b4e-9b9f-4f313a0d47ed-1
01:03:06.447 --> 01:03:09.080
we should not allow fishing for black tip
sharks.

8fc3895d-de49-4b67-86fe-4be8388d8f7d-0
01:03:09.080 --> 01:03:10.120
And that makes no sense.

1f0a9258-cb71-48bb-9591-ce233fba8808-0
01:03:10.680 --> 01:03:12.600
That is not something we do for other
species.

f6cc791d-9391-4422-98ae-92c23a4614ce-0
01:03:12.600 --> 01:03:15.960
We don't say because we're really worried
about southern bluefin tuna.

fb59b5dd-a268-4ab0-9278-4fa62e7d6f23-0
01:03:15.960 --> 01:03:17.840
You shouldn't fish for albacore tuna
anymore.

80d85a77-1388-40d1-ab19-037ce06dd9cb-0
01:03:18.400 --> 01:03:21.720
But the issue is people don't realize
that sharks are different species.

e54fe50f-a160-40be-a6e8-35140d271b87-0
01:03:22.200 --> 01:03:24.640
There's over 530 different species of
sharks.

79fcd4c4-af2a-4c25-8281-05a7a42c887e-0
01:03:24.800 --> 01:03:28.688
There's a new species of shark or shark
relative discovered somewhere in the

79fcd4c4-af2a-4c25-8281-05a7a42c887e-1
01:03:28.688 --> 01:03:29.800
world every two weeks.

a2f2f4ba-f903-4d4d-98b7-d7003c17a1db-0
01:03:30.520 --> 01:03:33.880
So the this is an incredibly diverse
group of animals.

2620aa11-7ba2-49ad-ae59-2ef5eef7e359-0
01:03:34.360 --> 01:03:36.280
They are united by what threatens them.

75b50ca9-49f0-4e1e-b4f4-0adc01ea79f3-0
01:03:36.480 --> 01:03:39.400
But some of them can support a
sustainable fishery while others cannot.

038b375d-dd87-4d14-976d-d4b6026983e0-0
01:03:44.400 --> 01:03:44.680
Thank.

b19b03eb-4c42-4ed5-b15f-49f52e8eaed8-0
01:03:44.720 --> 01:03:45.160
Thank you.

0743367c-3e7a-4f74-aba7-aed2083b7dc3-0
01:03:47.040 --> 01:03:49.400
Thanks very much, David,
for a wonderful talk.

1e866082-3e64-4437-b983-13e074621c9c-0
01:03:49.400 --> 01:03:54.960
And I guess I have a quick question
because I could share privilege.

6121f381-d549-4c8c-b554-1f82f9a4549a-0
01:03:55.320 --> 01:03:59.006
I couldn't work out how to do AQ and a
because I don't think we have access to

6121f381-d549-4c8c-b554-1f82f9a4549a-1
01:03:59.006 --> 01:03:59.240
that.

69158997-4b5d-4038-8f2a-b6ab13e1ae09-0
01:03:59.240 --> 01:04:04.711
So if you were to tell the 150 undergrad
students that are listening to you now,

69158997-4b5d-4038-8f2a-b6ab13e1ae09-1
01:04:04.711 --> 01:04:06.400
what would you recommend?

68ec5856-30a0-44bd-819e-bb53ee24a58d-0
01:04:06.400 --> 01:04:10.720
The one thing that is most effective for
them to do to help sharks.

0b3e090c-8a56-4f64-937c-7dfd0c972a04-0
01:04:11.400 --> 01:04:16.040
The single most effective thing that
anyone can do to help save the ocean in

0b3e090c-8a56-4f64-937c-7dfd0c972a04-1
01:04:16.040 --> 01:04:20.741
general, sharks, whales, coral reefs,
whatever is don't support unsustainable

0b3e090c-8a56-4f64-937c-7dfd0c972a04-2
01:04:20.741 --> 01:04:25.563
fishing practices and use something like
the Seafood Watch guide to help you if

0b3e090c-8a56-4f64-937c-7dfd0c972a04-3
01:04:25.563 --> 01:04:29.240
you still want to eat seafood to find
something sustainable.

cd1183c9-bf16-4688-8438-8138edf5c093-0
01:04:29.600 --> 01:04:33.160
Other things you can do that will help in
general reduce your carbon footprint.

3432f177-ed54-40ff-aae2-ca199364c5d7-0
01:04:33.160 --> 01:04:33.960
That's always good.

e07ff201-f8cf-48fe-99bf-7cd4203e9c6b-0
01:04:33.960 --> 01:04:35.960
Climate change is not that big a deal for
sharks,

e07ff201-f8cf-48fe-99bf-7cd4203e9c6b-1
01:04:35.960 --> 01:04:37.440
but it's really bad for other things.

ddfcdc1e-9220-49c5-a86f-411c15048e59-0
01:04:38.760 --> 01:04:41.880
Using less single use plastic crash
always good.

8cf45da8-3a54-46ca-8552-2588f6ff9188-0
01:04:42.480 --> 01:04:45.120
Not a big deal for sharks,
but a big deal for other things.

b7dc0ec9-653c-4499-8d1b-145d6a757806-0
01:04:46.160 --> 01:04:49.477
Pollution is a big problem for a lot of
ocean animals,

b7dc0ec9-653c-4499-8d1b-145d6a757806-1
01:04:49.477 --> 01:04:53.640
but the number one threat by far is
unsustainable fishing practices.