WEBVTT

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Afternoon and thank you all for coming.

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Today,
the Geography and Sustainability

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Department is truly honored to host a
visit of Doctor Paul Kirshen to the 45th

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Annual Darwin Festival of Salem State.

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Pretty amazing.

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Doctor Kirshen is a research professor in
the School for the Environment at UMass

48b43ebd-07c8-4f82-afb3-f4e11f36b2fb-1
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Boston.

6331923f-c090-42b5-9096-f0bcaec1aa63-0
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He received his Bachelor of Science
degree in Engineering from Brown

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University and then his Master's and
doctorate in Civil engineering from MIT.

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He's also research director of the Stone
Living Lab in Boston,

7e5f0d0e-bf9d-4d73-ae66-e87756cb9e64-1
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which we're going to probably hear about
today a bit.

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Doctor Kirschen was a lead author of the
5th Assessment Report of the IPCC,

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and he was writing regarding the water
resources of North America and climate

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change.

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And he was also one of the lead authors
of the 2014 National Climate Assessment.

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And for that one,
he was writing regarding climate impacts

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in the coastal zone.

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The Geography and Sustainability
Department at Salem State has been

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hosting an invited speaker at the Darwin
Festival since February of 2002.

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And we are very pleased to have Doctor
Kirshen with us today to continue this

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tradition.

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We also thank the Charles Albert Reed
Trust for sponsoring our invited speakers

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over the past 20 years.

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And we always thank the Biology
Department and the Darwin Festival

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Planning Committee for giving us this
opportunity every year.

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The hard working Darwin Festival Planning
Committee for the students.

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Many problems that the world faces
benefit from an integrated and

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interdisciplinary approach.

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Doctor Carson's research interests
intersect a number of interdisciplinary

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fields that would include climate change
science,

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climate change resiliency and adaptation
planning, coastal planning,

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coastal ecology, water resources,
engineering,

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and all being brought together to study
how we can use natural systems to

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mitigate climate change and to
incorporate resiliency in the city

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planning.

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Today,
Doctor Kirschen is going to describe how

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natural climate approaches can be applied
to the city of Boston as it faces the

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combined threats of sea level rise and
coastal flood flooding.

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Again,
we are so thrilled that Doctor Kirshen is

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with us today to speak on the topic that
you see there and we hope to have a nice

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Q&A after his talk.

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So welcome Doctor Paul Kirshen,
it's so welcome to have you.

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Thank you very much.

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It's it's an honour to be here speaking
at the Darwin Festival.

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You know,
from my reading about Darwin and some of

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the work he did,
it always struck me he was driven by data

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and his observations.

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And I like to think that that guy's my
work too.

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And so I'm going to talk a little bit
about, you know,

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how how the city of Boston is thinking
about managing its president,

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increased coastal flooding.

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Before I do that though,
I just want to talk,

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you know a little bit about climate
change in general.

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So you've probably heard this,
but you know, exceeding 1.

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5°C above pre industrial temperature is
globally recognized as a as a real

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problematic threshold for managing,
you know human environmental and build

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systems.

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So we want to keep below this 1.
5°C increase.

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Unfortunately, you know,
for the 12 months starting last starting

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in January, this January,
the average temperature of the of the

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globe exceeded 1.5, it was 1.52.

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So we're over that threshold.

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Now.

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This is partly because of El Nino
phenomena,

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but still we're getting very close to it.

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So it's a major area of concern.

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And,
and this slide here just shows that over

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here on my right,
you see these things called scenarios.

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These are various scenarios of greenhouse
gas emissions.

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You know how much greenhouse gases humans
put into the atmosphere and then going

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across you see near term,
mid term and long term what the estimate

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of the resulting temperature might be of
the emission scenario.

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And so you see like 1.
9 mission scenario in the upper left

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means we hit net 0 emission by 2050.

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Then after that we actually start taking,
you know,

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greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere.

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So that's the most optimistic 1.

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So if you see if we if we do get on that
one, you know,

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by the end of the century might be at 1.
4 below the 1.5 target.

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But the one we're on right now is
probably 4.5 or 7 point O.

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And you can see, you know,
with these increasing emissions,

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we're going to blow right by 1.5.

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We get a 2.73.6 by end of the century,
well beyond the 1.5 threshold.

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So we're we're entering very dangerous
territory.

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That's why why I always talk about
climate change.

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I always start off by saying the most
important activity we should be doing is

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controlling our greenhouse gas emissions
because we need to keep below this 1.5.

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But unfortunately this top graph shows in
sort of the the, the, the solid lines,

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the squiggly lines,
those are various temperatures that are

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associated with very emission,
various emission scenarios.

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The lower line,
sort of the the dark blue one is for this

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scenario called 2.6,
which means we get to net 0 by 2070.

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So you can see that that graph goes out
to what 2500.

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So you can see that we actually do get
the temperature below 1.5,

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but just above it there's a little dotted
line which is civil rides.

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So this shows that even if we do get
below the 1.5,

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we're still going to have continued sea
level rise because there's so much

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inertia in the ocean system.

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So the most we can do right now in terms
of civil rides is, is, is,

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is decrease the rate,
but we aren't going to go back to the

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presidency level.

97fea4bf-8a8c-49a8-aa69-2e30b2ef514a-0
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And so the only one I want to point out
is obviously is,

97fea4bf-8a8c-49a8-aa69-2e30b2ef514a-1
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is a link between climate change,
sustainability.

d1484a6d-cee0-4052-8c48-af678de53a68-0
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These are the 17 sustainable development
goals.

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And if you, and if you think about them,
all these are related to climate change.

c790d8cf-2968-420c-b60e-3387eb5aa820-0
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So there's just another reason why we've
got to get a handle on dealing with our

c790d8cf-2968-420c-b60e-3387eb5aa820-1
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climate.

464854fa-9445-4681-9bba-78bf46cfe4b3-0
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So now we now we go to Boston.

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So on on the on the on the left, my left,
essentially the extent of the colours

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shows the range of 100 year flood if it
struck Boston today.

f5c9087d-9f4d-43d4-a5c7-e1a9ba9fc9bf-0
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And so in January and March of 2018,
you may recall we had two major storms

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here,
each of them were roughly 100 year floods.

888eb5b6-2e33-4e3b-b952-22443dec362a-0
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So you just see essentially flooding
along the fringe.

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But the other graph on the other map on
the right shows the,

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shows the fighting that would occur with
around 5 feet of silver rise,

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which is very possible by the end of the
century.

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And you see, you know,
large parts of metro Boston,

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large parts of Boston, Cambridge,
East Boston flooded.

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And it's particularly the case in Boston
because so much of Boston is built on

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fill.

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So we,
we have a real problem here in Boston

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near the end of the century as we do
something to manage our, our, our,

18785901-3208-4863-a458-c3108b58eb4c-2
00:08:03.192 --> 00:08:04.600
our future flooding.

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And,
and this just shows some images in the

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2018.

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So this is real time flooding and we,
we could have by three feet of several

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rides,
which is very probable by the end of the

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00:08:19.980 --> 00:08:20.640
century.

688a72f8-87fa-4dd3-b809-6ce48a07af05-0
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The,
the average annual damage to Billings in

688a72f8-87fa-4dd3-b809-6ce48a07af05-1
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Boston could be, could be around $1.
4 billion.

d81a79fe-aec6-4a64-84ec-ca3c63c1c724-0
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So it's just the average.

1fdbce0a-3817-49b3-8105-dd7d07820e58-0
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OK, so some storms will be more,
some storms will be less,

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but the average annual damage would be $1.
4 billion.

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And that's just the buildings and
contents.

1e946a31-1691-47a7-850f-9b4f958592ed-0
00:08:39.440 --> 00:08:42.575
It doesn't talk about more indirect
consequences,

1e946a31-1691-47a7-850f-9b4f958592ed-1
00:08:42.575 --> 00:08:46.840
doesn't also talk about damages to the
tee and the and the tunnels.

bbb0cbd5-0dc7-4e08-952c-b4f17fd83ce3-0
00:08:47.160 --> 00:08:48.960
So it's a serious problem.

dcc47583-d427-4191-b684-3f4fe0617cf2-0
00:08:49.440 --> 00:08:56.363
And so in in 2016, 2015,
the city of Boston released this report

dcc47583-d427-4191-b684-3f4fe0617cf2-1
00:08:56.363 --> 00:09:04.991
on a it's a broad scale assessment of the
vulnerability of the city of Boston to

dcc47583-d427-4191-b684-3f4fe0617cf2-2
00:09:04.991 --> 00:09:08.080
all sorts of climate threats.

cf72592b-b36f-4851-b4c4-97d3d34083e1-0
00:09:08.760 --> 00:09:12.040
But in terms of dealing with coastal
flooding, they produce this image.

9fb705f8-4d84-4b96-9e18-e3f4d120ad9b-0
00:09:12.440 --> 00:09:19.440
And you can see way over here on the
right, it says potential harbour barrier.

cebc0668-cf4a-4969-ae50-48df7f8313dd-0
00:09:20.400 --> 00:09:27.613
And so one idea was, you know,
if you look at the city of Boston here,

cebc0668-cf4a-4969-ae50-48df7f8313dd-1
00:09:27.613 --> 00:09:35.334
was to build a large barrier in the water
essentially from Winthrop across,

cebc0668-cf4a-4969-ae50-48df7f8313dd-2
00:09:35.334 --> 00:09:36.960
across the Hull.

6ec07164-dd4d-4aca-9648-b1ec0b70d11b-0
00:09:38.400 --> 00:09:42.713
And the idea being that would have two
larger, two large gates in it,

6ec07164-dd4d-4aca-9648-b1ec0b70d11b-1
00:09:42.713 --> 00:09:47.520
which would be open all the time for
shipping unless there was a major storm.

129deb02-b930-4c24-aa56-f31ba124290b-0
00:09:47.960 --> 00:09:51.542
But then if a storm came like the one we
had yesterday or we're going to have

129deb02-b930-4c24-aa56-f31ba124290b-1
00:09:51.542 --> 00:09:53.884
yesterday,
they would close the gates and it would

129deb02-b930-4c24-aa56-f31ba124290b-2
00:09:53.884 --> 00:09:55.400
protect the harbor from flooding.

97c70e27-9386-4098-9b1e-b863204ea0b1-0
00:09:56.160 --> 00:10:01.000
So one idea was let's just build this
massive wall across the harbor.

a54ad079-179e-48dc-9b9c-2434d7b7d57a-0
00:10:01.600 --> 00:10:05.379
And you know, it,
it grew out of this idea of this,

a54ad079-179e-48dc-9b9c-2434d7b7d57a-1
00:10:05.379 --> 00:10:07.560
this potential harbor barrier.

7c6db976-a21d-4d4f-852d-94d618f21a73-0
00:10:08.280 --> 00:10:13.832
And so the city before they could,
the city had to make a decision, you know,

7c6db976-a21d-4d4f-852d-94d618f21a73-1
00:10:13.832 --> 00:10:19.599
if we're going to build a barrier across
all of Boston Harbor to protect all the

7c6db976-a21d-4d4f-852d-94d618f21a73-2
00:10:19.599 --> 00:10:24.084
harbor besides Boston,
there's big impacts on the strategy the

7c6db976-a21d-4d4f-852d-94d618f21a73-3
00:10:24.084 --> 00:10:28.000
region is going to take to deal with
coastal flooding.

669fc1f0-b7f6-42ab-a950-296942e65f30-0
00:10:28.560 --> 00:10:31.085
But if they're not going to build a
barrier, you know,

669fc1f0-b7f6-42ab-a950-296942e65f30-1
00:10:31.085 --> 00:10:32.280
what are they going to do?

e02b589e-0cc2-416b-9eb3-300da292580f-0
00:10:32.720 --> 00:10:36.000
So these are just examples of some
barriers, right?

b4968532-fe9c-4a3b-857b-ff22eeed32a4-0
00:10:36.000 --> 00:10:40.331
So this is the one in the, in, in the,
in the Thames on the Thames River in the

b4968532-fe9c-4a3b-857b-ff22eeed32a4-1
00:10:40.331 --> 00:10:41.360
UK protects London.

c47ccd0a-747a-416b-b351-eae50d3e71d4-0
00:10:41.720 --> 00:10:44.165
The other one is, is the, the,
the I don't,

c47ccd0a-747a-416b-b351-eae50d3e71d4-1
00:10:44.165 --> 00:10:46.000
I don't know how to pronounce it.

b80a28d1-b9dc-4e3b-81fb-9d8f978a967c-0
00:10:46.040 --> 00:10:49.233
The mosque,
the mosque barrier which protects which

b80a28d1-b9dc-4e3b-81fb-9d8f978a967c-1
00:10:49.233 --> 00:10:52.120
protects the Venetian Lagoon lagoon in
Venice.

9111aba9-a226-4173-810a-fd209e9faf5a-0
00:10:52.680 --> 00:10:56.400
And the other one is the New Bedford
hurricane barrier down in down in New

9111aba9-a226-4173-810a-fd209e9faf5a-1
00:10:56.400 --> 00:10:57.640
Bedford and Buzzards Bay.

16266b6d-ddab-4dff-b56a-951b2af93806-0
00:10:57.840 --> 00:11:00.440
So there is precedent for these large
scale barriers.

e459f905-2a8a-4be7-a3a3-85403f75c08c-0
00:11:01.320 --> 00:11:07.008
And so U Mass Boston was commissioned to
put together a study and does it make

e459f905-2a8a-4be7-a3a3-85403f75c08c-1
00:11:07.008 --> 00:11:10.680
sense for the city to build a large scale
barrier?

562cf587-410c-480a-b83e-fa95d58bc1c6-0
00:11:11.200 --> 00:11:16.472
And I just want to run through that that
study and then the implications for that

562cf587-410c-480a-b83e-fa95d58bc1c6-1
00:11:16.472 --> 00:11:18.080
for Boston going forward.

c16642a1-49ce-4cee-9a59-c7ae4b723b3f-0
00:11:18.960 --> 00:11:24.751
So I just want to point out that it was a
we're a very disciplinary team because

c16642a1-49ce-4cee-9a59-c7ae4b723b3f-1
00:11:24.751 --> 00:11:28.040
this project would have all sorts of
impacts.

79f61d60-64e2-4fb0-a60f-c00279afd1cd-0
00:11:28.560 --> 00:11:34.787
And also we had a very large steering
committee and we had a very large review

79f61d60-64e2-4fb0-a60f-c00279afd1cd-1
00:11:34.787 --> 00:11:41.015
committee because the outcome of our
study would impact much planning and many

79f61d60-64e2-4fb0-a60f-c00279afd1cd-2
00:11:41.015 --> 00:11:42.039
stakeholders.

6a4d8baf-d852-45d0-a3a0-5146696c5bbc-0
00:11:42.920 --> 00:11:47.240
And so a couple of guiding principles for
our stand for our study.

edc659b8-ba00-4a85-8dfb-f4ed3c74d6bf-0
00:11:47.720 --> 00:11:51.071
One,
we want the idea was go to barrier or

edc659b8-ba00-4a85-8dfb-f4ed3c74d6bf-1
00:11:51.071 --> 00:11:55.668
something else,
protect people and places where they live,

edc659b8-ba00-4a85-8dfb-f4ed3c74d6bf-2
00:11:55.668 --> 00:11:56.760
work and play.

c97b5e56-11f7-4efd-bfd1-aa63d1d4f812-0
00:11:56.760 --> 00:12:01.920
We didn't want to impact the city of
Boston or the region's maritime economy.

ca6a3cbe-72c6-4999-bb7f-942d615bb1a0-0
00:12:02.480 --> 00:12:07.705
And we also didn't want to set back any
environmental gains since the clean up of

ca6a3cbe-72c6-4999-bb7f-942d615bb1a0-1
00:12:07.705 --> 00:12:10.000
Boston Harbor in the 1990s and 2000.

b2d01753-35c7-4729-97d5-db09883b9bd3-0
00:12:10.720 --> 00:12:16.120
And so this just shows there are three
possible alignments.

f0abbfa4-ddf2-49d5-9ba6-21e4e5588d37-0
00:12:16.440 --> 00:12:22.377
1 was really far offshore like from the
Haunt down to Scituate that was quickly

f0abbfa4-ddf2-49d5-9ba6-21e4e5588d37-1
00:12:22.377 --> 00:12:23.120
ruled out.

bc831fdd-144f-4d56-927a-2452310094e7-0
00:12:23.520 --> 00:12:26.800
Then the other one is what we call the
Outer Harbor,

bc831fdd-144f-4d56-927a-2452310094e7-1
00:12:26.800 --> 00:12:28.720
which goes to Winthrop to Hull.

b3c1f89c-ce8b-43b1-8040-9e32ba52a5e8-0
00:12:29.160 --> 00:12:34.955
And then the other one was essentially in
the Inner Harbor from Logan Airport over

b3c1f89c-ce8b-43b1-8040-9e32ba52a5e8-1
00:12:34.955 --> 00:12:37.120
to the to the Seaport District.

1400718a-55e3-4a07-b1ac-ba02b66f74b1-0
00:12:37.120 --> 00:12:37.560
Yes.

7bc0a220-df28-4ef5-893d-088ba7d825a9-0
00:12:38.360 --> 00:12:43.420
But if we were to open gates all the time,
wouldn't that mean Boston would just

7bc0a220-df28-4ef5-893d-088ba7d825a9-1
00:12:43.420 --> 00:12:43.800
flood?

982c19d5-5435-4d15-8ccf-865fd5a93918-0
00:12:44.040 --> 00:12:47.760
But just like we do more gradually, OK.

bc23f6f7-6834-4720-a2fc-e999f141d3eb-0
00:12:50.040 --> 00:12:52.960
When the gates were open,
is that what you're saying?

378cd3f0-ce04-4359-97d6-2eb98172ae9d-0
00:12:53.600 --> 00:12:53.920
Yeah.

2307bd7f-d564-4975-bba6-a9699efac947-0
00:12:53.920 --> 00:12:58.440
If you open the gates and close the flood,
ships pass through.

526ad7f7-bc5a-4abf-ab3b-6e756e1f2fb3-0
00:12:58.520 --> 00:13:03.280
Yeah,
it's just going to Boston's going to

526ad7f7-bc5a-4abf-ab3b-6e756e1f2fb3-1
00:13:03.280 --> 00:13:04.720
flood anyway.

fb046d3d-5d13-4b64-92b2-6acab47530d7-0
00:13:04.720 --> 00:13:07.080
It's just going to take a much longer
time.

b9dd650b-cd99-4579-9243-e66d73d46f2b-0
00:13:07.080 --> 00:13:08.480
Yeah, you're right.

25b80334-3a4a-48b2-a290-cf18aabdf278-0
00:13:08.480 --> 00:13:11.514
I mean,
eventually we're going to face in Boston,

25b80334-3a4a-48b2-a290-cf18aabdf278-1
00:13:11.514 --> 00:13:13.760
you know, several rides of 1015 feet.

94cfd856-6aab-4880-adcb-26dc191bbbf7-0
00:13:14.400 --> 00:13:17.520
So all these strategies are just putting
off the inevitable.

0ee0cd4d-531d-4a2f-8222-bc0f392bfb5a-0
00:13:17.760 --> 00:13:21.040
Isn't Salem going to be 50 feet?

dbccb948-75a6-4e8f-b8a6-0859fd12ddb8-0
00:13:21.040 --> 00:13:24.605
I don't know exact numbers for Salem,
but Salem was obviously vulnerable as

dbccb948-75a6-4e8f-b8a6-0859fd12ddb8-1
00:13:24.605 --> 00:13:24.840
well.

5fb80121-82e8-42f7-b438-b6d27766a877-0
00:13:25.200 --> 00:13:28.640
All calls,
all areas on our coast are vulnerable.

c4cb7877-a9bb-43da-a4f1-af941598f9a6-0
00:13:29.120 --> 00:13:34.340
And you know, my, my,
my philosophy is I'm just trying to

c4cb7877-a9bb-43da-a4f1-af941598f9a6-1
00:13:34.340 --> 00:13:39.560
prepare the city to get through the next
50 to 100 years.

78cfee1b-a9f1-4e52-8337-90986965ba7e-0
00:13:40.200 --> 00:13:43.963
And then over that time period,
hopefully they'll figure out what they

78cfee1b-a9f1-4e52-8337-90986965ba7e-1
00:13:43.963 --> 00:13:46.561
want to do,
what they want to retreat or somehow

78cfee1b-a9f1-4e52-8337-90986965ba7e-2
00:13:46.561 --> 00:13:49.000
invest in something else to keep the sea
out.

36131bed-46e7-4bd3-9434-cb8cb8599867-0
00:13:49.440 --> 00:13:54.221
But my goal is just give them the time,
just buy time so they can figure out what

36131bed-46e7-4bd3-9434-cb8cb8599867-1
00:13:54.221 --> 00:13:56.320
to do over the next 50 to 100 years.

e457bf87-7270-4fb8-87d7-6eb1e13687c1-0
00:13:56.840 --> 00:13:59.960
It's not going to permanently see
permanently solve the problem.

a29db5f2-38cb-4314-8a05-56662a524ad7-0
00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:03.600
So there are various configurations we
looked at, but thank you for the question.

65c3a52b-7d24-43f2-ab7a-a01234296a9e-0
00:14:04.680 --> 00:14:08.152
And this just shows in detail a little
more on the right,

65c3a52b-7d24-43f2-ab7a-a01234296a9e-1
00:14:08.152 --> 00:14:11.684
this this outer horror barrier which is
the most feasible,

65c3a52b-7d24-43f2-ab7a-a01234296a9e-2
00:14:11.684 --> 00:14:13.480
the one from Winthrop to Hull.

6ff55d73-7f92-40af-8662-902987d41579-0
00:14:13.800 --> 00:14:17.640
And you can see on the right,
you know this is 2 massive gates on it.

12abef56-bbb6-456e-8811-22e4a523f792-0
00:14:18.760 --> 00:14:21.960
And it would look the cross section would
look like this.

312a5e25-146d-4d76-a59c-ab0cd8567762-0
00:14:21.960 --> 00:14:23.560
This be a massive structure.

e1ef8e5a-be0e-47a7-a6bf-cbaf6546a47e-0
00:14:24.160 --> 00:14:29.160
And this is the inner one from seat from
Logan to the Seaport.

eab6586b-693e-41bb-ade2-265ca18023f9-0
00:14:29.360 --> 00:14:32.398
Again, these large gates,
This just shows what these gates look

eab6586b-693e-41bb-ade2-265ca18023f9-1
00:14:32.398 --> 00:14:33.680
like over here on the left.

36814cc0-de2d-4fe4-be4f-838caf10d699-0
00:14:34.240 --> 00:14:38.825
These are similar to the gates that the
Dutch have on the,

36814cc0-de2d-4fe4-be4f-838caf10d699-1
00:14:38.825 --> 00:14:41.080
I think it's the Rhine River.

66e4807f-5f53-4ec0-851f-30b86008e112-0
00:14:41.720 --> 00:14:44.560
And these are called floating sector
gates.

ce8f3c4f-61c0-40b2-bd8f-e966edb97664-0
00:14:45.120 --> 00:14:49.140
They are when they're open,
they're on land here,

ce8f3c4f-61c0-40b2-bd8f-e966edb97664-1
00:14:49.140 --> 00:14:53.000
they're being closed,
and then they close them.

b7a286b8-1ac5-4ae1-a389-2777312a2a0a-0
00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:56.560
They fill up with water, they sink,
they keep the water out.

0c968aba-abaf-49ab-8d45-09f8933d0fe2-0
00:14:56.960 --> 00:15:00.059
After the event,
they pump the air out and they swing back

0c968aba-abaf-49ab-8d45-09f8933d0fe2-1
00:15:00.059 --> 00:15:00.480
on land.

0943bf77-7740-4137-9435-d36203031ec8-0
00:15:00.600 --> 00:15:02.840
So they're massive engineering structures.

97eedafb-e9d7-4449-bf2d-deb71bebc6bf-0
00:15:04.720 --> 00:15:10.925
And so first thing we studied it we
studied was if we're to build this

97eedafb-e9d7-4449-bf2d-deb71bebc6bf-1
00:15:10.925 --> 00:15:16.170
massive wall from Winthrop to Hull,
how would impact tidal,

97eedafb-e9d7-4449-bf2d-deb71bebc6bf-2
00:15:16.170 --> 00:15:22.638
the tidal range in Boston and the
velocities in the harbour even with the

97eedafb-e9d7-4449-bf2d-deb71bebc6bf-3
00:15:22.638 --> 00:15:23.599
gates open.

e401eba4-6886-4600-8f10-9ce5036e087b-0
00:15:24.720 --> 00:15:30.640
And so we found out that this just shows
you a miracle model we used.

2bb0f64d-84e4-4863-b176-ce447d92d432-0
00:15:31.160 --> 00:15:40.342
So in the in the solid black is the
existing title range in Boston at various

2bb0f64d-84e4-4863-b176-ce447d92d432-1
00:15:40.342 --> 00:15:41.520
locations.

609737e9-7e02-4055-af2d-c6b38bb3e393-0
00:15:41.880 --> 00:15:47.172
Then in green dash green is what the
title range would be if you built this

609737e9-7e02-4055-af2d-c6b38bb3e393-1
00:15:47.172 --> 00:15:49.680
major wall, but the gates were open.

c874e812-8548-41d2-b72f-e59878dc5df1-0
00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.000
So you see no impacts on the title range
in Boston Harbor.

34b9ba64-8cbb-4329-bb40-cad1b7a6cbb1-0
00:15:54.440 --> 00:15:58.689
So that says a lot about, you know,
certain environmental impacts because

34b9ba64-8cbb-4329-bb40-cad1b7a6cbb1-1
00:15:58.689 --> 00:16:03.168
we're not changing the title range,
it may have minimal environmental impacts

34b9ba64-8cbb-4329-bb40-cad1b7a6cbb1-2
00:16:03.168 --> 00:16:06.040
may so it wasn't going to change the
tidal range.

6fc13102-354f-4237-bf0a-404091b572e8-0
00:16:06.520 --> 00:16:09.680
Also we looked at how it would change
various velocities.

2a1fefa6-1b54-4285-8a7f-bbd37c5336f1-0
00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:12.840
So you can see here get again various
locations.

0ffe48ce-25e3-41b1-b308-69a622e66ddc-0
00:16:13.200 --> 00:16:16.351
In some locations it would increase the
velocity,

0ffe48ce-25e3-41b1-b308-69a622e66ddc-1
00:16:16.351 --> 00:16:21.204
some of the cases it would decrease the
velocity and this just shows certain

0ffe48ce-25e3-41b1-b308-69a622e66ddc-2
00:16:21.204 --> 00:16:23.600
areas where it increased the velocity.

c057fd39-2d3e-4842-a785-4d4b38b9bcb4-0
00:16:23.720 --> 00:16:28.490
So obviously the openings between the
gate opening between the barrier where

c057fd39-2d3e-4842-a785-4d4b38b9bcb4-1
00:16:28.490 --> 00:16:32.828
the gates are when they're open,
trying to squeeze more water through

c057fd39-2d3e-4842-a785-4d4b38b9bcb4-2
00:16:32.828 --> 00:16:33.200
there.

40e0437b-1e8b-4328-9711-79322e03a999-0
00:16:33.640 --> 00:16:37.176
So obviously it would increase the
velocity there,

40e0437b-1e8b-4328-9711-79322e03a999-1
00:16:37.176 --> 00:16:42.237
but so much so that would actually make
navigation difficult at, at, at,

40e0437b-1e8b-4328-9711-79322e03a999-2
00:16:42.237 --> 00:16:47.784
at at high tide, high tide, No, at the,
at the mid tide going through the going

40e0437b-1e8b-4328-9711-79322e03a999-3
00:16:47.784 --> 00:16:49.240
through the barriers.

5493e4f1-a61d-439a-95c1-56d981ea1ecb-0
00:16:49.440 --> 00:16:53.439
So it'd be a serious increase in
velocities going through the gates when

5493e4f1-a61d-439a-95c1-56d981ea1ecb-1
00:16:53.439 --> 00:16:54.480
the gates are open.

494d1054-9b66-4ad6-bda3-1010ba3a1f4e-0
00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:59.584
And then also in some areas in the dark
blue here would actually create slack

494d1054-9b66-4ad6-bda3-1010ba3a1f4e-1
00:16:59.584 --> 00:17:02.640
water like behind some parts of the of
the barrier.

df02c263-4f45-4bd8-bce7-deba3a9c2b59-0
00:17:03.040 --> 00:17:07.760
So it really would change the velocity
distributions in the harbor.

12017218-09e7-4393-88a2-6515e7bdf214-0
00:17:08.360 --> 00:17:14.707
And then the other thing we looked at
this was somewhat complex,

12017218-09e7-4393-88a2-6515e7bdf214-1
00:17:14.707 --> 00:17:18.320
but this was really important aspect.

5c48777c-dc56-451a-9220-1ba0722f88b9-0
00:17:19.880 --> 00:17:27.078
You can imagine that we you know see this
was built and right now the elevation of

5c48777c-dc56-451a-9220-1ba0722f88b9-1
00:17:27.078 --> 00:17:33.842
the land surface in Boston is around 10
feet in Abd or 10 feet above mean sea

5c48777c-dc56-451a-9220-1ba0722f88b9-2
00:17:33.842 --> 00:17:39.480
level that that's also the height of the
present 100 year flood.

aa472b96-d2e4-40f8-a62f-0859ff1af59e-0
00:17:39.600 --> 00:17:44.888
Looked at environmental impacts and
essentially we looked at impacts based

aa472b96-d2e4-40f8-a62f-0859ff1af59e-1
00:17:44.888 --> 00:17:49.120
upon water quality,
habitat and I think ecosystem services.

ef6444be-55c6-41fe-b5fc-df9c97c462ad-0
00:17:49.520 --> 00:17:52.295
And yes,
if this thing was only going to be opened

ef6444be-55c6-41fe-b5fc-df9c97c462ad-1
00:17:52.295 --> 00:17:56.430
and closed a couple of times a year,
there really wouldn't be major impacts

ef6444be-55c6-41fe-b5fc-df9c97c462ad-2
00:17:56.430 --> 00:18:00.240
compared to the impacts we're going to
see from climate change alone.

900b65e4-dc2d-46c0-beb8-bad98bc5a4fd-0
00:18:00.720 --> 00:18:02.872
But if we're opening and closing this a
lot,

900b65e4-dc2d-46c0-beb8-bad98bc5a4fd-1
00:18:02.872 --> 00:18:06.267
it's going to impact the circulation
enough that's going to have major

900b65e4-dc2d-46c0-beb8-bad98bc5a4fd-2
00:18:06.267 --> 00:18:07.320
environmental impacts.

6a25d9ba-6fc5-4a6d-bd92-a5e361078297-0
00:18:08.480 --> 00:18:10.840
And then we also looked at the cost.

33534ac4-558b-4565-ae92-3e34377a6c6e-0
00:18:11.040 --> 00:18:14.000
So you see a number there called benefit
cost ratio.

b81083b4-078f-4e73-94e1-836fd53b6d01-0
00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:17.990
So this is the benefit cost ratio is the
ratio of the,

b81083b4-078f-4e73-94e1-836fd53b6d01-1
00:18:17.990 --> 00:18:21.320
of the economic benefits to a project to
the cost.

1f2d57b4-88fb-46c6-8723-fa6525ae521d-0
00:18:21.840 --> 00:18:26.000
And you always want the economic benefits
to be larger than the cost.

81c3d7df-cd89-4acf-a54a-af9272fd9c6f-0
00:18:26.320 --> 00:18:28.120
So you want this number to be greater
than 1.

ff4d7b4a-2dd5-4694-9693-4396b023813d-0
00:18:28.600 --> 00:18:32.281
So we did, we did some, you know,
various analysis,

ff4d7b4a-2dd5-4694-9693-4396b023813d-1
00:18:32.281 --> 00:18:38.087
but essentially you can see here with a
7% discount rate, the discount rate, the,

ff4d7b4a-2dd5-4694-9693-4396b023813d-2
00:18:38.087 --> 00:18:41.840
the values is always, you know, well,
less than one.

ab3a58d0-3ef4-4fa3-be30-a4f35781f536-0
00:18:42.240 --> 00:18:45.440
So that means with this discount rate,
we'll now talk about that in a minute.

de382b05-7b42-41b3-9a28-c6af5cd6eb7a-0
00:18:47.400 --> 00:18:49.600
This project does not make economic sense.

c0d14cd3-3b32-4ad3-b14b-560a3b61895d-0
00:18:50.520 --> 00:18:53.386
The,
the discount rate is an economic term

c0d14cd3-3b32-4ad3-b14b-560a3b61895d-1
00:18:53.386 --> 00:18:57.520
which let's let's evaluate future dollars
to present dollars.

c6e02724-7597-4ee9-8e40-33ea00b53e95-0
00:18:58.600 --> 00:19:02.600
And so I we also looked at with a
so-called 3% discount rate.

f15a446c-b91a-4ea2-a75d-73573b51e9b2-0
00:19:03.240 --> 00:19:08.880
3% discount rate means we value future
dollars more than the 7% discount rate.

f0492922-780a-438a-8dd1-62d8c4fae53d-0
00:19:09.080 --> 00:19:13.080
But the point is under both these cases,
it's very low discount rates.

e3caef32-9e2a-4faf-a097-19aa8ff79f9c-0
00:19:13.560 --> 00:19:17.400
You know, it's .
3 in one scenario all over one another.

c101fba0-a0c6-49ea-bc93-b07104361b19-0
00:19:17.680 --> 00:19:20.560
So this does not make a lot of economic
sense right now.

bdca2d15-26e7-4a9f-bed2-3c8b0ac456ca-0
00:19:21.480 --> 00:19:26.760
And then, OK, so we said, OK,
the barrier doesn't make sense.

c5ed109f-893a-4140-b989-4ebcdee196ec-0
00:19:27.480 --> 00:19:28.760
So what?

0a0e3908-82dc-4f01-ab94-96ddde1f5c67-0
00:19:28.760 --> 00:19:30.320
What's the option to the barrier?

40ae6068-c643-473c-8367-a2fe95aac1a3-0
00:19:30.760 --> 00:19:32.690
Well,
the option is doing something on the

40ae6068-c643-473c-8367-a2fe95aac1a3-1
00:19:32.690 --> 00:19:32.960
shore.

40c31e66-7276-4af0-8317-fad9a9702d0f-0
00:19:33.720 --> 00:19:37.039
And remember how I said the shore is
around,

40c31e66-7276-4af0-8317-fad9a9702d0f-1
00:19:37.039 --> 00:19:43.160
you know is is roughly 10 feet above mean
above mean sea level which is brought to

40c31e66-7276-4af0-8317-fad9a9702d0f-2
00:19:43.160 --> 00:19:46.479
the elevation of the present 100 year
flood.

bfb9040d-63c6-4b7f-8293-755eb10322d6-0
00:19:47.280 --> 00:19:52.990
Actually the shoreline is not all the
same elevation, some parts higher,

bfb9040d-63c6-4b7f-8293-755eb10322d6-1
00:19:52.990 --> 00:19:54.320
some parts lower.

c1386f51-9ffa-4933-b7dc-bdab49ab7bb7-0
00:19:54.760 --> 00:20:00.097
So we looked at say somehow we could
elevate various parts of the shoreline

c1386f51-9ffa-4933-b7dc-bdab49ab7bb7-1
00:20:00.097 --> 00:20:00.800
over time.

874a9602-7721-40df-97fa-2c1decbe6c40-0
00:20:01.360 --> 00:20:05.811
So we would fill the low areas first,
like the areas that are vulnerable right

874a9602-7721-40df-97fa-2c1decbe6c40-1
00:20:05.811 --> 00:20:08.404
now,
like parts of East Boston and the higher

874a9602-7721-40df-97fa-2c1decbe6c40-2
00:20:08.404 --> 00:20:10.320
parts we would fill later in time.

9c615948-852f-44a8-8112-380aaa108a2b-0
00:20:10.880 --> 00:20:12.680
So it's a stage strategy.

5ba592a4-573d-4385-8fc1-f59de39665db-0
00:20:13.040 --> 00:20:18.451
So you can see here like in the red,
like like you see that in East Boston,

5ba592a4-573d-4385-8fc1-f59de39665db-1
00:20:18.451 --> 00:20:20.160
that's floods right now.

afdc8497-89ea-4d7f-806f-9db32a41132e-0
00:20:20.360 --> 00:20:23.040
So you need to take action there to deal
with it.

6997f2bc-7fea-4961-8435-5812d3480b9c-0
00:20:23.600 --> 00:20:27.212
And then in the the sort of the green,
lime green, well,

6997f2bc-7fea-4961-8435-5812d3480b9c-1
00:20:27.212 --> 00:20:29.240
those are sort of higher points.

fda5ed04-5f87-4be7-bff2-b5540d39c8a1-0
00:20:29.560 --> 00:20:32.280
Perhaps we could do those, you know,
near the end of the century.

3e8f7f2a-db58-41ef-9833-c19971978e00-0
00:20:32.680 --> 00:20:37.836
But the point is this strategy,
this incremental adaptive strategy of

3e8f7f2a-db58-41ef-9833-c19971978e00-1
00:20:37.836 --> 00:20:43.213
raising the shoreline as the climate
changes makes a lot more sense than

3e8f7f2a-db58-41ef-9833-c19971978e00-2
00:20:43.213 --> 00:20:47.559
building this large barrier,
which would cost $10 billion.

92f8438b-d129-4ba1-aa73-5602c978fa22-0
00:20:47.920 --> 00:20:49.680
We have to invest in it now.

e7180e30-942b-4b82-8e84-abd42c144b1b-0
00:20:50.360 --> 00:20:52.882
And also,
we don't know what the Sybil's actually

e7180e30-942b-4b82-8e84-abd42c144b1b-1
00:20:52.882 --> 00:20:54.800
going to be at the end of the century.

992b86ba-9868-47a3-8b2e-785aca926308-0
00:20:55.760 --> 00:20:58.800
And so we'd have to sort of guess what
it's going to be.

8e5996c9-3d51-462e-ad17-5e3ccc882b26-0
00:20:58.800 --> 00:21:02.480
What's we, we plan for five feet, 10 feet,
whatever.

cac2489d-c93d-4bfc-87f6-86c73da406bc-0
00:21:03.120 --> 00:21:06.716
And so if we, if we,
if we overestimate it,

cac2489d-c93d-4bfc-87f6-86c73da406bc-1
00:21:06.716 --> 00:21:12.520
the height of the the barrier,
then we'd have to, we was wasted money.

9231d566-eb2a-4674-88dd-6d199c85eb5e-0
00:21:12.520 --> 00:21:15.844
If we made the barrier height too small,
we would have,

9231d566-eb2a-4674-88dd-6d199c85eb5e-1
00:21:15.844 --> 00:21:18.160
we would have suffered a lot of damage.

03c9427b-c044-4e37-9ff7-57bc212a2546-0
00:21:18.360 --> 00:21:23.926
So this strategy of essentially elevating
the coastline over time makes a lot of

03c9427b-c044-4e37-9ff7-57bc212a2546-1
00:21:23.926 --> 00:21:27.156
sense given the uncertainty of climate
change,

03c9427b-c044-4e37-9ff7-57bc212a2546-2
00:21:27.156 --> 00:21:31.280
because we can fill it in over time as
the climate changes.

bbf83f37-f67c-44db-84dc-1c6933ee669d-0
00:21:31.520 --> 00:21:33.120
It's an adaptive response.

66145d0a-d34f-48d3-af03-1c8e843344b2-0
00:21:33.960 --> 00:21:36.029
And so we thought about, OK,
how are we going to,

66145d0a-d34f-48d3-af03-1c8e843344b2-1
00:21:36.029 --> 00:21:37.520
how are we going to do this filling?

c8a93908-e842-4169-87a3-4e7d3fe88853-0
00:21:37.840 --> 00:21:41.707
So one idea was, you know,
traditionally just build concrete,

c8a93908-e842-4169-87a3-4e7d3fe88853-1
00:21:41.707 --> 00:21:43.080
you know, flood walls.

5da9f555-edbb-4d3d-a175-50b9adb5ac70-0
00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:46.200
But these, these have a lot of problems.

761f2d7d-ed17-4a83-966f-a2b34e6d70e2-0
00:21:47.480 --> 00:21:49.080
First of all, they're really expensive.

57184dc4-4329-48cc-b45d-ab000fda0c2b-0
00:21:49.840 --> 00:21:52.320
Second of all,
they they erode at the base.

5bd75599-6fe6-46a3-bfce-d64209577ddb-0
00:21:52.800 --> 00:21:56.080
Another reason is they deflect waves to
other places.

50a63a7c-e2e7-463f-99e6-263da53fb27b-0
00:21:56.520 --> 00:21:58.680
And also they're ecologically unfriendly.

552365f6-b122-4558-a3d5-0b71e74e2a85-0
00:21:59.320 --> 00:22:03.320
So then we thought about, OK,
so-called nature based solutions.

37a52ab3-0743-428c-aee0-8d4208a6b079-0
00:22:04.040 --> 00:22:08.360
And essentially nature based solution is
a long definition.

e581349b-6128-4aaa-8b44-7cd6b2faa4ef-0
00:22:08.880 --> 00:22:15.609
A nature based solution is an engineered
system that mimics some performance of a

e581349b-6128-4aaa-8b44-7cd6b2faa4ef-1
00:22:15.609 --> 00:22:16.840
natural system.

fe9a6e8c-afd8-4354-a5f0-1190fea14443-0
00:22:16.840 --> 00:22:21.494
And when you think about it,
natural systems are really good at

fe9a6e8c-afd8-4354-a5f0-1190fea14443-1
00:22:21.494 --> 00:22:24.040
providing coastal flood protection.

934b2646-776a-4723-844d-9a944f5e3852-0
00:22:24.600 --> 00:22:30.160
So on the upper my upper left, you know,
it is it's a coral reef system.

863e3de9-b344-472e-94a6-e784bbf573de-0
00:22:31.040 --> 00:22:36.831
So you can see that the coral reef breaks
up the offshore wave energy and then the

863e3de9-b344-472e-94a6-e784bbf573de-1
00:22:36.831 --> 00:22:40.600
elevation protects against the remaining
storm surge.

5521392e-4dde-478f-993b-31310bccdc2f-0
00:22:40.920 --> 00:22:42.200
This happens naturally.

986a7d43-1bb9-44b7-8fca-40e57a228e57-0
00:22:42.800 --> 00:22:48.189
And then you can see in the upper right
that that's that's the barrier beach at

986a7d43-1bb9-44b7-8fca-40e57a228e57-1
00:22:48.189 --> 00:22:49.200
at Plum Island.

458de914-97a8-44f3-9b0e-c76b0fdf68fc-0
00:22:49.440 --> 00:22:52.576
Again,
it's a natural system that provides flood

458de914-97a8-44f3-9b0e-c76b0fdf68fc-1
00:22:52.576 --> 00:22:53.280
protection.

0518e4b9-2ea2-4415-a69e-97fece12b5cd-0
00:22:53.760 --> 00:22:57.720
And then the bottom here we show,
you know, Boston Harbor.

0dcc99ca-c7df-4d9f-9a3e-b624d7aa4576-0
00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:01.840
So Boston Harbor has like about, you know,
20 or 30 islands in it.

0d92a268-638f-47bc-bd77-c896eff6fe26-0
00:23:02.320 --> 00:23:05.491
And these islands actually, you know,
break up,

0d92a268-638f-47bc-bd77-c896eff6fe26-1
00:23:05.491 --> 00:23:10.379
we get a major storm outside the islands
on the east side of the islands,

0d92a268-638f-47bc-bd77-c896eff6fe26-2
00:23:10.379 --> 00:23:12.560
we have like 20 or 30 foot waves.

d9261cf1-57b0-4f6d-b39d-885f4707c8d3-0
00:23:13.040 --> 00:23:17.495
But by the time those waves go through
the island and get to the shore of Boston

d9261cf1-57b0-4f6d-b39d-885f4707c8d3-1
00:23:17.495 --> 00:23:20.245
and Quincy,
those waves are only a couple of feet

d9261cf1-57b0-4f6d-b39d-885f4707c8d3-2
00:23:20.245 --> 00:23:20.520
high.

da9c270f-771b-4ff2-9676-50d46ea94af9-0
00:23:21.160 --> 00:23:27.053
So these are these are illustrations of
the way nature is inherently resilient

da9c270f-771b-4ff2-9676-50d46ea94af9-1
00:23:27.053 --> 00:23:30.560
and and that provides flood protection
for us.

e35c50f3-e3cc-474a-8055-e7b94ab6fed7-0
00:23:30.760 --> 00:23:33.480
So can we engineer these kinds of systems?

a137c2aa-07db-4591-b658-40e8be02e54a-0
00:23:34.320 --> 00:23:37.196
And of course,
also these systems have ecological

a137c2aa-07db-4591-b658-40e8be02e54a-1
00:23:37.196 --> 00:23:39.440
benefits and they have social benefits.

e859fb9f-e451-4aa7-890c-f0ab773aa08a-0
00:23:39.440 --> 00:23:41.960
They provide recreation and so on.

a41aaa48-2684-4dca-acd3-5e1e4bbdd6f7-0
00:23:42.280 --> 00:23:44.560
So can you engineer these sort of things?

ab5e45ce-fe8b-48ff-b8d9-e3fae0a6ba3e-0
00:23:44.880 --> 00:23:50.259
And so Vista shows also the advantage of
the way some of these natural systems

ab5e45ce-fe8b-48ff-b8d9-e3fae0a6ba3e-1
00:23:50.259 --> 00:23:50.600
work.

f9be00eb-361a-4af0-a07f-849fe4d8926f-0
00:23:50.800 --> 00:23:56.102
So this is from Sandy,
New York City on just outside the city,

f9be00eb-361a-4af0-a07f-849fe4d8926f-1
00:23:56.102 --> 00:23:58.880
I think sort of east of Brooklyn.

42b7f7a8-d1d9-4867-b900-5d3d6abbe7e8-0
00:23:59.880 --> 00:24:04.318
So this just shows an area in the upper
in the upper image,

42b7f7a8-d1d9-4867-b900-5d3d6abbe7e8-1
00:24:04.318 --> 00:24:08.240
and you can see it's got a dune system
before Sandy.

430de15d-d6c0-4bfa-b602-2229972e5c6b-0
00:24:08.680 --> 00:24:12.040
And then over on the right,
it shows the same area after Sandy.

8880cfa1-1535-486c-95ef-9535f31dac48-0
00:24:12.280 --> 00:24:16.600
So the the the grassy dune system has
protected that area.

405f2bf8-bc0a-416a-ad4c-eb0440b4324b-0
00:24:16.880 --> 00:24:21.381
But in the lower image you can see
there's no dune system, there's no grass,

405f2bf8-bc0a-416a-ad4c-eb0440b4324b-1
00:24:21.381 --> 00:24:22.200
no vegetation.

21be63a9-761b-4c87-a4be-27aede97a7a0-0
00:24:22.680 --> 00:24:27.000
And the image on the right shows what
happened after Sandy there.

1326a063-e2e3-409e-b714-6b68847c781b-0
00:24:27.480 --> 00:24:31.800
So clearly it was it was not protected
and looks like a bomb went off there.

d7bacc95-2345-498f-8a0d-471074200762-0
00:24:32.280 --> 00:24:36.280
So it does show these nature and natural
systems do work.

e000b881-aa8a-4474-b037-588793674d29-0
00:24:36.920 --> 00:24:38.560
And So what do these look like?

4ab1e885-5620-49c9-a0b2-637bf1bd3471-0
00:24:38.920 --> 00:24:45.260
So this is an example of where nature
based flood management system would look

4ab1e885-5620-49c9-a0b2-637bf1bd3471-1
00:24:45.260 --> 00:24:51.280
for the Mystic River just upstream of the
of the of the bridge over there.

cce03a78-d4ac-4575-9baa-448db842ba1b-0
00:24:52.840 --> 00:24:54.440
And this, this is, you know, on the ocean.

09a7018e-fc42-45cc-a62a-4a91b4694b04-0
00:24:54.440 --> 00:24:57.514
I mean, it's,
it's tidal and it's impacted by storm

09a7018e-fc42-45cc-a62a-4a91b4694b04-1
00:24:57.514 --> 00:24:58.520
surges and waves.

adcea8bf-3d63-4ae9-8633-a3d3de03d68f-0
00:24:59.040 --> 00:25:03.479
So and for those of you that know Boston,
the Schraff spilling is just over to the

adcea8bf-3d63-4ae9-8633-a3d3de03d68f-1
00:25:03.479 --> 00:25:03.800
right.

967c02e1-7674-4e24-a054-41c3c121f425-0
00:25:04.200 --> 00:25:08.840
So you see here that that that elevated.

f674dd43-c3b2-42a8-b9b2-50d6b86570ea-0
00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:11.815
This is this is a design, OK,
this doesn't exist,

f674dd43-c3b2-42a8-b9b2-50d6b86570ea-1
00:25:11.815 --> 00:25:13.400
but the system is elevated.

2503d7ff-f5e2-4d25-a238-e632813e92e5-0
00:25:14.000 --> 00:25:19.124
So the elevation protects against the
coastal flooding and this would probably

2503d7ff-f5e2-4d25-a238-e632813e92e5-1
00:25:19.124 --> 00:25:23.471
be elevated maybe to an elevation of 15
feet above mean sea level,

2503d7ff-f5e2-4d25-a238-e632813e92e5-2
00:25:23.471 --> 00:25:26.519
5 feet above the present 100 year flood
plain.

2fd5dd77-1ecb-4817-8785-cd34e0791ac1-0
00:25:27.440 --> 00:25:32.820
And then you can see that there's some
some habitat living shorelines there

2fd5dd77-1ecb-4817-8785-cd34e0791ac1-1
00:25:32.820 --> 00:25:35.440
right near that dock that sticks out.

6ab8c05c-34d7-44d5-b532-8040f2f58323-0
00:25:35.800 --> 00:25:39.200
So it provides habitat ecological
benefits.

1ca31fdb-ff6f-4f3f-94e4-caf9be9004e0-0
00:25:39.720 --> 00:25:42.866
Then finally,
you see that creates open space and

1ca31fdb-ff6f-4f3f-94e4-caf9be9004e0-1
00:25:42.866 --> 00:25:45.320
Parkland to provide social Co benefits.

c92e3ea3-b6d8-4eba-aa73-53e37b4c5622-0
00:25:45.760 --> 00:25:48.498
And by the way,
this would be cheaper than building a

c92e3ea3-b6d8-4eba-aa73-53e37b4c5622-1
00:25:48.498 --> 00:25:49.360
concrete seawall.

ab191462-8f94-40a9-b51c-e4baa72a384b-0
00:25:49.920 --> 00:25:51.040
So this is an advantage.

66c79879-2141-4ec4-a022-019ade626703-0
00:25:51.120 --> 00:25:54.960
This is this is an illustration of a
so-called nature based system.

1205ec86-fce4-4146-a19a-12dd9c0f7b40-0
00:25:56.160 --> 00:26:00.210
And this would be, you know,
design engineering built, but it has,

1205ec86-fce4-4146-a19a-12dd9c0f7b40-1
00:26:00.210 --> 00:26:04.925
you know, has the flood protection,
but also these very important ecological,

1205ec86-fce4-4146-a19a-12dd9c0f7b40-2
00:26:04.925 --> 00:26:06.920
environmental so-called benefits.

75810854-0fc3-4eca-8bc7-2e47325309d0-0
00:26:08.200 --> 00:26:16.599
And this is another system is you know,
we can't build nature based systems like

75810854-0fc3-4eca-8bc7-2e47325309d0-1
00:26:16.599 --> 00:26:24.998
the one I just showed for for Charlestown
is that choice anyway for that area of

75810854-0fc3-4eca-8bc7-2e47325309d0-2
00:26:24.998 --> 00:26:29.769
Boston,
they take a lot of space and we don't

75810854-0fc3-4eca-8bc7-2e47325309d0-3
00:26:29.769 --> 00:26:32.880
have a lot of space sometimes.

b270b067-f7d1-4b25-abdf-f6cffdc688f7-0
00:26:33.960 --> 00:26:39.480
And So what can be done to enhance a sea
wall if we have to do it?

3158908b-1620-4ea8-aba0-86b5ecbdb126-0
00:26:40.120 --> 00:26:43.061
Well,
one thing you can do is attract attach

3158908b-1620-4ea8-aba0-86b5ecbdb126-1
00:26:43.061 --> 00:26:48.030
tiles to it that have various crevices in
it and patterns etcetera that are

3158908b-1620-4ea8-aba0-86b5ecbdb126-2
00:26:48.030 --> 00:26:52.280
designed to be ecologically friendly,
so-called living seawalls.

a6648750-cf86-47eb-9357-314d7a1c2c43-0
00:26:52.720 --> 00:26:56.600
So this is an example of a living seawall
which I think is in Sydney.

dbacb1d1-f9cc-43aa-aa69-a925c93a5ded-0
00:26:57.400 --> 00:27:02.689
And so they just have these tiles which
are specially designed and they bolt on

dbacb1d1-f9cc-43aa-aa69-a925c93a5ded-1
00:27:02.689 --> 00:27:03.880
to A to a seawall.

771ea407-a765-44b4-a42f-723fd7ddc251-0
00:27:04.320 --> 00:27:08.160
So they make a unfriendly seawall
ecologically friendly.

45c91f24-a773-4dc3-88fa-9943e9a58670-0
00:27:09.040 --> 00:27:14.966
And we're actually going to be carrying
out some experiments with living seawalls

45c91f24-a773-4dc3-88fa-9943e9a58670-1
00:27:14.966 --> 00:27:17.640
in Boston starting during the spring.

a6b91849-7f92-49ac-8d31-a3f58af84300-0
00:27:18.120 --> 00:27:20.633
So this again, nature based solution,
right,

a6b91849-7f92-49ac-8d31-a3f58af84300-1
00:27:20.633 --> 00:27:24.600
we're trying to replicate a natural
environment on a concrete seawall.

49a2bb13-1ea2-4b0a-b3cf-21c59a525d12-0
00:27:25.040 --> 00:27:29.691
And this just shows an existing a nature
based system in Boston,

49a2bb13-1ea2-4b0a-b3cf-21c59a525d12-1
00:27:29.691 --> 00:27:35.130
right near Clippership Wharf in East
Boston is really the only example of a

49a2bb13-1ea2-4b0a-b3cf-21c59a525d12-2
00:27:35.130 --> 00:27:39.352
nature based system in Boston where you
can see, you know,

49a2bb13-1ea2-4b0a-b3cf-21c59a525d12-3
00:27:39.352 --> 00:27:42.000
sort of the graduation of vegetation.

02013553-6002-4b16-a212-16683c1fe2c0-0
00:27:42.600 --> 00:27:46.035
It mimics like a marsh system, right,
lower marsh, you know,

02013553-6002-4b16-a212-16683c1fe2c0-1
00:27:46.035 --> 00:27:48.120
middle marsh and then then Highlands.

7ee90f3b-144f-4c00-a7dc-e8e708592504-0
00:27:49.960 --> 00:27:50.440
OK.

40bf02fb-35bb-401b-aea1-447aaf7e2320-0
00:27:50.480 --> 00:27:52.920
And so some of the advantages, right?

5ecf347a-61a6-49bc-ace5-4e726451fc12-0
00:27:53.320 --> 00:27:58.506
So first of all,
the benefit cost ratio on these is like,

5ecf347a-61a6-49bc-ace5-4e726451fc12-1
00:27:58.506 --> 00:28:02.620
you know,
3 to 3 to 8 it with the so-called 3

5ecf347a-61a6-49bc-ace5-4e726451fc12-2
00:28:02.620 --> 00:28:05.840
percent, 7% with a 7% discount rate.

b502b9cd-93c2-405f-a516-c60b3d6cdd1e-0
00:28:06.440 --> 00:28:14.280
The the equivalent benefit cost ratio for
the offshore barrier was like .3.

41f77a09-ed48-42d1-97c2-a41c19d2ba3e-0
00:28:15.160 --> 00:28:18.683
So these are over 10 times more cost
effective,

41f77a09-ed48-42d1-97c2-a41c19d2ba3e-1
00:28:18.683 --> 00:28:22.720
plus they have this ecological and social
Co benefits.

d19de61e-05f6-41bf-b73e-563433b90a72-0
00:28:23.320 --> 00:28:28.541
And then even if you were to build this
offshore barrier in Boston,

d19de61e-05f6-41bf-b73e-563433b90a72-1
00:28:28.541 --> 00:28:32.150
it only closed it when you have a major
storm,

d19de61e-05f6-41bf-b73e-563433b90a72-2
00:28:32.150 --> 00:28:35.760
you're still going to have high tide
flooding.

eb08bc13-3a66-49e9-97da-684e60b1be81-0
00:28:36.320 --> 00:28:40.200
So you still have to do something in
Boston to deal with high tide flooding.

626c208b-e27f-47ef-ba81-22fed6631b3d-0
00:28:40.720 --> 00:28:43.665
Well,
these nature based systems elevating the

626c208b-e27f-47ef-ba81-22fed6631b3d-1
00:28:43.665 --> 00:28:48.240
shoreline also deal with just high tide
flooding as well as storm surge.

111fc074-39f3-4c3a-baf8-cbe3b0f4edd5-0
00:28:48.600 --> 00:28:53.077
I already mentioned the Co benefits,
you know, green solution,

111fc074-39f3-4c3a-baf8-cbe3b0f4edd5-1
00:28:53.077 --> 00:28:55.280
less impact on the environment.

ad6fbe94-e296-4d41-8cd5-267cff591782-0
00:28:56.520 --> 00:29:00.597
As I said earlier,
one real advantage of these shore based

ad6fbe94-e296-4d41-8cd5-267cff591782-1
00:29:00.597 --> 00:29:06.127
systems, whether it's natural or hard,
is you can implement them as the climate

ad6fbe94-e296-4d41-8cd5-267cff591782-2
00:29:06.127 --> 00:29:06.680
changes.

71e50319-c9b3-4bd7-a23b-aa81ee60fe70-0
00:29:06.960 --> 00:29:10.741
The flexible adaptive,
we don't have to guess ahead and say

71e50319-c9b3-4bd7-a23b-aa81ee60fe70-1
00:29:10.741 --> 00:29:13.640
we're going to design for 15 feet or 10
feet.

c054836b-43ac-464f-be5d-18f1b3ba50bc-0
00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:16.400
We're just going to adjust as the climate
changes.

3d12e2f3-15d2-4e72-809a-b698d8f3ffd9-0
00:29:17.040 --> 00:29:21.670
And then just like a natural system,
a nature based system,

3d12e2f3-15d2-4e72-809a-b698d8f3ffd9-1
00:29:21.670 --> 00:29:28.076
an engineered system might grow stronger
over time and it might be able to recover

3d12e2f3-15d2-4e72-809a-b698d8f3ffd9-2
00:29:28.076 --> 00:29:29.079
from a storm.

7d943669-ef9d-41ce-807c-0ebd1bcb843f-0
00:29:29.600 --> 00:29:33.028
You know,
a concrete wall is not going to recover

7d943669-ef9d-41ce-807c-0ebd1bcb843f-1
00:29:33.028 --> 00:29:36.731
from a storm,
but a nature based system of a man made

7d943669-ef9d-41ce-807c-0ebd1bcb843f-2
00:29:36.731 --> 00:29:41.119
living shoreline might be able to rebuild
itself after a storm.

036fc57e-1713-426a-9533-776300457e97-0
00:29:41.760 --> 00:29:44.280
So it's another advantage of these nature
based systems.

c549ee5b-3909-4203-b086-4344b29c59e9-0
00:29:44.800 --> 00:29:47.360
Now So what happened?

77e14668-9cf6-482e-90b0-803804a8b11d-0
00:29:47.360 --> 00:29:52.750
We did this study, OK,
came out in May of 2018 in October 2000

77e14668-9cf6-482e-90b0-803804a8b11d-1
00:29:52.750 --> 00:29:58.654
of 18, then mayor of Boston,
Marty Walsh said we're going to go with

77e14668-9cf6-482e-90b0-803804a8b11d-2
00:29:58.654 --> 00:30:03.360
the we're going to go with the nature
based solutions.

67b9065b-6b47-4073-8b7e-4ac66c0c3ca0-0
00:30:03.520 --> 00:30:05.160
We're not going to build the barrier.

9aba1141-1263-4acd-9d2f-28601d4ce1af-0
00:30:05.760 --> 00:30:10.120
And then he released this,
this schematic here, right?

dbb84436-b4cb-41fb-bfa9-7bd4bcb22a32-0
00:30:10.120 --> 00:30:13.560
So you can see Boston coastline here and
it's all green.

74ff5a5b-b818-47f3-b2e2-4556f716b9f6-0
00:30:14.160 --> 00:30:17.160
He said we're going to put nature based
loop in any place we can.

47c1c8a8-b447-4e6b-a1b1-5024be78a446-0
00:30:17.880 --> 00:30:23.533
So the city is now committed to doing
nature based systems to manage president

47c1c8a8-b447-4e6b-a1b1-5024be78a446-1
00:30:23.533 --> 00:30:25.680
and increase coastal flooding.

405418be-e057-40f9-8e7d-46d8dce63e5b-0
00:30:26.760 --> 00:30:33.340
And but let's see, there's,
there's some challenges with with nature

405418be-e057-40f9-8e7d-46d8dce63e5b-1
00:30:33.340 --> 00:30:39.635
based systems that the city is facing,
as well as other towns in,

405418be-e057-40f9-8e7d-46d8dce63e5b-2
00:30:39.635 --> 00:30:46.406
in Boston Harbor as well as towns
everywhere dealing with nature based

405418be-e057-40f9-8e7d-46d8dce63e5b-3
00:30:46.406 --> 00:30:47.360
solutions.

93dda29e-8fb6-4926-a297-22daeffdbec1-0
00:30:47.640 --> 00:30:49.240
So I'm not going to run through the whole
list.

eb6a530f-eb52-47d2-a2ab-64912e9c9c66-0
00:30:49.240 --> 00:30:52.323
But one big problem,
like any kind of climate change

eb6a530f-eb52-47d2-a2ab-64912e9c9c66-1
00:30:52.323 --> 00:30:55.000
adaptation is how you're going to pay for
it.

2a17bbaf-3a0a-45fe-b75e-a47fcf7f7fb0-0
00:30:57.560 --> 00:31:01.536
The city's approach, you know,
Boston is probably the most forward

2a17bbaf-3a0a-45fe-b75e-a47fcf7f7fb0-1
00:31:01.536 --> 00:31:04.385
thinking,
most advanced in their thinking about

2a17bbaf-3a0a-45fe-b75e-a47fcf7f7fb0-2
00:31:04.385 --> 00:31:08.480
coastal flood protection among all the
communities in Boston Harbor.

40625f39-2234-4f4f-97dd-c4b896410e8b-0
00:31:09.840 --> 00:31:12.453
They are thinking about putting together,
you know,

40625f39-2234-4f4f-97dd-c4b896410e8b-1
00:31:12.453 --> 00:31:15.720
public private partnerships to pay for
coastal flood protection.

08c849ef-15f3-45d5-9a20-23c587bd0903-0
00:31:16.080 --> 00:31:18.630
You know,
the city is going to pay something,

08c849ef-15f3-45d5-9a20-23c587bd0903-1
00:31:18.630 --> 00:31:22.677
the state's going to pay something,
the feds are going to pay something,

08c849ef-15f3-45d5-9a20-23c587bd0903-2
00:31:22.677 --> 00:31:24.840
but the MBTA is going to pay something.

754bb5d5-b4d6-4e67-823f-ff1eb6e3acdb-0
00:31:24.840 --> 00:31:28.285
Dot is going to pay something,
but also land owners are going to pay

754bb5d5-b4d6-4e67-823f-ff1eb6e3acdb-1
00:31:28.285 --> 00:31:30.931
something,
developers are going to pay something and

754bb5d5-b4d6-4e67-823f-ff1eb6e3acdb-2
00:31:30.931 --> 00:31:31.880
so on and so forth.

e425902e-f8ee-475f-a17c-2366161f0b5d-0
00:31:31.880 --> 00:31:34.428
It's going to every all,
everyone's going to have to get together

e425902e-f8ee-475f-a17c-2366161f0b5d-1
00:31:34.428 --> 00:31:36.320
to fund this because it's going to be
expensive.

0c567880-447a-47b2-ac39-46a9d273f928-0
00:31:36.320 --> 00:31:40.777
And then they're worried about, you know,
maintenance is a big issue with the

0c567880-447a-47b2-ac39-46a9d273f928-1
00:31:40.777 --> 00:31:41.920
nature based system.

b53f4088-ee0f-4634-a542-7ce602148d97-0
00:31:42.480 --> 00:31:48.160
Another problem is the permitting in
Massachusetts.

fdd87e08-303e-432e-aaa3-0718326a914d-0
00:31:48.160 --> 00:31:53.319
It's very difficult to permit anything
that's going to be built below the high

fdd87e08-303e-432e-aaa3-0718326a914d-1
00:31:53.319 --> 00:31:57.760
tide mark for, you know,
baseball environmental rules in the 1970s.

d47a9e08-062a-4ad2-9978-9ecbf53dd8f1-0
00:31:58.400 --> 00:32:02.879
And these rules made sense back then
because they're trying to control

d47a9e08-062a-4ad2-9978-9ecbf53dd8f1-1
00:32:02.879 --> 00:32:05.719
developers from filling in the coastal
zone,

d47a9e08-062a-4ad2-9978-9ecbf53dd8f1-2
00:32:05.719 --> 00:32:10.640
but now we're trying to fill in some
parts of the coastal zone below the high

d47a9e08-062a-4ad2-9978-9ecbf53dd8f1-3
00:32:10.640 --> 00:32:13.479
tide walk with these nature based
solutions.

23ca42c7-d773-4a7b-858d-cd2c978e84fe-0
00:32:13.840 --> 00:32:17.450
So the, the, the,
the huge permitting authority,

23ca42c7-d773-4a7b-858d-cd2c978e84fe-1
00:32:17.450 --> 00:32:19.440
huge permitting challenges.

076d9402-2570-4f9e-bff9-d59b85f87c5b-0
00:32:20.040 --> 00:32:24.989
And there are actually several bills
right now in the Massachusetts

076d9402-2570-4f9e-bff9-d59b85f87c5b-1
00:32:24.989 --> 00:32:30.666
legislature to bring the permitting
requirements more into the needs of today

076d9402-2570-4f9e-bff9-d59b85f87c5b-2
00:32:30.666 --> 00:32:33.360
as opposed to the needs of the 1970s.

5bc2d3a6-6773-4c60-9350-919c7947cbbb-0
00:32:33.680 --> 00:32:35.320
So permitting's a huge problem.

db225287-c692-4156-9afe-50665d2151eb-0
00:32:36.760 --> 00:32:39.160
And you know, there's all the reasons.

bf47bf17-52c2-401c-ae4b-b4add28e3a7f-0
00:32:39.360 --> 00:32:44.464
But also up here in the Northeast,
we even built too many nature based

bf47bf17-52c2-401c-ae4b-b4add28e3a7f-1
00:32:44.464 --> 00:32:45.040
systems.

64a254b0-0a93-4580-a662-28f4007966f5-0
00:32:45.360 --> 00:32:48.525
There's a lot in the South,
southern United States,

64a254b0-0a93-4580-a662-28f4007966f5-1
00:32:48.525 --> 00:32:53.273
but in the North we have additional
challenges because we have these distinct

64a254b0-0a93-4580-a662-28f4007966f5-2
00:32:53.273 --> 00:32:53.760
seasons.

f78c503e-08c1-4758-acf7-1350ba801665-0
00:32:53.960 --> 00:32:55.560
So that's tough on vegetation.

13e1fcbe-99a5-40a7-92fb-45bf15f8e152-0
00:32:55.920 --> 00:32:59.760
We have a more stormy climate,
larger waves and so on and so forth.

742ac6f9-f9f5-4003-bd5c-6c3671af6d76-0
00:33:00.120 --> 00:33:04.120
So it's sort of lack of data on the
performance of nature based systems.

d696168a-188e-425f-942e-c8f43c8b1b49-0
00:33:04.120 --> 00:33:09.360
We need more case studies,
but it's sort of a, a catch 22.

0735cf0d-7df4-4fdb-8bd4-256c1800558b-0
00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:15.774
We can't get the permits to do a do a
case study because of the permitting

0735cf0d-7df4-4fdb-8bd4-256c1800558b-1
00:33:15.774 --> 00:33:17.160
problem and so on.

df3f4641-d235-4766-b2df-0d733b3a8587-0
00:33:17.160 --> 00:33:17.520
OK.

65d60274-f29d-4449-9c57-ec11d802b84c-0
00:33:17.520 --> 00:33:20.618
Then this just shows even if we could get
permits,

65d60274-f29d-4449-9c57-ec11d802b84c-1
00:33:20.618 --> 00:33:25.600
it's about a two year process to get a
permit to do anything in the coastal zone.

731ad5fa-e74d-44bc-b467-53098d4ffc98-0
00:33:26.520 --> 00:33:30.891
And so this is an another barrier if we
could get the permits,

731ad5fa-e74d-44bc-b467-53098d4ffc98-1
00:33:30.891 --> 00:33:36.303
it's a very time consuming long process
to go through all the steps about two

731ad5fa-e74d-44bc-b467-53098d4ffc98-2
00:33:36.303 --> 00:33:36.720
years.

55a64a2f-0773-4812-9d4f-fb0314179ad1-0
00:33:37.280 --> 00:33:40.351
And then there's some you know research
questions,

55a64a2f-0773-4812-9d4f-fb0314179ad1-1
00:33:40.351 --> 00:33:42.760
you know biophysical research questions.

ccf423a2-7fb8-4402-a7cd-50ae09420e27-0
00:33:43.120 --> 00:33:47.000
We don't know a lot about the performance
of nature based systems.

a4ea85ff-7d05-4f25-a158-9ff3f0da2f5b-0
00:33:47.240 --> 00:33:50.643
And again,
I'm not going to go through the whole

a4ea85ff-7d05-4f25-a158-9ff3f0da2f5b-1
00:33:50.643 --> 00:33:53.977
list,
but one thing is we do design of a nature

a4ea85ff-7d05-4f25-a158-9ff3f0da2f5b-2
00:33:53.977 --> 00:33:54.880
based system.

a9bfbcbe-6332-471b-a599-e1ffe051ed8e-0
00:33:55.560 --> 00:33:59.640
We want to use a computer model to
simulate how well it performs.

be6366fe-5030-4038-8d59-52c446ed9cf3-0
00:33:59.640 --> 00:34:03.602
Like for that system in,
in in Charlestown, the Mystic River,

be6366fe-5030-4038-8d59-52c446ed9cf3-1
00:34:03.602 --> 00:34:05.520
like what should the slope be?

458b3a9a-93be-4c8b-88ee-044e79c1c677-0
00:34:05.800 --> 00:34:09.080
What should the vegetation be and so on
and so forth.

4ff4b11e-26b8-413f-9c66-cb480b0650f1-0
00:34:09.480 --> 00:34:13.096
So there's a coefficient we call the
roughness coefficients,

4ff4b11e-26b8-413f-9c66-cb480b0650f1-1
00:34:13.096 --> 00:34:14.520
which measures the rate.

884090f3-4234-4884-9db5-67099dd4e796-0
00:34:14.560 --> 00:34:19.400
So which is sort of the friction that
occurs when water moves over a surface.

901b6afe-fafc-42e6-9b5c-b025ea0b5622-0
00:34:19.880 --> 00:34:22.467
Well,
we don't know what those are for a lot of

901b6afe-fafc-42e6-9b5c-b025ea0b5622-1
00:34:22.467 --> 00:34:23.600
nature based systems.

dbb1d31e-00aa-43da-8b4d-e67da386e40f-0
00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:27.480
So it's very difficult to do really good,
good design.

5df49909-d357-47e3-bfc3-8f357f35fa18-0
00:34:28.080 --> 00:34:30.360
And that's just one of the design
parameters.

b17d3086-452a-4326-8895-bcffc81e88e6-0
00:34:31.480 --> 00:34:35.703
We don't know, you know, how can we put,
you know what,

b17d3086-452a-4326-8895-bcffc81e88e6-1
00:34:35.703 --> 00:34:41.058
what sort of vegetation should we use so
we can adjust the civil rise,

b17d3086-452a-4326-8895-bcffc81e88e6-2
00:34:41.058 --> 00:34:45.961
What's the role of these nature based
systems in carbon storage,

b17d3086-452a-4326-8895-bcffc81e88e6-3
00:34:45.961 --> 00:34:49.280
seasonality impacts and so on and so
forth.

32993abf-6dbb-4ad3-a505-caf3044c11c3-0
00:34:49.280 --> 00:34:55.433
So a lot of biophysical questions we need
to address before we start implementing

32993abf-6dbb-4ad3-a505-caf3044c11c3-1
00:34:55.433 --> 00:34:57.160
nature based solutions.

45fb6812-eb42-4d2a-b4b9-ace1e375b34c-0
00:34:57.320 --> 00:34:58.240
Let's look at that clock.

9341fd76-bd0a-46d0-9d2d-b9ff7d735575-0
00:34:58.240 --> 00:34:59.120
That clock's wrong.

6e8227ab-9b01-44b0-83ed-5367d582a5c3-0
00:34:59.360 --> 00:34:59.680
OK.

8c8bdcb6-414a-450e-ae9e-91dccfd59ed2-0
00:34:59.680 --> 00:35:01.240
So I'm going to wrap up in a couple of
minutes.

d38c2901-1223-4b6a-b647-a29b40a7fa7c-0
00:35:01.600 --> 00:35:04.760
And then there's also equity issues.

ab9fda52-c96e-46c4-88e0-b8434601b83b-0
00:35:05.120 --> 00:35:09.748
So there's some concern that if you make
something, if you like tick,

ab9fda52-c96e-46c4-88e0-b8434601b83b-1
00:35:09.748 --> 00:35:14.774
tick community like East Boston,
if you make it greener and more resilient,

ab9fda52-c96e-46c4-88e0-b8434601b83b-2
00:35:14.774 --> 00:35:19.270
you're going to create even more
gentrification than there is there

ab9fda52-c96e-46c4-88e0-b8434601b83b-3
00:35:19.270 --> 00:35:19.800
already.

5c9505c3-620b-4070-a495-559ae682bda3-0
00:35:20.320 --> 00:35:25.861
So how can we implement nature based
solutions in a way that doesn't create

5c9505c3-620b-4070-a495-559ae682bda3-1
00:35:25.861 --> 00:35:27.320
more gentrification?

e636ed44-65a6-4bf1-9791-079c55917ceb-0
00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:32.884
And so some of the work we've done in
East Boston is, is this,

e636ed44-65a6-4bf1-9791-079c55917ceb-1
00:35:32.884 --> 00:35:35.520
So this is an area in East Boston.

daa3c585-4bbe-495b-b55c-c1452e5bfa10-0
00:35:35.960 --> 00:35:40.811
For those that know East Boston,
this is right near Liberty Plaza where

daa3c585-4bbe-495b-b55c-c1452e5bfa10-1
00:35:40.811 --> 00:35:43.440
the supermarket is, which floods today.

deff8571-062e-4b0f-824d-f3da47c23db8-0
00:35:43.520 --> 00:35:45.200
This was what it looks like right now.

35e1df97-e7ac-4a5e-af56-146573e7ed07-0
00:35:45.520 --> 00:35:49.075
So we're talking to some residents and
they said, look, yeah,

35e1df97-e7ac-4a5e-af56-146573e7ed07-1
00:35:49.075 --> 00:35:53.720
we want green infrastructure to protect
us, but we also want affordable housing.

78c5b27e-94ca-4495-b86a-c76dac83e983-0
00:35:53.720 --> 00:35:57.161
So they said if you're going to make the
area greener, you know,

78c5b27e-94ca-4495-b86a-c76dac83e983-1
00:35:57.161 --> 00:36:01.080
build affordable housing for us right
there, make it part of the project.

8eeadd8a-5acb-4971-bffa-c70cbdb41b94-0
00:36:01.600 --> 00:36:07.120
So this would let the residents, you know,
stay where they are right now.

4a1b7ab2-856f-4c74-a9d9-67f3561dd9dc-0
00:36:08.440 --> 00:36:11.720
And so I'm going to skip this the
interest of time.

3e13ea97-111c-4329-ba5c-957e95b1572a-0
00:36:12.080 --> 00:36:16.500
I'm just going to close a little bit by
saying that, you know,

3e13ea97-111c-4329-ba5c-957e95b1572a-1
00:36:16.500 --> 00:36:20.920
Doctor Hayes mentioned this thing called
the Stone Living Lab.

af2ab7ae-4120-47cf-90c0-b9c3a4b00220-0
00:36:21.640 --> 00:36:24.800
And this is a, a research centre.

118c4970-68be-4093-8860-bf1bf9438824-0
00:36:25.760 --> 00:36:32.002
It's research partnership to look at the
performance of nature based systems in,

118c4970-68be-4093-8860-bf1bf9438824-1
00:36:32.002 --> 00:36:34.160
in Boston Harbor and beyond.

6d07de02-b763-43a8-9ed6-fbe61820dc27-0
00:36:34.800 --> 00:36:39.166
And we're looking at not only the
biophysical performance,

6d07de02-b763-43a8-9ed6-fbe61820dc27-1
00:36:39.166 --> 00:36:42.200
but also the social economic performance.

9d839e99-be92-4330-9cc7-518ac6b5d62e-0
00:36:42.680 --> 00:36:44.040
And it's, it's pretty unique.

317013d9-5672-4704-a5cb-9795ad19e592-0
00:36:44.040 --> 00:36:48.456
It's a partnership with UMass,
an NGO called Boston Harbor now,

317013d9-5672-4704-a5cb-9795ad19e592-1
00:36:48.456 --> 00:36:53.080
the National Park Service and and the
city of Boston in the state.

f0c35c8a-d8c7-404b-bd82-cde0e945c1c2-0
00:36:53.680 --> 00:36:59.248
And we're we're and we're actually
carrying out a whole lot of small scale

f0c35c8a-d8c7-404b-bd82-cde0e945c1c2-1
00:36:59.248 --> 00:37:04.966
experiments on of existing systems that
are somewhat similar to nature based

f0c35c8a-d8c7-404b-bd82-cde0e945c1c2-2
00:37:04.966 --> 00:37:05.560
systems.

e16d850f-5832-4c42-844e-709a11fd9fb9-0
00:37:05.920 --> 00:37:07.680
So we can understand their performance.

df561371-6506-4e21-a7c6-4d69ed6641d7-0
00:37:07.680 --> 00:37:13.280
And then eventually we hopefully get the
permits to actually build a large scale

df561371-6506-4e21-a7c6-4d69ed6641d7-1
00:37:13.280 --> 00:37:17.360
nature based system and carefully monitor
its performance.

47e3f3fc-eec3-4285-b30b-cc95294d2749-0
00:37:17.920 --> 00:37:22.900
Then also we're actually carrying out a
social Economic Research as well,

47e3f3fc-eec3-4285-b30b-cc95294d2749-1
00:37:22.900 --> 00:37:26.400
some of which has been done by by Salem
State here.

9b248d61-03c8-415d-9ddb-2522bec02ff6-0
00:37:26.840 --> 00:37:32.499
So I just want to conclude by saying that,
yeah, so, so,

9b248d61-03c8-415d-9ddb-2522bec02ff6-1
00:37:32.499 --> 00:37:40.342
so the outcome of our study and what city
is doing right now is they are using

9b248d61-03c8-415d-9ddb-2522bec02ff6-2
00:37:40.342 --> 00:37:46.200
nature based systems at least till the
end of the century.

879bbd7b-b7be-432f-9614-c50e2ec91f3a-0
00:37:46.560 --> 00:37:50.902
Then they might re evaluate whether they
want to build a large scale barrier or

879bbd7b-b7be-432f-9614-c50e2ec91f3a-1
00:37:50.902 --> 00:37:51.120
not.

a5d7424d-02d1-4b0a-96b4-5d29791b44a9-0
00:37:51.600 --> 00:37:54.930
But by then they would have, you know,
will have a better sense of what's

a5d7424d-02d1-4b0a-96b4-5d29791b44a9-1
00:37:54.930 --> 00:37:57.000
happening with civil rise and climate
change.

34af36d6-0220-48bb-9987-d20eafb1d8cc-0
00:37:57.360 --> 00:37:59.320
And hopefully they can make a a good
decision.

6aced288-18f7-4b82-958b-06cbbcd0b755-0
00:38:00.440 --> 00:38:05.842
But there are research needs that need to
be met before we can really go deep into

6aced288-18f7-4b82-958b-06cbbcd0b755-1
00:38:05.842 --> 00:38:07.600
using nature based systems.

ead8e289-3658-4855-95f7-0763c3e2a156-0
00:38:08.080 --> 00:38:13.681
So I want to thank you very much and I
look for any questions or comments and

ead8e289-3658-4855-95f7-0763c3e2a156-1
00:38:13.681 --> 00:38:14.400
thank you.

0bb67932-a3c5-49f8-be1a-91484f94fca5-0
00:38:22.260 --> 00:38:26.504
Until we get through this permitting
hurdle I think we're going to be facing,

0bb67932-a3c5-49f8-be1a-91484f94fca5-1
00:38:26.504 --> 00:38:28.300
it's not going to happen quickly.

1845da43-62d4-42d3-a22e-44c27062216c-0
00:38:29.780 --> 00:38:33.121
But as I said earlier,
there are three bills in the legislature

1845da43-62d4-42d3-a22e-44c27062216c-1
00:38:33.121 --> 00:38:36.984
right now in the Massachusetts
Legislature, which are going to, you know,

1845da43-62d4-42d3-a22e-44c27062216c-2
00:38:36.984 --> 00:38:40.586
hopefully improve the permitting process
and the and, and, you know,

1845da43-62d4-42d3-a22e-44c27062216c-3
00:38:40.586 --> 00:38:42.099
will they get through or not?

4c69eba7-95b6-43a2-8850-d542c3b5cc6c-0
00:38:42.100 --> 00:38:46.378
I don't know,
but there's a lot of interest from the,

4c69eba7-95b6-43a2-8850-d542c3b5cc6c-1
00:38:46.378 --> 00:38:52.400
you know, governor on down to, you know,
to improve the permitting process.

1467f6d5-63b4-4184-baf2-90627063cecd-0
00:38:52.960 --> 00:38:55.000
And then the other question is the
financing.

a3b5e511-bd78-4c5e-b6ed-dd52c0769d12-0
00:38:55.840 --> 00:39:01.262
And so as I said earlier,
these nature based systems are cheaper

a3b5e511-bd78-4c5e-b6ed-dd52c0769d12-1
00:39:01.262 --> 00:39:07.520
than sea walls and they're obviously
cheaper than a huge offshore barrier.

d3cf4868-5c18-4b71-a347-2b33e354cdff-0
00:39:08.040 --> 00:39:11.120
So I think the communities are going to
find, you know,

d3cf4868-5c18-4b71-a347-2b33e354cdff-1
00:39:11.120 --> 00:39:13.320
some way to address the financing issue.

9dc952c6-3818-4dae-9e54-86534797d1a0-0
00:39:14.520 --> 00:39:17.457
Now,
what the city of Boston is doing is

9dc952c6-3818-4dae-9e54-86534797d1a0-1
00:39:17.457 --> 00:39:22.400
they've just had the Army Corps of
Engineers start a planning study.

d58b37f1-8701-4489-96d5-060b8f26a55c-0
00:39:23.240 --> 00:39:29.320
And the outcome of that study is going to
be recommendations for coastal resiliency.

175076b3-78ae-474b-a6fe-8cd78ec03ec4-0
00:39:30.240 --> 00:39:35.003
And if the city goes ahead and wants to
go ahead with some of the recommendations

175076b3-78ae-474b-a6fe-8cd78ec03ec4-1
00:39:35.003 --> 00:39:38.199
from the core,
the federal government will pay a large

175076b3-78ae-474b-a6fe-8cd78ec03ec4-2
00:39:38.199 --> 00:39:40.000
portion of the resiliency cost.

892f9e21-1207-4b0f-9936-df963a213090-0
00:39:40.520 --> 00:39:45.406
So the city's plans right now are a
little bit stalled because they're going

892f9e21-1207-4b0f-9936-df963a213090-1
00:39:45.406 --> 00:39:50.166
to wait for the outcome of this core
study before they take any major make

892f9e21-1207-4b0f-9936-df963a213090-2
00:39:50.166 --> 00:39:51.880
make any major investments.

e1d14d8e-d6a7-4a4b-972b-dc98ae9724bd-0
00:39:52.240 --> 00:39:56.712
So the city is,
and also the city is going to do some

e1d14d8e-d6a7-4a4b-972b-dc98ae9724bd-1
00:39:56.712 --> 00:40:03.337
traditional sort of hard structures in
really critical places right now because

e1d14d8e-d6a7-4a4b-972b-dc98ae9724bd-2
00:40:03.337 --> 00:40:05.160
they need to get done.

b873c106-31f1-4434-9b27-431257662e84-0
00:40:05.600 --> 00:40:09.267
And so they're, you know,
they're not going to be the initial work

b873c106-31f1-4434-9b27-431257662e84-1
00:40:09.267 --> 00:40:11.840
may not be that green because they can't
wait.

9e5b68c0-5f9f-481e-bef0-75b65800ddeb-0
00:40:13.280 --> 00:40:18.187
But the, the, the,
I think the big hurdle right now is, is,

9e5b68c0-5f9f-481e-bef0-75b65800ddeb-1
00:40:18.187 --> 00:40:23.258
is, is, is the permitting,
which is unfortunate because perm,

9e5b68c0-5f9f-481e-bef0-75b65800ddeb-2
00:40:23.258 --> 00:40:26.040
you know, these permitting, right?

dd624477-ccb3-4c0f-90d7-6628ed532153-0
00:40:26.080 --> 00:40:31.497
These, these,
these regulation processes are, you know,

dd624477-ccb3-4c0f-90d7-6628ed532153-1
00:40:31.497 --> 00:40:35.560
are, you know, designed to help us, right?

201dce8c-1cc8-4cce-a020-46951482d0ed-0
00:40:36.040 --> 00:40:37.560
And they're really a hindrance right now.

2b99c60a-9498-4ab1-90b5-2edcc5e82f0c-0
00:40:37.560 --> 00:40:44.961
Are there concerns with just being
completely, are there concerns with the,

2b99c60a-9498-4ab1-90b5-2edcc5e82f0c-1
00:40:44.961 --> 00:40:48.760
are there concerns with the Yeah, yeah.

9c04c561-3a46-4c3f-af88-8fdfbbde0ef7-0
00:40:48.760 --> 00:40:52.778
So as you know, the Martha's Vineyard,
Nantucket,

9c04c561-3a46-4c3f-af88-8fdfbbde0ef7-1
00:40:52.778 --> 00:40:59.449
they're facing a large amount of erosion,
you know, particularly on their E sides,

9c04c561-3a46-4c3f-af88-8fdfbbde0ef7-2
00:40:59.449 --> 00:41:05.879
because that's where we get our winter
storms like we had a couple of days ago.

4f8f96aa-8da3-4425-9336-641cbf7088ad-0
00:41:06.160 --> 00:41:10.880
So they are facing massive amounts of
erosion.

8782c9e2-cb0d-4a4f-8daa-1c6b42eb8a47-0
00:41:11.480 --> 00:41:14.920
Plus many of the parts of the islands,
islands are very low.

b077fc3f-d037-4365-84e3-9dbe8ac2cdc4-0
00:41:15.560 --> 00:41:21.460
And so you probably saw the images of
downtown Nantucket being flooded,

b077fc3f-d037-4365-84e3-9dbe8ac2cdc4-1
00:41:21.460 --> 00:41:27.279
you know, yesterday and, and,
and you know, parts of, of, of you know,

b077fc3f-d037-4365-84e3-9dbe8ac2cdc4-2
00:41:27.279 --> 00:41:30.640
of, of the Vineyard also regularly flood.

69179f40-6ff1-4a27-9dbf-6e9295702f1d-0
00:41:31.160 --> 00:41:35.450
I remember when I first started working
on this topic, you know, in the 1990s,

69179f40-6ff1-4a27-9dbf-6e9295702f1d-1
00:41:35.450 --> 00:41:39.686
I got a call from the then president of
the of the Martha's Vineyard Hospital

69179f40-6ff1-4a27-9dbf-6e9295702f1d-2
00:41:39.686 --> 00:41:43.000
wanting to know how high they should
build the new hospital.

6a344db8-a85e-494a-bf37-f0d3aa3d1087-0
00:41:43.640 --> 00:41:45.800
And actually, and they did elevate it.

4556c53a-6887-40b2-b970-4df0d2459f61-0
00:41:45.800 --> 00:41:48.626
If you go to Martha's Vineyard and you're
in Vineyard Haven,

4556c53a-6887-40b2-b970-4df0d2459f61-1
00:41:48.626 --> 00:41:50.480
you look across like towards old Bluffs.

9085db53-422e-4d61-9c5e-e91f4e36ddc6-0
00:41:50.800 --> 00:41:54.825
You see the hospital and it, it's, it's,
it's elevated like, you know,

9085db53-422e-4d61-9c5e-e91f4e36ddc6-1
00:41:54.825 --> 00:41:56.640
well above 100 year flood plain.

ea675b64-fabc-46ed-803d-31590fd90485-0
00:41:57.000 --> 00:41:58.280
And then the Yellow Islands.

f109e148-6700-4d63-8794-fa05c307250f-0
00:41:58.280 --> 00:41:59.160
We care about these.

2b8e6e8c-96cb-4093-ba30-325abc34fd7c-0
00:41:59.160 --> 00:42:01.200
I care about is the Boston Harbor Islands.

2491d65a-31e2-4a15-b2f7-553ac20e3b72-0
00:42:01.840 --> 00:42:06.961
And, you know, those are actually,
you know, they, they, you know,

2491d65a-31e2-4a15-b2f7-553ac20e3b72-1
00:42:06.961 --> 00:42:13.000
they have some high parts and so they're
going to be around these for a while.

82b5203a-443a-4659-8040-d7f743b87947-0
00:42:13.480 --> 00:42:17.938
But those islands are really important
for protecting Boston shoreline from

82b5203a-443a-4659-8040-d7f743b87947-1
00:42:17.938 --> 00:42:21.400
coastal flooding because they absorb a
lot of wave energy.

95ea5d93-906a-4db7-8987-cb5d1486ecc9-0
00:42:22.040 --> 00:42:24.920
So we're going to do everything we can to
maintain those islands.

e2e4b977-5278-435f-a789-fa9b94555467-0
00:42:25.200 --> 00:42:30.613
Plus the islands have important, you know,
cultural resources, you know,

e2e4b977-5278-435f-a789-fa9b94555467-1
00:42:30.613 --> 00:42:36.100
both for for the Native Americans of
course, and then also for, you know,

e2e4b977-5278-435f-a789-fa9b94555467-2
00:42:36.100 --> 00:42:37.880
us that came after them.

6f3fed6f-c43c-4442-9666-72380ecc4b8a-0
00:42:39.200 --> 00:42:43.760
Are there any like like the places to
that places?

5a2a9f56-b521-48a4-99e4-dfa250e63b2a-0
00:42:43.960 --> 00:42:48.742
Are there any like to protect the barrier
islands that surround like Newberry Port

5a2a9f56-b521-48a4-99e4-dfa250e63b2a-1
00:42:48.742 --> 00:42:53.351
into The Cave and all that stuff 'cause
those are going to get washed away as a

5a2a9f56-b521-48a4-99e4-dfa250e63b2a-2
00:42:53.351 --> 00:42:53.640
soil.

6e1d4c22-4036-459e-864d-78f9a78e99c8-0
00:42:53.880 --> 00:42:57.921
So is there any like green the nature
based incidents to predict those islands

6e1d4c22-4036-459e-864d-78f9a78e99c8-1
00:42:57.921 --> 00:42:58.280
at all?

baf6fc0d-ebdd-4182-9d91-310faea919d5-0
00:42:58.280 --> 00:42:59.760
Yeah, yeah.

95817b83-0423-4014-ab06-cd6dc7cd0ba3-0
00:42:59.760 --> 00:43:10.815
So one idea to protect some of these
vulnerable barrier islands is obviously

95817b83-0423-4014-ab06-cd6dc7cd0ba3-1
00:43:10.815 --> 00:43:23.018
make sure the vegetation on those islands
you know are as are as strong as possible,

95817b83-0423-4014-ab06-cd6dc7cd0ba3-2
00:43:23.018 --> 00:43:23.880
right?

bb163967-45e5-486a-a183-46a752f8c979-0
00:43:24.040 --> 00:43:27.840
You want to make sure those those,
those those barrier islands are preserved.

ec31f550-92e6-463c-836f-5ebf3833eed6-0
00:43:28.200 --> 00:43:31.465
So we want to do everything we can to
make help them maintain their health and

ec31f550-92e6-463c-836f-5ebf3833eed6-1
00:43:31.465 --> 00:43:31.920
resilience.

16161b6c-0f3e-49c9-88d2-a29b9d939bc8-0
00:43:32.160 --> 00:43:32.480
OK.

cf3d262a-f851-4db9-a9bb-d5579ede42ce-0
00:43:32.720 --> 00:43:36.320
But that's not going to be enough because
we still have to deal with rising seas.

5984d7ad-4a96-4615-9202-34e18bde9fec-0
00:43:36.880 --> 00:43:44.790
So some of the ideas are to build like an
offshore reef either out of the boulders

5984d7ad-4a96-4615-9202-34e18bde9fec-1
00:43:44.790 --> 00:43:52.320
or oysters or something that would wave,
that would strip off the wave energy.

a38d2ede-ed86-4783-b627-177faae24a69-0
00:43:53.200 --> 00:43:55.832
And you know, the erosion is caused,
you know,

a38d2ede-ed86-4783-b627-177faae24a69-1
00:43:55.832 --> 00:43:59.640
the short term erosion is caused by we
get a major storm the waves.

31cdfad2-39f3-456d-8b09-81b5d6a7dd6e-0
00:44:00.160 --> 00:44:03.429
So if we can put build some sort of a
barrier offshore,

31cdfad2-39f3-456d-8b09-81b5d6a7dd6e-1
00:44:03.429 --> 00:44:08.216
which is ecologically friendly but strips
off the waves as the water goes through

31cdfad2-39f3-456d-8b09-81b5d6a7dd6e-2
00:44:08.216 --> 00:44:10.960
it,
that'll help cut down some of the erosion.

55d6fb22-edc8-4cc8-b770-9aed4bf832d6-0
00:44:11.560 --> 00:44:16.638
But these offshore barriers do not cut
down the height of the water when it

55d6fb22-edc8-4cc8-b770-9aed4bf832d6-1
00:44:16.638 --> 00:44:17.240
comes in.

02096f5a-f173-416a-88f7-f8e4a3b17b20-0
00:44:17.360 --> 00:44:20.560
It's not going to cut down sea level rise.

4c1478eb-0393-4fac-b955-2c11f281fe57-0
00:44:21.040 --> 00:44:25.960
And so we're going to have to think about
something else over time.

0e9ab168-1a9d-45b6-a8b5-74c1f8e3a362-0
00:44:26.400 --> 00:44:30.651
And and one thing is you can,
besides trying to make the make these

0e9ab168-1a9d-45b6-a8b5-74c1f8e3a362-1
00:44:30.651 --> 00:44:35.714
barrier islands as healthy as possible so
they themselves can adjust is maintain

0e9ab168-1a9d-45b6-a8b5-74c1f8e3a362-2
00:44:35.714 --> 00:44:36.840
sediment supplies.

4c9058bb-983a-4b1a-8b6c-734045266fd4-0
00:44:37.320 --> 00:44:40.589
And if they aren't enough,
there's a process called thin layer

4c9058bb-983a-4b1a-8b6c-734045266fd4-1
00:44:40.589 --> 00:44:41.160
deposition.

4cf6e352-992a-4614-b7d9-15e4da63ad4e-0
00:44:41.400 --> 00:44:47.226
We can actually man made apply sediment
to some of these offshore systems,

4cf6e352-992a-4614-b7d9-15e4da63ad4e-1
00:44:47.226 --> 00:44:49.480
which would let them survive.

7be8fbdf-80e5-4207-8f4f-2716a9bced16-0
00:44:49.720 --> 00:44:55.280
But I'm not a coastal engineer,
but it it's very complicated.

9eca509b-12bf-49ab-86b9-b706c21d4b4c-0
00:44:55.600 --> 00:44:59.480
But there are things we can do to try to
protect these systems.

b157759f-6c4e-47cb-a8d7-324581407aaa-0
00:44:59.720 --> 00:45:04.042
But we've got to the most important thing
we can do right now though,

b157759f-6c4e-47cb-a8d7-324581407aaa-1
00:45:04.042 --> 00:45:07.563
is to make sure,
make sure they're healthy and make sure

b157759f-6c4e-47cb-a8d7-324581407aaa-2
00:45:07.563 --> 00:45:12.503
also like for our wetlands, you know,
wetland might actually be able to migrate

b157759f-6c4e-47cb-a8d7-324581407aaa-3
00:45:12.503 --> 00:45:16.085
inland if we let it,
but we got to make sure there's land

b157759f-6c4e-47cb-a8d7-324581407aaa-4
00:45:16.085 --> 00:45:18.000
around at where it can migrate.

987dc296-81a7-435a-a213-2d54069482a1-0
00:45:18.360 --> 00:45:21.409
You know, we can't,
we can't have them bring by roads and

987dc296-81a7-435a-a213-2d54069482a1-1
00:45:21.409 --> 00:45:22.040
development.

ae310e70-6fe2-437d-9d66-b5b2e2062e1a-0
00:45:22.480 --> 00:45:24.800
We've got to give them space to move.

93be94e6-6e52-472e-a9f2-7cf8d9ae9afd-0
00:45:25.240 --> 00:45:31.369
So there are things that we have to do
right now to protect and let the get let

93be94e6-6e52-472e-a9f2-7cf8d9ae9afd-1
00:45:31.369 --> 00:45:35.200
the natural environment have a chance to
survive.

7fe760ad-31e3-44ae-a158-cc1da3a6cd13-0
00:45:35.560 --> 00:45:36.840
But it's going to be a challenge.

8871d5b2-80ba-4e30-b153-fd0acbcf44da-0
00:45:37.320 --> 00:45:42.248
You know, the, the best thing again,
is to cut down silver rise, you know,

8871d5b2-80ba-4e30-b153-fd0acbcf44da-1
00:45:42.248 --> 00:45:44.680
control our greenhouse gas emissions.

1bafe2a6-1e2b-4924-a99c-5108e489eca5-0
00:45:44.960 --> 00:45:48.217
It makes so much sense because we mainly
have, you know,

1bafe2a6-1e2b-4924-a99c-5108e489eca5-1
00:45:48.217 --> 00:45:51.360
a couple of feet of silver rise as
opposed to 5 or 10.

df5f92b7-49a4-4027-9e91-dd5246459a85-0
00:45:52.040 --> 00:45:55.800
We can adjust to probably a couple,
but 5 or 10 is just really,

df5f92b7-49a4-4027-9e91-dd5246459a85-1
00:45:55.800 --> 00:45:56.800
really difficult.

a6613eff-c5a3-4e3a-9507-046647461055-0
00:45:57.840 --> 00:46:00.880
So again,
we got to get to net 0 by 2050 and beyond.

dda5d7ab-92d6-42f8-a31b-da101d4852a1-0
00:46:02.560 --> 00:46:04.040
We have a question for you over here,
Paul.

5a92a063-a807-41ea-9a66-7db60a636ef7-0
00:46:04.400 --> 00:46:06.600
Yeah, thank you so much.

6719b9e6-6f68-487d-9636-c1486e63d5d2-0
00:46:07.400 --> 00:46:10.000
You have backed in Jack and Stanley.

42647088-5260-43a4-84fb-f19eae5fdad7-0
00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:14.800
This is my first Darwin Festival too,
so appreciate it.

0e7a0fd8-2ee3-4b20-b9ef-613782f6f369-0
00:46:15.400 --> 00:46:21.941
We have the March right by in Central
Campus that we've looked at that seems

0e7a0fd8-2ee3-4b20-b9ef-613782f6f369-1
00:46:21.941 --> 00:46:28.228
like it would be a great kind of
potential case study for managing like a

0e7a0fd8-2ee3-4b20-b9ef-613782f6f369-2
00:46:28.228 --> 00:46:34.175
nature based solution flooding here and
potentially essential campus,

0e7a0fd8-2ee3-4b20-b9ef-613782f6f369-3
00:46:34.175 --> 00:46:35.959
but there's not many.

b70c395f-1057-47f6-8205-d1f5a16dd0bd-0
00:46:36.280 --> 00:46:37.640
There's not much place for it to go.

4ff6265d-ae14-4203-80fa-9660edebec6b-0
00:46:37.720 --> 00:46:38.720
You're kind of getting at this.

e94c8fad-37cb-4d1c-ab36-15b400eca42f-0
00:46:38.720 --> 00:46:44.838
Is there any sort of like retreat or,
or way that doing nature based retreat or

e94c8fad-37cb-4d1c-ab36-15b400eca42f-1
00:46:44.838 --> 00:46:48.279
any apart from just creating large
barriers,

e94c8fad-37cb-4d1c-ab36-15b400eca42f-2
00:46:48.279 --> 00:46:50.880
especially in a place like Boston?

57a5b716-2386-40a7-abe4-5484b35639c9-0
00:46:50.880 --> 00:46:53.200
That's so yeah.

ccafdc14-4eeb-498a-bd95-5b457d84b8a9-0
00:46:53.920 --> 00:47:01.240
So let's see again with with the marsh,
right.

ad623378-69b9-45fb-b90b-c580471b9b66-0
00:47:01.480 --> 00:47:06.044
If if the marsh can't move because it's
ringed by roads and development,

ad623378-69b9-45fb-b90b-c580471b9b66-1
00:47:06.044 --> 00:47:09.796
the other option is,
is to just provide sediment, you know,

ad623378-69b9-45fb-b90b-c580471b9b66-2
00:47:09.796 --> 00:47:14.486
for a couple millimetres of sediment
every single year to keep up with the

ad623378-69b9-45fb-b90b-c580471b9b66-3
00:47:14.486 --> 00:47:15.800
rate of several rise.

7d0f4c8f-008f-453f-b0cb-cdeee720d039-0
00:47:17.280 --> 00:47:19.760
And and you know,
it's called thin layer deposition.

9aa5c15b-2a23-49d3-a52c-9d530aa83aa8-0
00:47:20.280 --> 00:47:23.999
Now again,
it's very difficult to get that permitted

9aa5c15b-2a23-49d3-a52c-9d530aa83aa8-1
00:47:23.999 --> 00:47:29.963
in Massachusetts, but there's one way of,
of trying to protect our existing marshes,

9aa5c15b-2a23-49d3-a52c-9d530aa83aa8-2
00:47:29.963 --> 00:47:32.560
just sort of add vegetation on to it.

234fab72-bf32-4f59-a69b-ee8ff433c0e5-0
00:47:33.240 --> 00:47:39.473
And and also if there is an existing
sediment supply source for it, again,

234fab72-bf32-4f59-a69b-ee8ff433c0e5-1
00:47:39.473 --> 00:47:41.800
make sure that's maintained.

58b6a276-cde1-4045-aebc-037cc10ae071-0
00:47:42.760 --> 00:47:47.080
And then also again,
I'm not a coastal biologist.

9426d328-14f9-413e-b9f9-cda9774301dc-0
00:47:47.080 --> 00:47:49.830
I mean,
I think you want to think about what sort

9426d328-14f9-413e-b9f9-cda9774301dc-1
00:47:49.830 --> 00:47:53.680
of plants should be there that they can
deal with the change climate.

70b1ccbe-f8dc-475c-ae3a-bf01a91fb51e-0
00:47:54.560 --> 00:47:59.699
So, you know,
you might think about what can we do to

70b1ccbe-f8dc-475c-ae3a-bf01a91fb51e-1
00:47:59.699 --> 00:48:07.600
make that marshmallow more healthy and,
and, and and deal with the change climate.

a8ba1ecc-9a76-4e7f-b762-c127f9ce3a79-0
00:48:07.840 --> 00:48:11.237
And the other thing is you might also
think about, you know, monitoring,

a8ba1ecc-9a76-4e7f-b762-c127f9ce3a79-1
00:48:11.237 --> 00:48:12.960
you know, the elevation of the marsh.

295c32b1-a1c2-4a3d-a24c-c5ffd81ad7cf-0
00:48:12.960 --> 00:48:16.449
I mean, as a whole,
my colleague Dave Burke at UNH and he

295c32b1-a1c2-4a3d-a24c-c5ffd81ad7cf-1
00:48:16.449 --> 00:48:20.000
Mars at the the height of all of these
marshes around UNH.

f85b5024-265c-4e2c-ab2a-2e6885814af3-0
00:48:20.320 --> 00:48:22.240
So there's technology for doing that.

351cbc79-e7d6-458b-97f2-56211d55c08d-0
00:48:23.000 --> 00:48:24.893
And so, like,
you want to just keep track of what's

351cbc79-e7d6-458b-97f2-56211d55c08d-1
00:48:24.893 --> 00:48:25.440
going on there.

39df4173-f12b-4ee5-9a93-62f7a4cd0924-0
00:48:25.440 --> 00:48:25.560
Yeah.

4fbaa710-1343-469e-9db6-b332f8b4c699-0
00:48:26.040 --> 00:48:26.280
Yeah.

0a4562ea-0b7d-42e2-ae78-7d4747bfd64a-0
00:48:26.280 --> 00:48:28.280
I just had a question.

ed137f55-5324-44a6-88d8-721b062d670f-0
00:48:28.280 --> 00:48:30.520
I know you probably have some answers too.

6448c339-4842-4f45-9897-ff5c164ba238-0
00:48:30.520 --> 00:48:31.160
So that's good.

ecb7bed8-5b93-4697-9994-0e8e4c7060e5-0
00:48:31.160 --> 00:48:33.320
So don't hesitate to speak up.

59d2979b-a7ef-4ca8-8533-2acefe538bf3-0
00:48:34.960 --> 00:48:38.697
In California,
there's been some stuff at the state

59d2979b-a7ef-4ca8-8533-2acefe538bf3-1
00:48:38.697 --> 00:48:43.368
level to try to buy land,
property from people that is along the

59d2979b-a7ef-4ca8-8533-2acefe538bf3-2
00:48:43.368 --> 00:48:43.800
shore.

f9785ad1-4f98-442a-83f1-85ff8fce5e05-0
00:48:43.800 --> 00:48:48.378
I'm just wondering if Massachusetts
presenting more state leadership instead

f9785ad1-4f98-442a-83f1-85ff8fce5e05-1
00:48:48.378 --> 00:48:52.957
of relying more on the local government
to spearhead some of these things or

f9785ad1-4f98-442a-83f1-85ff8fce5e05-2
00:48:52.957 --> 00:48:54.919
something like a bigger overhead.

5c1a58e4-527a-44f8-a2c3-cb3ad2f087df-0
00:48:56.120 --> 00:48:56.480
Yeah.

db3b9993-8737-46c0-b49d-59500931e1af-0
00:48:57.600 --> 00:48:57.800
Yeah.

a793cbdb-1f45-4de6-92a3-6c1cae527597-0
00:48:57.800 --> 00:49:04.059
No, I think by, by, you know,
there's this whole concept called manage

a793cbdb-1f45-4de6-92a3-6c1cae527597-1
00:49:04.059 --> 00:49:08.467
retreat,
which is essentially recognizing that we

a793cbdb-1f45-4de6-92a3-6c1cae527597-2
00:49:08.467 --> 00:49:10.760
cannot protect everything.

648f90b2-0e75-4871-80e3-4ff932e91304-0
00:49:11.400 --> 00:49:15.240
And in some areas we're going to actually
have to let the sea take over now.

c76ad604-61d6-449e-b85c-ba684121c2e1-0
00:49:16.040 --> 00:49:21.337
And so maybe the idea is you purchase
those properties that flood all the time

c76ad604-61d6-449e-b85c-ba684121c2e1-1
00:49:21.337 --> 00:49:26.568
now because it's cheaper in the long run
instead of to rebuild and having the

c76ad604-61d6-449e-b85c-ba684121c2e1-2
00:49:26.568 --> 00:49:31.195
state help people rebuild,
just buy the property now and they'll let

c76ad604-61d6-449e-b85c-ba684121c2e1-3
00:49:31.195 --> 00:49:34.280
the sea take over that area, manage,
retreat.

67eec167-d541-4dea-ab16-52ef09a62364-0
00:49:34.560 --> 00:49:37.385
And some,
some towns like Hull and Scituate,

67eec167-d541-4dea-ab16-52ef09a62364-1
00:49:37.385 --> 00:49:40.400
you know, are,
are actively talking about that.

8ea267ca-6dbe-4f9b-acb5-326d7bb6eef1-0
00:49:42.040 --> 00:49:45.749
The I think the city of Boston still
doesn't want to use that term,

8ea267ca-6dbe-4f9b-acb5-326d7bb6eef1-1
00:49:45.749 --> 00:49:49.840
but I think eventually they're going to
have to start thinking about that.

f9aaa471-a66a-4614-aa31-dc23a2a12a41-0
00:49:50.360 --> 00:49:53.055
But you know,
there's this whole philosophy which is

f9aaa471-a66a-4614-aa31-dc23a2a12a41-1
00:49:53.055 --> 00:49:53.920
very justifiable.

aebbd5bb-b02f-48ee-9a0b-8335972fdc4b-0
00:49:53.920 --> 00:49:59.472
So living with the sea,
living with the water, because, you know,

aebbd5bb-b02f-48ee-9a0b-8335972fdc4b-1
00:49:59.472 --> 00:50:02.080
in the end, nature always wins.

945e8a7c-cd1a-40ad-a350-aa72dfc78146-0
00:50:03.120 --> 00:50:07.954
And so it's,
it's really important to take, you know,

945e8a7c-cd1a-40ad-a350-aa72dfc78146-1
00:50:07.954 --> 00:50:12.520
a holistic,
systematic approach to these problems.

6d3a291e-2374-4822-a9d1-ba965b9228e6-0
00:50:12.920 --> 00:50:17.100
And that that's why, you know,
disciplinary work is so important because

6d3a291e-2374-4822-a9d1-ba965b9228e6-1
00:50:17.100 --> 00:50:20.880
these these problems require skills from
every single discipline.

08a899ea-ddfa-424d-bf12-5da519d979c0-0
00:50:20.880 --> 00:50:25.600
Do you have a question here?

871335f3-d967-4fd0-880b-a2dc63fac466-0
00:50:25.600 --> 00:50:27.000
Yeah, all sort of like survivable.

a3475a45-677f-4b04-bb66-394ffb018b0a-0
00:50:27.040 --> 00:50:29.380
Is this solution,
is this something that's just sort of

a3475a45-677f-4b04-bb66-394ffb018b0a-1
00:50:29.380 --> 00:50:31.720
like putting a Band-Aid on something that
eat stitches?

ee5fd3bf-f91f-4f8a-bb42-846ce35ab529-0
00:50:32.120 --> 00:50:35.209
Or is this something that's like, OK,
we're setting down the ground late or

ee5fd3bf-f91f-4f8a-bb42-846ce35ab529-1
00:50:35.209 --> 00:50:37.080
something that's going to work in the
future?

32a69c52-a2f9-478b-a159-4486fef9b4df-0
00:50:37.400 --> 00:50:40.240
Yeah, this is a tough question.

f27794c4-5920-4450-950b-0b74ca1e514c-0
00:50:43.200 --> 00:50:48.804
I think Boston's only thinking ahead to
around 2100 and they're, they're,

f27794c4-5920-4450-950b-0b74ca1e514c-1
00:50:48.804 --> 00:50:54.560
they're playing for 2100 and that for
2100, they have to do something else.

05e8a2d5-dbe5-4c04-8701-c0cc1721e7f6-0
00:50:55.160 --> 00:50:56.360
They don't know what they're going to do.

074b6d0f-973c-4750-9b1e-5754ffced18f-0
00:50:57.240 --> 00:50:59.421
But you know,
I think they're thinking it's somewhat

074b6d0f-973c-4750-9b1e-5754ffced18f-1
00:50:59.421 --> 00:51:00.080
similar to mine.

a556bd80-471a-4e8b-afab-2d6ff4ecfa5d-0
00:51:00.680 --> 00:51:05.960
Let's see if we can get, we can protect,
you know, up to 2070 or 2100.

316c5868-aa92-4f28-855f-7d205e3d4b2d-0
00:51:06.440 --> 00:51:11.267
And between that and now we'll figure out
more of a long term solution because

316c5868-aa92-4f28-855f-7d205e3d4b2d-1
00:51:11.267 --> 00:51:15.728
maybe we will have arrested the rate of
silver rise and maybe we'll have

316c5868-aa92-4f28-855f-7d205e3d4b2d-2
00:51:15.728 --> 00:51:17.440
something else be different.

e1c3b14a-231c-43b8-99c4-1b17bca073c1-0
00:51:17.840 --> 00:51:20.440
So we're buying time.

b4e61a81-0409-49dc-b212-1eada800c096-0
00:51:20.440 --> 00:51:25.234
It's not quite a bandage,
but it's it's it's like long term triage

b4e61a81-0409-49dc-b212-1eada800c096-1
00:51:25.234 --> 00:51:29.885
to, you know, give us some ice, you know,
give us time, decades,

b4e61a81-0409-49dc-b212-1eada800c096-2
00:51:29.885 --> 00:51:33.320
half a century to figure out what to
really do.

f714f0ac-c575-447d-8218-73b54148333d-0
00:51:33.320 --> 00:51:38.960
All right, You know,
all care of political science.

7ecb96bd-7c95-4df4-988f-4e023b3039fd-0
00:51:38.960 --> 00:51:41.480
You think all the different social
sciences.

d6fa1f57-359e-48fd-aaef-6fb4910f6f45-0
00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:42.120
Yeah.

ef40dd87-fd1a-4fbc-8413-7d2b3cfac3ba-0
00:51:44.600 --> 00:51:49.871
So you've kind of traced a lot of the
problems in terms of bureaucracy and

ef40dd87-fd1a-4fbc-8413-7d2b3cfac3ba-1
00:51:49.871 --> 00:51:52.120
trying to get these things done.

6bde4b41-eada-45a2-b0f4-b4fce9427a60-0
00:51:52.920 --> 00:51:57.397
But you did mention public private
partnerships and I wonder if you could

6bde4b41-eada-45a2-b0f4-b4fce9427a60-1
00:51:57.397 --> 00:52:02.237
explain that a little bit more because I
don't know how private interests would

6bde4b41-eada-45a2-b0f4-b4fce9427a60-2
00:52:02.237 --> 00:52:07.016
actually be able to do something like
this in a way that's sustainable for the

6bde4b41-eada-45a2-b0f4-b4fce9427a60-3
00:52:07.016 --> 00:52:07.440
public.

807a5bf5-1838-4720-a8d7-cb03681e3f94-0
00:52:07.760 --> 00:52:08.120
OK.

48bdd359-40f9-4606-b444-4646a1810f64-0
00:52:08.760 --> 00:52:13.586
I and my concern specifically is,
is that it's being done through the

48bdd359-40f9-4606-b444-4646a1810f64-1
00:52:13.586 --> 00:52:16.000
private, then it becomes exclusive.

f13480f3-f382-4e4b-af12-0e04362b0a35-0
00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:17.880
It isn't equitable.

776131d1-3ab0-45d1-aa39-6b07e884c1af-0
00:52:18.400 --> 00:52:21.404
And you know,
there's this profit margin that's there,

776131d1-3ab0-45d1-aa39-6b07e884c1af-1
00:52:21.404 --> 00:52:25.120
which is part of the reason that we're in
this situation beginning.

72fe0f26-58f6-47aa-a23a-8a35385d0dc6-0
00:52:25.120 --> 00:52:26.800
Yeah, no, I I agree.

947f6221-6eba-4506-b1de-2c3f6d4f4e82-0
00:52:28.240 --> 00:52:38.355
So let's see, at least in in Boston,
there's some areas where it's very

947f6221-6eba-4506-b1de-2c3f6d4f4e82-1
00:52:38.355 --> 00:52:45.520
obvious we need to take a district level
solution.

15520058-22a7-4975-8e42-80215b9b79c8-0
00:52:46.040 --> 00:52:49.775
You know,
all the all the people that are protected,

15520058-22a7-4975-8e42-80215b9b79c8-1
00:52:49.775 --> 00:52:54.920
public and private are going to benefit
by doing a coastal solution, OK.

e0dd610b-d9e0-4519-b474-526f0d9a1296-0
00:52:55.600 --> 00:52:56.760
And this is generally the case.

684f561f-79b8-47af-8431-5fc96e5c49d1-0
00:52:56.760 --> 00:53:01.761
You're actually all of Boston that if
they if they if they elevate the

684f561f-79b8-47af-8431-5fc96e5c49d1-1
00:53:01.761 --> 00:53:07.538
coastline with a harder soft structures,
everybody behind that system is going to

684f561f-79b8-47af-8431-5fc96e5c49d1-2
00:53:07.538 --> 00:53:09.440
bet we're going to benefit.

a4ac7c4a-69b4-4702-a278-aa3c48a607e1-0
00:53:09.920 --> 00:53:14.080
And that includes like, you know,
private land owners.

3f98daad-0530-4aca-868b-f559a6c5a710-0
00:53:14.480 --> 00:53:19.148
It involves the city assets, state assets,
assets of, of the MBTA,

3f98daad-0530-4aca-868b-f559a6c5a710-1
00:53:19.148 --> 00:53:23.120
assets of the Department of
Transportation, the Big Dig.

6918a2f9-c18d-49e2-a4d0-6672ba048b0a-0
00:53:23.520 --> 00:53:29.275
So all these various stakeholders and the,
the, there,

6918a2f9-c18d-49e2-a4d0-6672ba048b0a-1
00:53:29.275 --> 00:53:36.497
there are mechanisms that people that,
that, that, that, that, that,

6918a2f9-c18d-49e2-a4d0-6672ba048b0a-2
00:53:36.497 --> 00:53:40.160
that can be used to share the cost.

d563c9cb-8b8c-4cdc-96c6-036e59cfaecd-0
00:53:40.640 --> 00:53:45.505
So I'm not an expert in this,
but for like, for example,

d563c9cb-8b8c-4cdc-96c6-036e59cfaecd-1
00:53:45.505 --> 00:53:48.920
in one area of Boston, they're explored.

dad27c70-f6e9-43bb-bd7c-1f67ee2cddc9-0
00:53:48.920 --> 00:53:50.480
This is a fourth point channel.

1e11e82d-541a-4985-807f-c496890fbe22-0
00:53:50.480 --> 00:53:55.034
I think one of the land owners,
Gillette is donating the land and then

1e11e82d-541a-4985-807f-c496890fbe22-1
00:53:55.034 --> 00:53:59.909
the city is going to pay a certain
percentage and the feds are going to pay

1e11e82d-541a-4985-807f-c496890fbe22-2
00:53:59.909 --> 00:54:04.720
a certain percentage and the states are
going to pay a certain percentage.

07155374-a2d4-4555-9e22-d7d4f670a875-0
00:54:05.000 --> 00:54:10.606
So there's a mechanism there where
voluntarily the, the private entity is,

07155374-a2d4-4555-9e22-d7d4f670a875-1
00:54:10.606 --> 00:54:13.821
is,
is going to contribute to this project

07155374-a2d4-4555-9e22-d7d4f670a875-2
00:54:13.821 --> 00:54:19.727
because they know it's a lot cheaper to
have this district level solution than

07155374-a2d4-4555-9e22-d7d4f670a875-3
00:54:19.727 --> 00:54:22.120
trying to protect it themselves.

0602ee73-9da4-4fe4-9e28-e5c2e1dadbcb-0
00:54:22.520 --> 00:54:24.693
Because yes,
they can protect their individual

0602ee73-9da4-4fe4-9e28-e5c2e1dadbcb-1
00:54:24.693 --> 00:54:25.480
building perhaps.

51364c9e-f92d-46ea-a3b3-2f2549d5ab02-0
00:54:25.880 --> 00:54:30.519
But if people can't get to it and there's
no water and sewage and it's shut down

51364c9e-f92d-46ea-a3b3-2f2549d5ab02-1
00:54:30.519 --> 00:54:35.100
during a flood and the whole city shut
down during a flood and that building is

51364c9e-f92d-46ea-a3b3-2f2549d5ab02-2
00:54:35.100 --> 00:54:35.960
really useless.

a2dca4de-9fef-4a85-b0cf-41ef9b725edd-0
00:54:36.360 --> 00:54:40.917
So the,
the private sector has a lot of incentive

a2dca4de-9fef-4a85-b0cf-41ef9b725edd-1
00:54:40.917 --> 00:54:45.840
to get involved in these,
these district level plans.

4e095177-de3b-4866-b9b6-4606889e34b3-0
00:54:46.120 --> 00:54:48.954
And I and I and I,
and I think you maybe were enlightened in

4e095177-de3b-4866-b9b6-4606889e34b3-1
00:54:48.954 --> 00:54:49.280
Boston.

46d76f58-e9cd-4e0d-9d13-bffd052c7d0b-0
00:54:49.680 --> 00:54:56.589
But you know, when I talk to, you know,
developers and, and people that own large,

46d76f58-e9cd-4e0d-9d13-bffd052c7d0b-1
00:54:56.589 --> 00:55:01.084
you know, commercial buildings,
they want they, they,

46d76f58-e9cd-4e0d-9d13-bffd052c7d0b-2
00:55:01.084 --> 00:55:07.660
they want to share on these costs because
they see a lot cheaper than going it

46d76f58-e9cd-4e0d-9d13-bffd052c7d0b-3
00:55:07.660 --> 00:55:08.160
alone.

b8bb5e3c-49bd-473a-a11d-2000b0cadef7-0
00:55:08.160 --> 00:55:12.333
I can just ask,
so would Gillette would not be getting

b8bb5e3c-49bd-473a-a11d-2000b0cadef7-1
00:55:12.333 --> 00:55:15.520
anything in return for giving up the land.

16b4fb1d-1c12-44b9-a9aa-cd0670a56334-0
00:55:15.520 --> 00:55:17.160
They would get flood protection.

ad852b78-12b9-488d-94c9-3a316c4cdf4a-0
00:55:18.160 --> 00:55:21.280
So they give up some land and they get
flood protection.

e0fb6a72-da5b-4f94-a323-626a3cb82809-0
00:55:22.560 --> 00:55:26.727
So that that's, that's how they, you know,
did the calculus and said it's cheaper

e0fb6a72-da5b-4f94-a323-626a3cb82809-1
00:55:26.727 --> 00:55:30.640
for us to give up this land than having
to pay for our own flood protection.

6618f9a5-a430-4c03-ae0d-07b2f9127e88-0
00:55:31.960 --> 00:55:39.213
And so, so I, I, so I, I,
I'm feeling confident we're going to have

6618f9a5-a430-4c03-ae0d-07b2f9127e88-1
00:55:39.213 --> 00:55:42.840
these public private partnerships.

89624354-e9db-44d8-9264-96df7e876160-0
00:55:42.960 --> 00:55:47.040
And also I'm personally optimistic.

a120e2d3-5880-445c-a375-8ec393f11a8f-0
00:55:47.040 --> 00:55:51.745
I also think like, you know, the MB,
the MBTA has got a lot of financial

a120e2d3-5880-445c-a375-8ec393f11a8f-1
00:55:51.745 --> 00:55:54.516
problems,
but eventually it's going to get

a120e2d3-5880-445c-a375-8ec393f11a8f-2
00:55:54.516 --> 00:55:59.480
straightened out and they have revenue
streams, dot has got revenue streams.

9c4c9cc8-5773-405e-a3f9-ccbc6a2b854d-0
00:55:59.920 --> 00:56:05.110
And so I think with these revenue streams,
they're going to be able to work with the

9c4c9cc8-5773-405e-a3f9-ccbc6a2b854d-1
00:56:05.110 --> 00:56:09.446
city and the state to finance the
adaptation that's necessary in in in

9c4c9cc8-5773-405e-a3f9-ccbc6a2b854d-2
00:56:09.446 --> 00:56:10.240
metro Boston.

359e88f2-2ac2-493e-9688-f2805a493603-0
00:56:12.640 --> 00:56:14.160
Probably got time for one more question.

29399816-f15f-418c-a09b-a17ceeb53ac9-0
00:56:14.160 --> 00:56:19.138
And I know Captain Upfront has a follow
up before I asked Cat for that final

29399816-f15f-418c-a09b-a17ceeb53ac9-1
00:56:19.138 --> 00:56:19.720
question.

51e1200c-2537-4783-9861-82e0812e0aec-0
00:56:19.840 --> 00:56:23.814
Tara Gallagher,
the Co chair of the Earth Days festival,

51e1200c-2537-4783-9861-82e0812e0aec-1
00:56:23.814 --> 00:56:28.206
which remembers in April,
asked me to mention that during that

51e1200c-2537-4783-9861-82e0812e0aec-2
00:56:28.206 --> 00:56:32.320
festival in April,
we will be showing inundation district.

2ffa6b8b-675c-4d99-8db8-b9b3698622ac-0
00:56:32.600 --> 00:56:33.040
Oh, yeah.

3cba189c-4b6b-4485-846a-4235bfb9ca0e-0
00:56:34.080 --> 00:56:38.520
Which I guess is about sea level rise,
which is from seaport in the seaport.

bd74a542-c350-4e81-94f0-c3046b35c920-0
00:56:41.720 --> 00:56:43.280
That's that's supposed to be a good film.

3b17f546-2625-44f6-b818-391c3a2bb500-0
00:56:43.280 --> 00:56:45.480
And the director's going to come here.

33f2143b-2f4c-49d2-8bac-746c24a6318a-0
00:56:45.480 --> 00:56:48.000
Oh, David Abel, that's April 12th.

4ea4f921-d026-4e88-a934-471ae5245d43-0
00:56:49.040 --> 00:56:49.640
Is that what it is?

90cbb1bf-38d7-4e03-9b3f-54025cef4369-0
00:56:49.880 --> 00:56:50.000
Yeah.

cc485b3b-f513-4a13-b98c-c3e7d5fd91fa-0
00:56:50.080 --> 00:56:51.000
Frank, what's your name?

82d43329-ec64-4070-81d6-3fb7cb8a47d6-0
00:56:52.480 --> 00:56:55.520
Thank you.

1f459f8f-022b-491d-be51-dc9c9ff2edec-0
00:56:57.560 --> 00:56:58.800
One last follow up question.

1bc2bd5b-c6b4-417a-b8bb-5b01a0faf157-0
00:56:59.440 --> 00:57:04.111
I'm sure it's something we can research
on our own, but as common people,

1bc2bd5b-c6b4-417a-b8bb-5b01a0faf157-1
00:57:04.111 --> 00:57:07.268
you know,
every day who are growing up into this,

1bc2bd5b-c6b4-417a-b8bb-5b01a0faf157-2
00:57:07.268 --> 00:57:08.720
what can we do to help?

f851dc30-a721-4205-9693-55b281da2336-0
00:57:09.720 --> 00:57:09.920
Yeah.

b2b845b0-af88-4c27-8e03-afa2c4c8f00b-0
00:57:09.920 --> 00:57:12.960
In terms of the greenhouse gas.

24a2c703-f2fb-48ce-b392-d70dee76e595-0
00:57:12.960 --> 00:57:16.520
OK, so a couple of answers.

78cd67c0-c211-4bfa-a793-6f64230e758a-0
00:57:16.760 --> 00:57:21.376
One is obviously in your lifestyle,
you want to minimize your your carbon

78cd67c0-c211-4bfa-a793-6f64230e758a-1
00:57:21.376 --> 00:57:22.000
footprint.

59a2d146-9309-4221-aa00-210027948ee5-0
00:57:22.280 --> 00:57:24.080
So also it's a way of doing that, right?

c6d22f41-ceaa-4178-b2d7-cd1006be68f0-0
00:57:24.240 --> 00:57:25.880
1 is a vegetarian diet.

5a2bfc99-ce9b-4eae-b3de-b2858d873d67-0
00:57:26.120 --> 00:57:29.186
One is, you know,
what kind of car you drive,

5a2bfc99-ce9b-4eae-b3de-b2858d873d67-1
00:57:29.186 --> 00:57:32.986
where you live,
where you keep your thermostat at in the

5a2bfc99-ce9b-4eae-b3de-b2858d873d67-2
00:57:32.986 --> 00:57:38.520
summer and winter, how much you travel,
you know, where you get your clothes made.

519312c5-0f5e-49e1-83b5-01eba610daa4-0
00:57:38.720 --> 00:57:40.550
You know,
there are all things we can do to limit

519312c5-0f5e-49e1-83b5-01eba610daa4-1
00:57:40.550 --> 00:57:41.320
our carbon footprint.

1d085ae2-ea71-4d98-a927-cfc2d4bce5a3-0
00:57:42.040 --> 00:57:43.880
And so we should all be thinking about
that.

99edfdf7-4346-4b6a-9aef-90d636698c74-0
00:57:44.480 --> 00:57:49.560
The other thing is, is how you vote, OK.

12d40ea4-22ca-424f-b684-4f29eb5d76bb-0
00:57:50.080 --> 00:57:53.120
You know, we live in a well, yeah,
we live in a democracy.

3b0d7f9b-c784-4e1c-b7f3-9fd56648f8b7-0
00:57:53.560 --> 00:57:57.687
And it's really important that we get the
right people in the right position that

3b0d7f9b-c784-4e1c-b7f3-9fd56648f8b7-1
00:57:57.687 --> 00:57:59.600
are going to make the right decisions.

0f54b9f5-50b3-4b4c-94de-5c182dfaaab2-0
00:58:00.080 --> 00:58:05.120
And so voting is really important if you
if you believe in this issue.

60d634eb-5acf-4da6-9d4d-799870a51c78-0
00:58:05.840 --> 00:58:09.580
And the other thing is, you know,
talk to people, you know,

60d634eb-5acf-4da6-9d4d-799870a51c78-1
00:58:09.580 --> 00:58:12.946
talk to your peers, talk to your,
you know, siblings,

60d634eb-5acf-4da6-9d4d-799870a51c78-2
00:58:12.946 --> 00:58:15.440
talk to your parents about this problem.

729cab23-2c55-4915-95fe-ce3a777b3b2c-0
00:58:15.440 --> 00:58:18.256
Because like we're entering,
as I said earlier,

729cab23-2c55-4915-95fe-ce3a777b3b2c-1
00:58:18.256 --> 00:58:20.720
we're entering dangerous territory, right?

89fad6c3-9dc4-46c6-a87b-c2370db0f3a6-0
00:58:20.720 --> 00:58:24.510
You know,
sometime in pretty much no matter what we

89fad6c3-9dc4-46c6-a87b-c2370db0f3a6-1
00:58:24.510 --> 00:58:28.520
do in 20-30,
we're going to exceed this this threshold

89fad6c3-9dc4-46c6-a87b-c2370db0f3a6-2
00:58:28.520 --> 00:58:31.946
of 1.
5°C increase in global temperature above

89fad6c3-9dc4-46c6-a87b-c2370db0f3a6-3
00:58:31.946 --> 00:58:33.040
pre industrial.

c007461a-7d3f-4546-b337-65e12defe0f7-0
00:58:33.280 --> 00:58:35.600
And there's plenty of literature about
how bad that is.

c5328d75-fdb2-4309-9251-ab2bd5cfde94-0
00:58:36.840 --> 00:58:42.550
And so if we do get, but you know,
so no matter what we do and if we get to

c5328d75-fdb2-4309-9251-ab2bd5cfde94-1
00:58:42.550 --> 00:58:46.082
0 emissions today,
we're still going to hit 1.

c5328d75-fdb2-4309-9251-ab2bd5cfde94-2
00:58:46.082 --> 00:58:47.360
5 in 20-30 or so.

1203613c-d11f-4944-bd03-943e6633b880-0
00:58:48.680 --> 00:58:51.665
But if we do get to net zero really
quickly,

1203613c-d11f-4944-bd03-943e6633b880-1
00:58:51.665 --> 00:58:57.040
we're going to get to go start going down
after, you know, later in the century.

af9871d9-06cc-4e09-a34e-135620848fd4-0
00:58:57.360 --> 00:59:02.036
So it's really important to get to this
net 0 and we really got to keep pushing,

af9871d9-06cc-4e09-a34e-135620848fd4-1
00:59:02.036 --> 00:59:03.480
pushing, pushing on that.

80a8d9b1-2d96-4dea-8fea-b9287649fe17-0
00:59:03.960 --> 00:59:06.000
And that's also has to be done globally,
right?

921d42c7-36a4-499a-acc7-064ca7870c41-0
00:59:07.080 --> 00:59:11.400
And the other thing is, you know,
the expression from the 60s, right?

50ebd62e-3ab8-4295-970a-c8a5db0b6f87-0
00:59:13.120 --> 00:59:19.680
You know, think global,
act local and it's so relevant to today.

083ed31c-3935-4c9a-80cb-311d15f8c3d0-0
00:59:20.480 --> 00:59:21.320
So thank you.

28b352ab-a43a-4d9f-a89e-16e76df5907c-0
00:59:22.600 --> 00:59:22.760
Great.

7b84d872-b363-4914-96ee-6a69971e1a3a-0
00:59:22.880 --> 00:59:23.480
Thank you very much.

06c89b86-63e0-4d27-9123-8c48178e241d-0
00:59:23.840 --> 00:59:24.200
Thank you.