WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.000 So, you're welcome to the buffet, you're welcome to this room, you're welcome to visit the exhibit. So now, thanks. 00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:17.000 Um, first, thank you to Avi, to Annette, um, to Margo Shea, professors in the history department. Margo Shea, right on time! People who have spearheaded the history departments initiative here, and really providing great leadership. 00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:24.000 and gotten our students involved, and gotten our community involved. We appreciate all the work you've done on behalf of this community, on behalf of the history department. 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:30.000 I also want to thank the History Student Association, the History Association, which has also been involved in this. 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:40.000 I want to thank our friends at the Center for Equity, Education and Belonging, who paid for our lovely lunch and brought some of us together, and thank our friends at the Barrie Library who have, um. 00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:48.000 You've brought us together in their spaces several times, and have provided wonderful exhibit space for the work that students provided. 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:57.000 Welcome, thank you, get out of the way. I've been learning from, um… Roxanne number Ortiz for about 10 years at least. 00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:02.000 I've had her book on my shelf, you know, we have teachers who took professional development days just to become here to hear from her. 00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:06.000 So I'll get out of the way so you can hear from her. I'm looking forward to learning from her. 00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:13.000 And Ahmed will introduce her and get this program officially started. Welcome back. 00:01:13.000 --> 00:01:15.000 Here and see if it helps with the echo. 00:01:15.000 --> 00:01:21.000 I'm not sure what's going on. It's not the Niger phone. 00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:25.000 Hello? Yeah, going no matter what. 00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:33.000 Um, so my name is Ahmed Berner, um… I'm, uh… psychology and criminal justice major, but I'm also minoring in history, uh. 00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:39.000 in history. Um, I've been interested in Roxanne's work since I. 00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:48.000 So can Indigenous studies class with Abhi Chomsky. Um, and just to introduce her, Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz is a historian professor writer. 00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:57.000 And social justice activists. For over 4 decades, she has been active in the women's liberation movement, as well as a wide range of national and international Indigenous movements. 00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:00.000 She's the winner of the 2017 Landing Cultural Freedom Prize. 00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:09.000 And the author and editor of several works. Including her work in Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States, which won the 2015 American Folk Award. 00:02:09.000 --> 00:02:15.000 Some of her other works include Not a Nation of Immigrants, A History of Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy. 00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:20.000 And erasure, and all the Indians died off, and 20 other myths about Native Americans. 00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:26.000 And of course, the work we're here for today, the graphic novel of the previously said, uh. 00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:36.000 American, um, sorry. And I previously said, uh, an American Indigenous people's History of the United States. Don't touch this, don't touch. 00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:45.000 The graphic novel transforms the original scholarly text into a visually engaging and accessible format for younger readers and visual learners. 00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:49.000 For a blend of, uh, powerful illustration and clear narrative summaries. 00:02:49.000 --> 00:02:55.000 Um, a graphic novel highlights some of the most important and key moments of the Indigenous history. 00:02:55.000 --> 00:03:12.000 Exposing the reality of settler colonialism, resistance, survival, and its continuation to the modern day. 00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:24.000 Oh, she can hear you. Wonderful. Uh, hello, we're now going to start the, uh, student panel. I'll be the first, uh, student asking a question on this panel, and afterwards, we'll turn it over to the audience for questions. 00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:28.000 My name is Warren Backman, I'm a History Master's student. 00:03:28.000 --> 00:03:33.000 And I also have been acquainted with your work for a little bit. 00:03:33.000 --> 00:03:40.000 Uh, the first time I had any interaction with it was, uh, almost, uh, 10 years ago when I was a teenager. 00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:43.000 I saw an interview you gave on the Majority Report. 00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:51.000 Uh, about this, uh, very book we're talking about today, so I'm very excited to be speaking with you today, and thank you for being here. 00:03:51.000 --> 00:04:01.000 Uh, so for my, uh, first question. is, well, referring to the colonization of the Americas as classic imperialism. 00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:07.000 You have described the American colonial experience in the U.S. As well as in Canada as. 00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:13.000 somewhat atypical with respect to the settler and Indigenous relationships to land. 00:04:13.000 --> 00:04:28.000 As opposed to the colonial experience more broadly. Uh, so my question is, what differences do we see in the colonial experience of Indigenous peoples in the US and Canada versus colonial experiences more broadly, and what. 00:04:28.000 --> 00:04:35.000 similarities do we see in more. Uh, uh, global colonial experiences. 00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:40.000 Well, thank you, and thank you for your kind remarks. 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:46.000 Um, you know, this is something that, um, is really important to understand the difference. 00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:53.000 Between, um… colonialism, as in India. 00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:59.000 Um, and… and, you know, most of the… most of the non-European world. 00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:14.000 Which was basically economic, um, to. Well, labor, uh… the British sent Indian laborers all over the world. They're minority. 00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:24.000 Um, Indians who were against their will shipped. Uh, two islands in the Pacific and to the Caribbean to work, um. 00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:29.000 So this is the… that's the kind of colonialism that doesn't. 00:05:29.000 --> 00:05:39.000 intentionally kill people, they want to keep them alive to work, so they feed them, you know, they give them housing and so forth. It's not a great life. 00:05:39.000 --> 00:05:52.000 And they don't have much. Um, you know, their own choices. So that kind of decolonization is what we experienced in, um. 00:05:52.000 --> 00:05:58.000 Uh, with the uprisings, first in Africa and, um… Then around the world. 00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:10.000 Um, so the other, uh, lesser-known, um. Colonialism is… is a kind of hidden, uh, in its, uh. 00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:15.000 And the respect of it. seeming naturalized, because. 00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:23.000 It's basically a genocide. Uh, it's taking the land, wanting the land and resources. 00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:34.000 But bringing their own workers, like, and. the United States, or what became the United States, um… enslaved Africans. 00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:43.000 Um, for labor. And, um… And… and doing… and taking the land of. 00:06:43.000 --> 00:06:50.000 Basically trying to kill off all the Native people, so. 00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:56.000 The first 200, um… Um, nearly 300 years of the United of. 00:06:56.000 --> 00:07:03.000 What became the United States. They're involved in ethnic cleansing. 00:07:03.000 --> 00:07:12.000 Until they, I think in 1849, they reached, um… They reached the Mississippi. 00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:23.000 And, uh, then, you know, moved on and. they… at first in New England, where you are, it was pretty much just genocide. 00:07:23.000 --> 00:07:29.000 They didn't really want the work, you know, the Native people to work, plus they. 00:07:29.000 --> 00:07:36.000 the Native people didn't want to work for them, and there were wars and wars and wars there. 00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:44.000 Um, they've all been really well. Documented, I'm sure you've seen in history books, but also. 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:49.000 specific, uh, books. That's not my specialty, New England. 00:07:49.000 --> 00:08:03.000 Um, but of course I, you know, I mean, I know about it, but I haven't gone… my… My specialty in, um… in understanding settler colonialism. 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:21.000 Was in the Spanish settler… settling of. Uh, northern Mexico, what was… Mexico, and then the United States, it took it, that is, um… Uh, in the Southwest, uh, the Hopi and the… 00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:26.000 The, um, uh… village, uh, Native people. 00:08:26.000 --> 00:08:36.000 Uh… 100 villages. Reduced to… 19 that exists now. 00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:55.000 So, that's kind of the definition of genocide. And so that, um… That understanding is… is kind of, um… Not… not as well understood. It actually… there were other. 00:08:55.000 --> 00:09:02.000 places where this, in the Anglo Empire. The first was Ireland. 00:09:02.000 --> 00:09:10.000 The settler colonialism in Ireland, which is still an issue today in Northern Ireland, you know, the Scottish. 00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:18.000 Anglo-Scottish, um… takeover, attempted takeover of Ireland. They go, oh my god, half of it. 00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:23.000 Um, the Irish fought back, but that was also. 00:09:23.000 --> 00:09:27.000 An attempted genocide, and of course the deportation of. 00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:38.000 Of millions of Irish who were starving. Um, the other is… the other early settler colonialism was Spain. 00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:47.000 Uh, driving out the, um, Muslims. Uh, it was really a part of North Africa, Arab-speaking people. 00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:54.000 The beautiful architecture of, uh, in the south of Spain, this all Muslim. 00:09:54.000 --> 00:10:02.000 Islam, uh, period, and uh… That was a long, long invasion. 00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:14.000 By white Europeans against Arabs. Um, so then, you know, the Spanish, uh, once they had conquered, they moved on. 00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:21.000 To, um… The West, and of course, uh… Health America. 00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:26.000 And most of, you know, a great deal of North America before the Angles came. 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:36.000 So that's my, um… You know, my understanding of… when I… when I was a graduate, well. 00:10:36.000 --> 00:10:42.000 When I was an undergraduate student at, uh… Uh, San Francisco State University. 00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:49.000 is when I was an English major, I considered myself a writer, and. 00:10:49.000 --> 00:10:54.000 But I had to take a course in history, you know, for. 00:10:54.000 --> 00:11:01.000 To graduate. Um, so I took it, you know, I took this course in World History. 00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:06.000 I just happen to have a really brilliant professor. 00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:21.000 Detroit line, um… Who, uh… Really made it, uh, accessible, and the text that he used, and then this was the 1960s. 00:11:21.000 --> 00:11:36.000 There weren't that many texts, but he. Um, he used… he used text, and he used, um… Uh, I don't know, you know, like, music, Beethoven, the, um. 00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:53.000 colonialism inherent in, um… European symphony music, and so I just fell in love with history. He just made it… most people just hate taking history courses, you know, it's usually required, and. 00:11:53.000 --> 00:12:01.000 Oh, get that out of the way, you know, but he made it, um, so I changed my major to history. 00:12:01.000 --> 00:12:14.000 And, um… Then I, uh… I went to UC… I went to UC Berkeley, um, and I was still doing European, uh, you know, I was doing European colonialism. 00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:26.000 And, um, then I just got, you know, things were happening actually in time of the decolonization was taking place. 00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:42.000 At the time I was there, and um. Since the early 1960s, and… So I was so aware of that. It was television, it was on television all the time. You could see it, and of course the U.S. 00:12:42.000 --> 00:13:00.000 U.S. Invasions, you know, Southeast Asia. Um, so I… Uh, I just… it was very European-oriented, and, um… They did have, you know, a specialty and. 00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:11.000 at, um, Berkeley, UC Berkeley. in, um, Asian, Chinese, and, you know, I took that course, it was really interesting, but. 00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:24.000 It was, uh, you know, really a… learning Chinese, you know, to work. That was a little remote for me, and um… I was actually married and had a child, and. 00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:31.000 Uh, so it wasn't, you know, I wasn't able to… to just go anywhere and do anything. 00:13:31.000 --> 00:13:36.000 So I went to… I got a divorce, and I went to UCLA. I got… I really got. 00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:43.000 Um, invited to UCLA. Uh, to transfer from Berkeley. 00:13:43.000 --> 00:13:54.000 And it's very funny because, um… Berkeley was considered… I think it's still the number one university in the United States. 00:13:54.000 --> 00:14:01.000 It's still considered such. Uh, above the, you know, the Ivy Leagues and all. 00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:11.000 So, UCLA was number 6. And, um, you know, of universities, uh… Of prestige. 00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:24.000 And I didn't know anything about that, but. I, um… I had a partner at the time that had gotten a scholarship to… he was at San Francisco State. 00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:32.000 He got a scholarship to, um. Uh… UCLA French department. 00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:34.000 And he said, well, why don't you, you know. 00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:38.000 Why don't you, uh… applied to history. 00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:50.000 So I… I applied, and they gave me everything in the world. They thought they were, you know, they were stealing someone from Berkeley. I wasn't really aware of it, but they treated. 00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:58.000 I was the only woman. in the whole history department, they, you know, were becoming. 00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:04.000 Cognizant that they needed some women and. Non-white men. 00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:15.000 So I was treated. Very, very well there, uh, scholarship, you know, and uh… Uh, actually, uh, money. 00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:32.000 So, that's, um, that's when I turn to, uh, at first, Latin America, and then… it just… I… I then did my dissertation on the colonization of New Mexico. 00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:37.000 Um, and that became a book, Roots of Resistance, A History of. 00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:44.000 Um, a settler colonialism. So I was kind of one of the first. 00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:48.000 People who, you know, use that term and, um. 00:15:48.000 --> 00:16:00.000 Oh, it was… it was, uh… Um… a… A part… I don't even know if you have settler colonialism, um, Corpus at. 00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:07.000 At the university there, but… There weren't many at that time. 00:16:07.000 --> 00:16:15.000 And that's what I became interested in, and world settler colonialism, New Zealand, Australia. 00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:20.000 um, southern Spain, as I said, of course, Canada. 00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:26.000 And these were the, um… So the distinction between settler colonialism and. 00:16:26.000 --> 00:16:32.000 Colonialism is kind of Mahmood, uh… Mandami, the father of. 00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:36.000 Sauron. Uh, it's a good friend of mine, and he. 00:16:36.000 --> 00:16:37.000 Okay. 00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:43.000 I love his books, I really recommend that you read every word he's written. 00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:59.000 He's also a very good writer. Uh, he… He puts it this way, that, um… That it is settlers, um… Uh, cut, you know, that… colonialists, you know, imperialists. 00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:04.000 Come for goals, they come for silver, they come for. 00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:14.000 Um, economic purposes, and they… they make laborers of the people. They, you know, they need labor. 00:17:14.000 --> 00:17:20.000 Um, and they use them, and of course, Britain put them all over the world and everything. 00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:27.000 And settlers, um, settler colonialism, they come to stay. 00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:36.000 They come for land. And they come for independence, and there are only a few of them. Like I said, Northern Ireland. 00:17:36.000 --> 00:17:45.000 Um, southern… southern Spain, Australia, New Zealand. And the United States and Canada, settler colonialism. 00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:52.000 Well, that's a long, uh… a long thing, maybe you had other questions I already answered. 00:17:52.000 --> 00:18:03.000 Thank you so much, that was a fantastic answer, um, that got at that really key distinction, and before we move on with our other questions, I'd like to ask a. 00:18:03.000 --> 00:18:13.000 A quick follow-up question, it's a complicated follow-up question, but… Uh, hopefully, if possible, um… Uh, in the sake of time could be somewhat quick. 00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:18.000 Um, in your book, you work out a really important. 00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:23.000 Uh, kind of definition of what it means to be Indigenous. 00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:27.000 We often have these myths that Indigenous means being the first. 00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:33.000 people in a place. Um, but you kind of give a lot more specificity to. 00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:38.000 What this term indigeneity means. Would you be able to give a kind of. 00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:43.000 Quick breakdown of this term. 00:18:43.000 --> 00:19:02.000 Well, the Indigenous peoples, um… are the, you know, it's a colonial, uh… thing, they… they are the people who… originated, uh, the place, you know, the, the. 00:19:02.000 --> 00:19:08.000 eons ago, when human beings were just beginning, they were moving. 00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:15.000 all over the place, they weren't colonizing, they were growing and settling and exploring and. 00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:36.000 Uh, wasn't yet imperialism. But they, you know, human beings then have these, uh… these capabilities of building and, you know, and… War, killing, uh, as well, good and bad, um, things. 00:19:36.000 --> 00:19:44.000 And, um, so there… there came to be a kind of settling where people stayed. 00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:52.000 Um, and… And it became their… or they, you know, originated there. 00:19:52.000 --> 00:20:07.000 Like, you know, like the Aztecs, um… Of, uh, Mexico, which I, you know, I also, uh… Very interested in the conquest of Mexico. 00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:13.000 Uh, because it was the beginning, of course, of the whole hemisphere. 00:20:13.000 --> 00:20:20.000 And it was a partial genocide and partial, you know, using the people for labor. 00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:32.000 Uh, almost like enslaved labor. Um, but these people who… who come, they… they then, like in Mexico, they moved up, they took, uh. 00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:40.000 Uh, a good portion, probably. Almost half of, uh, what is now North America. 00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:54.000 Uh… and not… and not with settlers, just exploring and, and, you know, and, um… Uh, digging the gold and the silver and, you know, uh… All that for central Mexico. 00:20:54.000 --> 00:21:05.000 Uh, but they did, you know, like I said, the… Uh, New Mexico, and… They did make a, um… Center colonialism. 00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:12.000 So, this is, um… The Indigenous people then, it's, you know, it's a. 00:21:12.000 --> 00:21:17.000 it used to be a really negative term for Native Americans didn't like. 00:21:17.000 --> 00:21:26.000 It sounded like they… you know, some kind of entity that was all the same. They're basically nations of people. 00:21:26.000 --> 00:21:37.000 their nation states, um… And they are… all have different languages. There's no one language, you know, that. 00:21:37.000 --> 00:21:44.000 That is spoken, uh, each nation has its own, um, practices. 00:21:44.000 --> 00:22:08.000 Um… There used to be Indigenous peoples meant, um, and especially the Brits, had this, you know, kind of… I don't know, romantic idea of people running around in the forest, you know, so… Uh, Indigenous people were seen as kind of pristine and untouched by. 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:14.000 Um, but they weren't, you know, they're just regular people. I mean, you know, they killed other. 00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:25.000 I had wars, it killed other people. I think they had, um… develop some things in North America, uh, especially. 00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:32.000 Of, uh, forms of democracy, you know, famously the five civil… so-called 5 Civilized tribes. 00:22:32.000 --> 00:22:36.000 I mean, not 5's in a life tries the. 00:22:36.000 --> 00:22:41.000 Uh, six, uh… Uh, tribes of the Iroquois. 00:22:41.000 --> 00:22:52.000 Um, that they actually developed a democracy. So, I think they were more democratic. They had a lot to offer. 00:22:52.000 --> 00:23:00.000 But it was… squashed, you know, because of the land wanting to take the land. 00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:07.000 So this is where the genocide comes in when, you know, and a displacement, deportation. 00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:13.000 Is when they want the land and not the labor. 00:23:13.000 --> 00:23:19.000 Thank you so much. Uh, we'll now move to Mahmet for the next student panel question. Thank you. 00:23:19.000 --> 00:23:21.000 Thank you. 00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:27.000 Um, I guess my first question is, in your book, you refer to the USS war against, uh, the indigenous, uh. 00:23:27.000 --> 00:23:30.000 People of America as an unlimited type of war. 00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.000 Uh, primarily due to its unrestricted nature, and the fact that. 00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:39.000 Much of… nearly every aspect of society was involved in these wars. My question is. 00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:47.000 Do you think that what we're seeing today in the war in Palestine is a form of unlimited war? 00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:48.000 Yes. 00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:54.000 In Palestine? Yes. Well, there's so, uh, there, you know, Palestinians, um. 00:23:54.000 --> 00:24:00.000 And, um, Native people, you know, will really all over the world now, but at first the. 00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:15.000 Um, America and India movement. They have very, very close ties since back in, um… the early 1960s of… supporting each other. At first, the Palestinians. 00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:25.000 Uh, you know, they had the same kind of, uh… Uh, racist ideas toward the, you know, the. 00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:52.000 Native Americans, wild people, you know, they said, no, we're, you know, we are… Um, educated people were, you know, like the West, so… Palestine, I remember, uh… Um, that, uh… Uh, on one Palestinian said, we're, you know, in a speech when they were called indigenous. 00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:58.000 said, we are not Indigenous people, we are nations. 00:24:58.000 --> 00:25:06.000 And, uh… We will never, ever, uh… Be wiped out. 00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:17.000 As they… they did the Native Americans. And I, you know, now they look back, I mean, with this really close partnership and relationship. 00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:21.000 Yeah, well, they were pretty much like Native Americans, you know. 00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:25.000 They were also nations and states, so I think. 00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:39.000 There's such a close tie, um. Their American Indian movement, which I got involved in, um… It's a… I don't know, uh… it was, you know. 00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:50.000 It was a time of, uh, in the… in the early 1960s of these uprisings of Native Americans. 00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.000 So I got involved with, you know, support for that, and. 00:25:54.000 --> 00:26:07.000 One of the first things they did was, um… Um, you know, identified himself with the, with the liberation movements that were going on in the world. 00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:14.000 And, uh, built up a… we built up a, um, United Nations, uh. 00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:27.000 Um… non-governmental organizations, and that's a huge, huge thing in the world now, the Indigenous peoples. 00:26:27.000 --> 00:26:39.000 Um, so Palestinians and, um… came, you know, they would send delegations, uh, the AIM people, the American Indian. 00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:53.000 Movement had annual conferences, they still do. And uh… they always, always they were Palestinians, uh, also, you know, Aborigines, uh, people from. 00:26:53.000 --> 00:26:58.000 different parts of the world, uh, would send delegations. 00:26:58.000 --> 00:27:18.000 So, it really became an Indigenous people's, um… of the world, uh, and… Now, no one is ashamed to… you know, identify that way, and the Palestinians aren't, and… They say no, yeah. Uh, we weren't… 00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:22.000 Uh, we have been treated that way. They still don't. 00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:29.000 have a state, just like the Native people of the United States do not have independent states. They are still. 00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:35.000 Um, they're people, they have, you know, kind of recognition, but. 00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:49.000 They still want statehood, you know, the Native people of the… Navajo people, uh, there's some real nationalists there. There's one, you know, also a historian, uh. 00:27:49.000 --> 00:28:03.000 Uh… the, uh… He says my… 2,000… he has a number, it's like 2,045 or something like that. He's figured it out. 00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:19.000 That the Navajo Nation will be independent. An independent nation, and recognized as such. 00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:32.000 Thank you. Um… My next question was, uh… Kind of, like, on one of the things you mentioned. Towards the end of the book, you discuss a lot of the progress that has occurred for restoration and recognition, like the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. 00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:36.000 I want to ask, with many of the regression aggressive trends we see today. 00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:41.000 Do you think we could see a point where the U.S. Further undermines Indigenous self-determination? 00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:48.000 I do think it would be possible, if we ever see greater restoration to the point of, like, where the Black Hills are returned? 00:28:48.000 --> 00:28:59.000 Oh, boy, the Black Hills, that's… Really, really such a long, um… they'll never give up, you know, the, the. 00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:10.000 They will never give up the Black Hills as the sacred territory, um… And, uh, I do think, yes, I think. 00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:27.000 Um, because they'll never give up. Uh, they will… they've won quite a bit, you know, in terms of, uh… keeping, um… tourists out of, you know, of actually being the. 00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:36.000 Uh, national, you know, the, the, um… The people who run the place are now, but they still don't. 00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:53.000 Well, you know, they don't have nations, period. But the reservation, they're not, you know, they don't have, um… Have it as a part of the reservation, but it's… it's… Very important to them because it's a, um… 00:29:53.000 --> 00:30:00.000 It's where they do, um… the rituals, it's their church. 00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:06.000 Uh, is how they put it, you know, it's… it's their church, it's, you know, it's not a building, but. 00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:12.000 A place, and um. And it's sacred to them. 00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:25.000 You know, and they want it preserved, and of course there's, you know, mining there, uh… That, uh… that the U.S. Allows, there's… there's gold mining, and uh. 00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:47.000 And other minerals and… So you have, you know, from time to time, uprisings. They had the, um… Standing Rock, um… The water, uh, issue, uh… So, well, they'll keep fighting. I think they're better organized now. You know, when. 00:30:47.000 --> 00:30:58.000 And, um, when I started, um… Teaching, uh, after getting my doctorate in 1960. 00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:04.000 Before I started, uh, teaching. And I was actually recruited. 00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:21.000 by, uh, California State University. To help to work with the, uh… Uh, some Black… a Black professor and, um… Asian and Chicano, they call. 00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:28.000 call themselves the first Chicano. And they wanted to, um… they already had the black. 00:31:28.000 --> 00:31:38.000 Uh, it wasn't a… its own department, but it was a, um… A kind of sub-department of. 00:31:38.000 --> 00:31:46.000 Of the history department. And, um, so I was invited to. 00:31:46.000 --> 00:32:09.000 Uh, there was a… there was a native. Stanford Native American, um… Um… student who graduated, and uh… But while he was a student, he was tapped to help set it up. 00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:32.000 Uh, the Native American, uh, Studies Department. And he's then got a job back east that he really wanted to… it was a… Christian, uh… Uh, native, uh… job, and it was his home country, you know, North Carolina was where he is from. 00:32:32.000 --> 00:32:35.000 So he wanted to go there and help build that. 00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:47.000 And he… he persuaded me. To apply, um, you know, no one else was applying, there was no competition. No one wanted to do it. 00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:58.000 So that's how I got to, um, building, you know, getting involved. It was movement at the time with Black Studies and Chicano Studies, Asian American Studies. 00:32:58.000 --> 00:33:05.000 Uh, in the… universities, you know, the state universities, um, in California. 00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:13.000 And then it spread all over the country, developing, and I was very involved in that, very committed to it, that. 00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:19.000 Um, that histori… you know, that it not just be, um. 00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:31.000 light weighted, the history field had, you know, had to be really, um… uh, embedded in, uh, history. 00:33:31.000 --> 00:33:45.000 So that… that was, um, really how the… Uh, departments, and now I… I don't know if there's a university anywhere in the United States now that doesn't have some form of. 00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:50.000 Ethnic studies, uh… Or decolonial studies. 00:33:50.000 --> 00:34:06.000 Of some sort. So it's, you know, um… It was a… it was a cause of mine. I went from being a, you know, like a… Considering myself a revolutionary, you know, and the… 00:34:06.000 --> 00:34:11.000 In the, uh, in the 60s, early 70s, where it's. 00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:31.000 A lot of, you know. taking over things and demonstrating and… Then going to the UN and all, to, um… Getting involved in building, you know, building, uh, ethnic studies and women's studies. 00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:41.000 Thank you. 00:34:41.000 --> 00:34:50.000 Alright, so, um, I wanted to… pass the mic off to the students to ask them questions. Um, I just briefly want to say I became familiar with your work. 00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:55.000 like, 30 years ago at Salem State, I was an undergrad in sociology and women's studies. 00:34:55.000 --> 00:35:00.000 And I just… I really appreciate how you've been talking about. 00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:06.000 how the political struggle involved in tandem with the academic discipline, and. 00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:11.000 that you were just right there from the beginning, and I think it's fascinating to see. 00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:18.000 There's really no such thing as progress, right? But really to see how it's evolved over the years, so… Thank you for that. 00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:32.000 Students? Questions? So, um, yeah, we're going to turn it over to the audience for questions, and Carly, you're going to have a mic if anybody has a question, I will emcee a little bit, and Carly will also see you. 00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:40.000 Um… because we do not have a wireless mic, we ask folks who have questions. 00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:49.000 to actually come up to the mic. Um, and ask their questions. I can also, too, in the meantime, set up our wireless mic, but. 00:35:49.000 --> 00:35:55.000 If folks have questions, please… Feel free to come up. 00:35:55.000 --> 00:36:01.000 Thank you. Yes, thank you. 00:36:01.000 --> 00:36:17.000 Good point. 00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:22.000 Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for this talk. 00:36:22.000 --> 00:36:28.000 My question is, um, on your New Mexico work and studies. 00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:34.000 What are we to make of the petrographs in the desert in New Mexico? I've been there, and I've. 00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:42.000 Hard to study them, but I… When they had a loss to interpret what's going on. 00:36:42.000 --> 00:36:46.000 No, we're… where are you speaking of? Oh, New Mexico. 00:36:46.000 --> 00:36:56.000 New Mexico, and this was. Yes, and it was outside of, um… Albuquerque in the desert, and it was stoned. 00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:00.000 stones with carvings of petrograms. perhaps in them. 00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:07.000 Uh-huh. Well, you know, the, um… that was the original people who were there. 00:37:07.000 --> 00:37:21.000 Um, the Hopi, especially, you know, the Hopi. are the most ancient, um… people there, they refuse to, uh… agree that the, um. 00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:27.000 They came from, um… Mexico, you know, Central Mexico, where. 00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:34.000 Most of the people do, you know, can trace it, but the Hopi… So they were always there. 00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:45.000 They, you know, they… They were rooted there. They didn't come from somewhere else, so… I hope they are very special people. 00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:58.000 Um… they… for a long time… well, they wouldn't take, uh… Um… the citizenship, you know, at some time. 00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:04.000 The United States kept trying to do away with Native. 00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:13.000 Um, you know, native, um… Uh… 00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:20.000 They're actually, you know, naming themselves to. to make them be just a part of the. 00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:28.000 Um, uh, of the, uh… Population and not have any kind of special status. 00:38:28.000 --> 00:38:34.000 So, that fight went on and on. They, at one time. 00:38:34.000 --> 00:38:42.000 They decided in 1954. to do away with Native people entirely. 00:38:42.000 --> 00:38:46.000 To take away any kind of status or recognition. 00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:53.000 And that just brought uprisings, you know, that, uh, were defeated. But they did manage to. 00:38:53.000 --> 00:39:00.000 Uh, take away the, um, status from. Two or three tribes that. 00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:10.000 I've thought ever since then to regain it. And, um, also for people who, especially back east, where you are. 00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:16.000 Uh, in the Northeast, the original area, they, you know, had just kind of. 00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:26.000 Um, no longer recognize Native people, so that. Period of seeking, uh, recognition, acknowledgement. 00:39:26.000 --> 00:39:35.000 Of their existence, and um… A relationship with the United States that was not. 00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:47.000 Equal, but still, you know, over time has become more, uh, more and more equal, even in New England, the original. 00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:53.000 place, uh, people who… had come to just identify as, as. 00:39:53.000 --> 00:40:07.000 You know, not even having native, um… Uh, a native, uh… Relatives, you know, coming from that, just not being told about it, being put in the boarding schools. 00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:16.000 And, you know, not even being allowed to speak their language in so many languages being lost. 00:40:16.000 --> 00:40:29.000 Um… so that, um… It… it's… it's really remarkable when you look at the… and read this history, how… how much has been achieved, and how different it is. 00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:36.000 And the possibility for even more, like I say, independent states, why shouldn't the. 00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:43.000 United States, we, you know, have independent states within. It's one way to. 00:40:43.000 --> 00:40:52.000 Look at the, you know, world in the future, what we might want to, um… Uh, kind of deconstruct. 00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:59.000 Uh, the United States. As a state. 00:40:59.000 --> 00:41:06.000 So, thank you. So, we do have a wireless mic. 00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:13.000 I'm happy to bring that over to folks if you want to come up, you can as well. 00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:26.000 I'm curious about, um, how we begin to historicize this moment when a lot of these references that are in your text are back in the zeitgeist and in the public lexicon. So, for example, Manifest Destiny. 00:41:26.000 --> 00:41:36.000 We also know that this administration is just conducting so much administrative violence. We don't know what's going to be gone from public record. 00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:40.000 Um, we know today, like, the report on the missing and murdered Indigenous women was wiped off of the DOJ site. 00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:46.000 So there's so much that we might not know until this moment has passed, so I'm curious what you think about how. 00:41:46.000 --> 00:41:52.000 Um, both institutions, but also community members can begin to. 00:41:52.000 --> 00:42:00.000 take an active role in cataloging this moment of, um, you know, erasure, misinformation, disinformation. 00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:03.000 And again, this kind of administrative violence of, like. 00:42:03.000 --> 00:42:09.000 this history being rewritten, but also being brought all the way back to where we're using this kind of terminology from. 00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:17.000 Um, the very early colonial days to justify this, like, white supremacist takeover. 00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:25.000 Yeah, this, uh, you know, I, uh, the book I'm working on now is, um… Book of essays on white nationalism. 00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:33.000 And why Christian nationalism, and um. You know, they have their man on Trump, and. 00:42:33.000 --> 00:42:39.000 Uh, it's pretty scary. Uh, he has, um, cut funds, um. 00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:45.000 That actually were, uh… is illegal because the treaties made with. 00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:54.000 Native Americans required. A permanent kinds of support because they, you know, in. 00:42:54.000 --> 00:43:13.000 In lieu of regaining the land. Um… and, you know, like, cities that… That, uh, used to be… Um, villages of Native people, um, it was a very. 00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:21.000 Practical to think of, uh… Um, taking over the cities, you know, where people have… the Native people have been pushed out, but. 00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:32.000 You know, funds. So that, ever since, you know, around 1960 or so, the uprisings, um. 00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:46.000 And upright colonial uprisings all over the world. The, um… I think this has been the, um… You know, the most troubling time. 00:43:46.000 --> 00:43:56.000 You know, for everyone, the poor, the… The, um, uh, the ill, you know, what they're doing with medical. 00:43:56.000 --> 00:44:06.000 Insurance, uh… And, um… And of course, there… Trump has always… has long hated. 00:44:06.000 --> 00:44:12.000 Native Americans. He, you know, he's such a… It's such a cheap. 00:44:12.000 --> 00:44:23.000 guy, you know, and… It's… it's the casinos. I mean, people don't remember, usually, that he was a big casino guy. 00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:31.000 Uh, own casinos. And that the Indian casinos became so popular. 00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:42.000 Once they got the right to have casinos. And, uh, he hates them, because everyone, you know, people stop going to his casinos. 00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:57.000 I'm sure they were awful places, but the native casinos are very, very nice, you know, and um… Lots of activities that go on, not just, you know. 00:44:57.000 --> 00:45:07.000 It's more like the, you know, Las Vegas. So anyway, he really hates Native Americans for updoing him on. 00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:17.000 casinos and that, you know, that's just the kind of little mind he has of his bitterness, you know, people he dislikes, and. 00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:24.000 Mainly, uh, everyone, you know, who's not. Um, beholden to him. 00:45:24.000 --> 00:45:31.000 How did we ever get here? I mean, many of us are discussing that, you know, like, historians of. 00:45:31.000 --> 00:45:40.000 I go to X, and there are the, you know, these… Oh my god, you know, these discussions among historians. How did we get to this point? 00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:49.000 placed, you know, what… what happened? And, um. I think that's something for you all to really pursue, especially. 00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:02.000 younger people who haven't experienced these things, you can see them more objectively, you know, when you study it, so… Uh, you know, history is a very important. 00:46:02.000 --> 00:46:07.000 thing now, our history departments, even though they're trying to do away with them. 00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:13.000 funding and all, um, better fight for them. 00:46:13.000 --> 00:46:21.000 Thank you, Roxanne. Um, before we turn it over to the audience again, just want to check and see if folks. 00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:25.000 on Zoom also have questions, so please drop your questions. 00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:29.000 in the chat, and I will go ahead and. 00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:34.000 Uh, read them out loud. Thank you. And in the meantime. 00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:45.000 We'll take questions from the audience. Feel free to raise your hand as you're able, and I'll bring the mic over to you. 00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:50.000 Uh, Amanda? I'll have to ask you a question. Oh! 00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:54.000 Are you sure? Yes, we'll come back to the audience in Zoom. Thank you. 00:46:54.000 --> 00:47:07.000 So, you've addressed this a little bit, I think, over the course of a few of the answers you had, so… Um, because of what I was talking about, kind of the emergence in tandem of the. 00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:11.000 of these sort of parallel struggles between, you know, for. 00:47:11.000 --> 00:47:17.000 academic departments in Chicano Studies, African American Studies. Indigenous studies, and then. 00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:23.000 the rights-based movements. Um, so at this point, where I think we've talked a little bit about. 00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:30.000 movements, social movements that are, um, contesting, ongoing colonialism, dispossession, land theft, resource. 00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:38.000 theft. Um, so… I guess what I'm wondering is where you see this going in the future. Like, I know that. 00:47:38.000 --> 00:47:49.000 in terms of some of the negative stuff, like, that's very apparent, but, um, kind of what, like, how you see these movements sort of dovetailing and informing each other. 00:47:49.000 --> 00:48:00.000 Well, that's a good question. I haven't… Thought about it very much. It seems like we're in, um, you know, in survivor territory. 00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:09.000 And sort of just hang on, you know, to what we have, but that's, you know, not very healthy and. 00:48:09.000 --> 00:48:21.000 I really worry about our universities, you know, being attacked, colleges, universities, um… And in general, this attack on education, which really. 00:48:21.000 --> 00:48:34.000 Um, predates… Trump, you know, it's kind of, you know, what do you do with an education? You know, you don't make… can't get a job, you go, you know, work at Starbucks. 00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:55.000 Um, with that degree, you know, do engineering, do, uh… computer, uh, stuff, and… Um, you know, but requiring… I… we… the university I taught at for 40… 40 years, um, the California State University. 00:48:55.000 --> 00:49:03.000 Um, Hayward was, you know, located right across the. 00:49:03.000 --> 00:49:10.000 Uh… right across from the peninsula with a bridge, you know, the bay. 00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:29.000 to Silicon Valley. And so, um… It was, you know, there was a whole… very well-funded, um… Department of… Uh, computer science is what they called it then. 00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:36.000 And, um, of course, I got a lot of their students because they had to take certain courses. 00:49:36.000 --> 00:49:45.000 Uh, you know, they didn't want to, they just wanted to learn to run computers and not have to pay very much for it, because tuition. 00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:52.000 Almost didn't exist at that time. And, um, they, you know, they really. 00:49:52.000 --> 00:49:58.000 I had so much money in them that the students were. 00:49:58.000 --> 00:50:09.000 inclined to, you know, take that because they could get a good job, but they had to take our courses, they had to take English, they had to take history, they had to take political science. 00:50:09.000 --> 00:50:16.000 And we made them, you know, so that they had to take women's studies, and they had to take ethnic studies. 00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:21.000 And I love teaching those students, because they didn't want to be there. 00:50:21.000 --> 00:50:31.000 You know, and… And it was a challenge, you know, and I got a lot of them to change their majors. 00:50:31.000 --> 00:50:45.000 You know, or to have a sub… Uh, a minor, you know, in the… In either our departments or the history department, you know, whatever interested them, and. 00:50:45.000 --> 00:50:56.000 It, um… but they've really taken over, you know, universities. The money all goes into engineering, mainly computer engineering. 00:50:56.000 --> 00:51:02.000 And, uh, they're just closing down, you know, um. 00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:11.000 History departments and, uh, um… And… or shrinking them so that you can't have. 00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:20.000 Many different majors and. It's… it's a fight, I think, that is important to, um, pay attention to, and. 00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:27.000 And to do, um… That's not happening in other parts of the world. 00:51:27.000 --> 00:51:40.000 Uh… it is… I think it is unique to the United States and the kind of, um… Something, you know, being a historian and looking at. 00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:44.000 the founding of the United States, there where you are. 00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:59.000 From the very beginning, being a rogue. entity, there's still this rogue, um… Is that still a word you all understand what rogue is? It's kind of… An old-fashioned word, evil, you know. 00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:02.000 But it was. 00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:09.000 Um, of, you know, people taking other people's land, you know, 100 years. 00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:13.000 from the Mississippi of killing off, you know, so many people. 00:52:13.000 --> 00:52:24.000 And taking the land and, um… Such a horrible, horrible history that is just not taught well enough, you know, that it's. 00:52:24.000 --> 00:52:42.000 Genocide studies, it should be called genocide studies. Uh, the history of the United States, and… So that, you know, it's, um… It's… there's this… it seemed to me that… that we made great progress. 00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:58.000 And something happened in 1975. That… I've traced it, you know, in the books I've written, if you've read Indigenous people's History of the United States, that. 00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:12.000 That there was this right-wing takeover. I mean, it had been building up, there had been Barry Goldwater, there had been, you know, these, uh… Right-wing places and different organizations and all. 00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:28.000 And, uh, there's just this moment when you see this change, and it… Also had to do with the end of the Vietnam War and the, you know, the… The… the debt. 00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:34.000 That was included from that, you know, 15-year war. 00:53:34.000 --> 00:53:40.000 That, uh, it was… It was a very, very rough time, um. 00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:47.000 And for universities at that time. So ever since then, I think there's been an attack on. 00:53:47.000 --> 00:53:58.000 Uh, liberal studies… Uh, universities… Um, and uh… And also, you know, just uprising the phone. 00:53:58.000 --> 00:54:07.000 Of violence and. The necessity for, well, you know, first of all, Black. 00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:12.000 civil rights, uh… Became a, you know, really. 00:54:12.000 --> 00:54:21.000 so important, and 70, I count, you know, 75 is when we reach that apex, you know, of, um. 00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:30.000 of equality, of, you know, of actually laws and rules, you know, to. 00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:42.000 have Black, um… Uh, and other minority and women, uh… Um… entrance into universities, and. 00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:52.000 Those are still in place, and I heard. Trump raving against them, that they need to be done away with. They should be. 00:54:52.000 --> 00:54:56.000 Just take a test, and whoever gets in, you know. 00:54:56.000 --> 00:55:19.000 And, um… So that's something I fought very hard for myself, um… Uh, as, you know, in my… Activists, um… Uh… University work, um… And not just at my university, but, you know, with other people and. 00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:29.000 And getting these things, and these things can be lost, they're not forever, you know, I mean, they have to be… Nourished. So, um. 00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:36.000 Things like what you're doing here, uh, is going on all over the country, I think, and. 00:55:36.000 --> 00:55:42.000 And I really, um… I hope you keep it up. 00:55:42.000 --> 00:55:58.000 Thank you, Roxanne. Um… I want to just make one call for final question before we… Wrap up, Colin? 00:55:58.000 --> 00:56:04.000 Can I ask for some… for someone to ask the question? 00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:08.000 Okay, ask a question about the book, Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. 00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:22.000 Lots of pressure. I already grab the microphone right as he said that, so… Um, the, uh… Yeah, let me… let me say this. Actually, first of all, thank you for… for joining us. 00:56:22.000 --> 00:56:24.000 Um, and I'm sorry for giving y'all my back, I hate doing that. 00:56:24.000 --> 00:56:29.000 Um, my question is this, I… You spoke just a little bit about. 00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:35.000 The formation of American colonialism. I was listening to Greg Grandin. 00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:42.000 Uh, speak about the different, um. I guess, if you want to call it that, philosophy is when, um. 00:56:42.000 --> 00:56:48.000 You know, the conquest into… of the Spanish conquest versus how America was formed. 00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:55.000 And it does, as you say, there's a philosophy of Americans of, you know, it's a. 00:56:55.000 --> 00:57:04.000 Uh, I guess, uh… individualism that was different, um, in some of the other places, and that's one difference. The other differences were, um. 00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:10.000 How… their experiment, how they were going to treat the native folks that they. 00:57:10.000 --> 00:57:22.000 Knew they were going to encounter. Um… But when I think… so it makes me think imperialism is an old-ism, but keeps on coming back, brand new, fresh, and so clean. 00:57:22.000 --> 00:57:30.000 And… it… You might not have to accept this premise, but I feel as if there's something about imperialism that draws. 00:57:30.000 --> 00:57:34.000 Um, people to it, um, that enamerates people to it. 00:57:34.000 --> 00:57:41.000 Um, so when I think about colonialism, there's this narrative as paralleling it that is resistance. 00:57:41.000 --> 00:57:49.000 Um, and… I'm very interested about resistance movements when I hear about colonialism. 00:57:49.000 --> 00:57:53.000 And I hope that you can speak to it a little bit, and in this context. 00:57:53.000 --> 00:58:06.000 Um, I wonder, uh, how… especially in this time, um… What lessons of resistance that we can draw from some of the Indigenous peoples, um. 00:58:06.000 --> 00:58:11.000 That might… that might give us the weapons we need to resist against. 00:58:11.000 --> 00:58:15.000 imperialism, a bet. I guess maybe our natural inclination to. 00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:22.000 Um, extent of imperialism, um, as we see it in these new forms. 00:58:22.000 --> 00:58:30.000 Yeah, well, I'm glad you mentioned Grannins. new book and all of his work, uh, his. 00:58:30.000 --> 00:58:34.000 I think he's the best historian working today, and. 00:58:34.000 --> 00:58:41.000 And this… doing the whole hemisphere, you know, that hasn't been done for a long time, so it's very important. 00:58:41.000 --> 00:58:58.000 Work and, um… Yeah, how do we, um… Uh, really, how do we fight back, uh, the defunding of universities, uh. 00:58:58.000 --> 00:59:15.000 And colleges and, um. is… is, um… Something… it's… I think, you know, one thing that happened, uh, I know in the University of California system. 00:59:15.000 --> 00:59:29.000 Here, is it became a, um… corporatized, or, you know, our, uh… Our university became corporatized, and being corporatized. 00:59:29.000 --> 00:59:37.000 They became expensive and exclusive and, you know, student debt and all that. 00:59:37.000 --> 00:59:46.000 Um… The most places in the world do not have… universities do not have tuition. 00:59:46.000 --> 00:59:57.000 Believe it or not, Slovenia. Um… very poor country. No tuition, great universities, no tuition. 00:59:57.000 --> 01:00:08.000 Um, so it's almost impossible to, um… Get an education here, and I think it's intentional for people not to be educated. 01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:12.000 That, um… because then they don't know their rights. 01:00:12.000 --> 01:00:20.000 You know, they don't know. Um, that they can fight back and. 01:00:20.000 --> 01:00:31.000 We've… we really, um… We've had these, um… Ups and downs, you know, of militant. 01:00:31.000 --> 01:00:37.000 Militarism. Um, that really is, you know. 01:00:37.000 --> 01:00:49.000 Good, sir. I see it almost like a river that has never stopped of, um… Uh… Black liberation. 01:00:49.000 --> 01:00:58.000 And, um, from, you know, totalitarian system of slavery. 01:00:58.000 --> 01:01:03.000 Uh, so we have that, you know, we have that history. 01:01:03.000 --> 01:01:08.000 Of, um, of resistance. And then, of course, the Native people. 01:01:08.000 --> 01:01:14.000 Fighting, uh, across the, uh… Never losing a battle, never losing a battle, just, um… uh, genocide. 01:01:14.000 --> 01:01:19.000 Okay. 01:01:19.000 --> 01:01:25.000 And, um… is such an ugly history, and I think. 01:01:25.000 --> 01:01:32.000 It almost isn't allowed to be taught now without getting fired. 01:01:32.000 --> 01:01:38.000 Um, at least in the public universe. Well, you know, and it's happening all over, and. 01:01:38.000 --> 01:01:56.000 Um, I, um… I think Salem, you know, is probably… Hess, or in New England, you have more support, but it's… Um… How do we organize to fight. 01:01:56.000 --> 01:02:05.000 To raise the kind of, um… Resistance that we saw in the civil rights movement. 01:02:05.000 --> 01:02:11.000 Of just not stopping, you know, daily, every day, um. 01:02:11.000 --> 01:02:26.000 a sit-in started with sit-ins, uh. Uh, takeovers… Of, uh, departments, you know, I remember at this Ivy Leagues, the Black… the few black. 01:02:26.000 --> 01:02:31.000 Students who were allowed in, they. took over. 01:02:31.000 --> 01:02:41.000 these Ivy League schools, you know. And I think we need to record that history more, you know, that it be sort of suppressed, that. 01:02:41.000 --> 01:02:45.000 I just knew it in real time, what was going on, but. 01:02:45.000 --> 01:02:51.000 Um, you know, students don't… unless they're taught or guided to. 01:02:51.000 --> 01:02:59.000 Books or have, you know, someone in their family or, you know, that, that… have told them the stories of it. 01:02:59.000 --> 01:03:07.000 Um, that's a lot of people, they… They just don't know, you know, that there has been resistance, and. 01:03:07.000 --> 01:03:13.000 It can change things. 01:03:13.000 --> 01:03:20.000 My alarm just went off as I… should I stop speaking? 01:03:20.000 --> 01:03:26.000 Thank you for honoring the time, Roxanne. Um, we are at time. 01:03:26.000 --> 01:03:32.000 But before folks head out, I do want to let folks know that we will give away. 01:03:32.000 --> 01:03:41.000 Books, um, but just want to thank you, Roxanne, for your time. 01:03:41.000 --> 01:03:49.000 Well, thank you, and I, um, you know, I said I wanted to ask a question about my Indigenous people's history, and it's iterations. 01:03:49.000 --> 01:03:50.000 Yeah. 01:03:50.000 --> 01:04:03.000 Um, I just found out from my, um… My publisher… That my book has… you know, it was published 11 years ago, the original one. 01:04:03.000 --> 01:04:12.000 In 2014. And that it is the best-selling book that Beacon Press has ever published. 01:04:12.000 --> 01:04:17.000 And it has never, ever… I'm so shocked when I get royalty. 01:04:17.000 --> 01:04:21.000 You know, I published a whole bunch of books and never got. 01:04:21.000 --> 01:04:31.000 You know, maybe $150 a year of royalty. And, you know, big royalties, and it's a best-selling book. 01:04:31.000 --> 01:04:36.000 in all its iterations, and the most recent being the wonderful. 01:04:36.000 --> 01:04:40.000 Uh, comic, a book that Paul… Historian Paul Buell. 01:04:40.000 --> 01:04:51.000 insisted on producing, I thought, oh God, a comic book about my book, how can you do that? This is a sad story. 01:04:51.000 --> 01:04:59.000 But they did it, and I see it, you know, that you all are… using it, and I thank you. 01:04:59.000 --> 01:05:04.000 Thank you. Um, thank you so much, Doctor, for joining us. 01:05:04.000 --> 01:05:12.000 Um, for sharing your experiences, your stories, perspectives. We also want to take some time to thank our students. 01:05:12.000 --> 01:05:17.000 panel. For the PrEP. 01:05:17.000 --> 01:05:23.000 Um, and also, too, for making our event, uh, such a quality program and for your. 01:05:23.000 --> 01:05:31.000 Inspiration and really just bringing, um… this Indigenous history, People's Month. 01:05:31.000 --> 01:05:42.000 programming together, lots of words. So, um, before we do our… Um, breath or I don't call it a bramble, or giveaway. 01:05:42.000 --> 01:05:52.000 Um, do want to have folks… Save the date for our, um… Philosophy Matters Speaker Series. 01:05:52.000 --> 01:05:57.000 Um, we are launching our… our… kicking off our. 01:05:57.000 --> 01:06:08.000 theories with Indigenous lifeways and approaches. On December 4, from 12 to 1.30 in Charlotte Forton Hall. So, Charlotte Fortin Hall. 01:06:08.000 --> 01:06:16.000 Room 1, 2, 3, right behind Starbucks, um, we'll also have lunch, and we'll also be able to. 01:06:16.000 --> 01:06:19.000 Uh, you'll be able to join us on Zoom as well. 01:06:19.000 --> 01:06:28.000 So, for our giveaway, first want to… Congratulate Amelia again for winning a copy of the book. 01:06:28.000 --> 01:06:39.000 Um, at our, uh, cabinet, uh, meeting, uh. Kahoot. So, Amelia… You have all comes to grab a book. 01:06:39.000 --> 01:06:51.000 From a table. Um, and it can be, uh… Rossian's book, or you can also grab our 500 Years of Indigenous. 01:06:51.000 --> 01:06:57.000 A resistance comic book, or, um, there is one copy of the city of. 01:06:57.000 --> 01:07:02.000 The founding of Salem City of Prince available as well at the table. 01:07:02.000 --> 01:07:10.000 Now, for our other copies. I am inviting students, undergraduate students in the audience to stay ahead of time. 01:07:10.000 --> 01:07:14.000 If you are a student and you're interested in a book. 01:07:14.000 --> 01:07:22.000 If you are able, please stand. Thank you. Now, I want you to close your eyes. 01:07:22.000 --> 01:07:31.000 And think of a number. Think of a number between 1 and 100. 01:07:31.000 --> 01:07:40.000 And we are going to get the student closest to the number, so… I want you to shout your number out. 01:07:40.000 --> 01:07:45.000 84? 53. 37? 01:07:45.000 --> 01:07:51.000 Our masters didn't want to play. Uh, 21. 01:07:51.000 --> 01:08:03.000 Let's see… 15? I'm so sorry, because I just made them stand up, but Terrence is the closest number is 20. 01:08:03.000 --> 01:08:09.000 20. Please stay standing, everybody please stand again. So sorry for making you stand. 01:08:09.000 --> 01:08:19.000 Everyone except for Terrence, please sit down, Terrence. But Terrence, please grab a coffee. So, I want you to think of another number. 01:08:19.000 --> 01:08:26.000 This time between 0 and 50. Whenever you're ready. 01:08:26.000 --> 01:08:31.000 34? 34, 27… Between 1 and 50? 50, yes. 01:08:31.000 --> 01:08:37.000 Uh… 32. Repeat again, 27. 01:08:37.000 --> 01:08:44.000 34. What is yours? 32. 32. 01:08:44.000 --> 01:08:48.000 So you are the closest. Thank you. It's 12. 01:08:48.000 --> 01:08:53.000 All right, so, our staff in the audience, we've grabbed. 01:08:53.000 --> 01:08:59.000 Please stand as you are able. Back in the audience that would like a copy of the book. 01:08:59.000 --> 01:09:05.000 I apologize for making you look at, I do. 01:09:05.000 --> 01:09:12.000 Okay, this time you are going to think of a number between 10 and 50. 01:09:12.000 --> 01:09:16.000 and 50. 32 feet. 01:09:16.000 --> 01:09:22.000 Every two years of 24. 24. 16. 01:09:22.000 --> 01:09:27.000 3. 11. 01:09:27.000 --> 01:09:31.000 17. 50. 01:09:31.000 --> 01:09:43.000 13. Anyone else? Sean, are you… no? Okay. The number is 13, so congratulations. Please drop a book. 01:09:43.000 --> 01:09:51.000 R11 was close to, so apologies on that. Um, faculty in the room, faculty in the room. 01:09:51.000 --> 01:09:58.000 And that would include our librarians as well, so please stand if you would like a copy of the book. 01:09:58.000 --> 01:10:02.000 And I will turn it over to whoever is ready. 01:10:02.000 --> 01:10:13.000 Oh, one, we're doing zero… and 100 this time. 75. 01:10:13.000 --> 01:10:24.000 The two? 75 and 20? Okay, folks, the number is 56, so 75 is closer. Congratulations! 01:10:24.000 --> 01:10:30.000 Now, I think that might be all copies. Can someone confirm? 01:10:30.000 --> 01:10:35.000 I think I have one more coffee. Oh, two, we have two more copies. 01:10:35.000 --> 01:10:45.000 So students in the room. Students in the room, if you would like to participate, please stand. 01:10:45.000 --> 01:10:50.000 Did not receive a book. 01:10:50.000 --> 01:10:55.000 I found giving up. She's back here. Okay, okay, first one. 01:10:55.000 --> 01:11:02.000 Go ahead. Number between… All right. 50 and 100. 01:11:02.000 --> 01:11:09.000 30 and 100. 81? 81? 01:11:09.000 --> 01:11:14.000 73. 35. 01:11:14.000 --> 01:11:19.000 Is that it? Congratulations, the number is 94. Congratulations. 01:11:19.000 --> 01:11:27.000 Last book, um… He's a horse student. 01:11:27.000 --> 01:11:34.000 Awesome, you are more than welcome to exit if you would like to. If you want to stick around, you're welcome to. 01:11:34.000 --> 01:11:45.000 Um, but please feel free to exit as you would prefer. 01:11:45.000 --> 01:11:52.000 I'm not sorry. Thank you. Okay, last copy. 01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:59.000 We'll do, too, uh, to another student. Not receivable, is it just you, Shane? 01:11:59.000 --> 01:12:13.000 Uh, the gentleman right here. Yeah. Um… So, we're just gonna leave Shade out. Shane, we'll get you a copy, but you are welcome to grab this copy. 01:12:13.000 --> 01:12:24.000 And it's the 500 years of Indigenous resistance by George Hill, also to want to let folks know that the Against Erasure Indigenous Peoples History Month. 01:12:24.000 --> 01:12:32.000 Exhibit is at the library until the end of next week, so please take some time to check it out. 01:12:32.000 --> 01:12:36.000 Um, and we look forward to you joining us on December 4th. 01:12:36.000 --> 01:12:40.000 Thank you all again. Please finish off the food, please. 01:12:40.000 --> 01:12:53.000 Finish off the food if you're able to, and we invite you to join us again on December 4. Have a good one, everybody. 01:12:53.000 --> 00:00:00.000 Bye, thank you all! 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:30.000 I could not hear me. 01:12:54.000 --> 01:13:05.000 Thank you. Perfect.