WEBVTT

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Hello everyone, my name is Jason Brown.

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On behalf of my Co chair Ethel Gordon and
the rest of the Darwin Festival Committee,

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I would like to welcome you to the 47th
Annual Darwin Festival.

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Before we begin,
I need to share some logistical details.

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So students, to register your attendance,
you'll need to scan the QR code shown in

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every talk that you attend.

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There'll be AQ and a session at the end
of the talk today.

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And please type your questions in the
webinar Q&amp;

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A that will be linked at the bottom of
the screen.

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Or if you're in Vets Hall,
we're going to pass a microphone around

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and let you ask your questions that way.

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So tomorrow, Tuesday,
is a completely remote day.

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All the talks on tomorrow will just be on
the webinars and then Wednesday through

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Friday,
all the talks will be available in Vets

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Hall,
including the webinars with lunches each

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day.

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So thank you for attending.

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And now I'd like to pass it over to Dean
Brian Vandenheugel to bring greetings

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from SSU and the College of Arts and
Sciences.

edea0669-f59f-491f-8e1d-9e8becdec9e9-0
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Thank you Jason,
Greetings and a warm welcome to the 2020

edea0669-f59f-491f-8e1d-9e8becdec9e9-1
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Sixth Annual Darwin Festival.

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We are thrilled to have you join us for
this exciting week long event.

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This week celebrates the work of Charles
Darwin with sessions from leading

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researchers celebrating the field of
biology and its impact on today's world.

9b167428-479b-4bf8-a104-336f5b549630-0
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My name is Brian Vandenheuvel,
Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences

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here at Salem State University.

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This week is exciting for me personally
outside of my role as Dean,

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as I'm a botanist and an evolutionary
biologist.

bc5f6a9b-c349-43ff-ba1d-3ec3a0977c2f-0
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The first class I ever wasn't a teaching
assistant for was evolution.

af4dff2b-7a98-4fec-ab52-bac3b1cf5577-0
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And frankly, as a faculty member,
evolution was my most favorite course to

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teach as well.

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And why evolution is explanatory.

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It's not just a static set of facts to
learn,

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but a body of knowledge that we are
continuing to test and grow.

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First, welcome to Salem State,
and for many of you, digitally,

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Salem State.

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As a public university,
our core mission is to make critical

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contributions to civic life,
environmental sustainability,

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and the cultural, social,
and economic vitality of the North Shore

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region of Massachusetts.

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Salem State is the first Massachusetts
State university to achieve Hispanic

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serving status.

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Salem State has made a conscious pivot to
serve the North Shore region and we place

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student success at the center of our work
and to embrace belonging,

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civic engagement,
access and affordability,

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and environmental sustainability.

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The Darwin Festival is a fantastic
example of building community in science.

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It allows us, through discussions,
presentation, collaboration,

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to share our work.

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The Darwin Festival also builds our
future biologists,

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allows us to collaborate with them,
and is a valuable place to hear and to

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share.

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And in this era where funding for science
is at risk,

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it is very important for us as scientists
to continue to advocate for the

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importance of our research and the power
of basic science for our future.

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This festival was founded by Doctor
Virginia Ginger Kevil and Doctor Philip

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De Palma, both retired biology colleagues.

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It was created to supplement a still
running course.

d728ed6a-cef3-4a09-9d77-368405edf407-0
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We have Biology 124,
human and social biology.

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Ginger's still with us and is probably
watching.

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Unfortunately,
Philip passed away some years ago.

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Ginger has been relayed to me as the
energy behind this festival and she

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passed the baton to Susan Case who ran it
for many years before she retired too

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about 8 years ago.

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I'm excited for this line up this year
for our students in the room and online.

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Please remember the Alumni Student Night
on Thursday,

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February 12th from 6:30 to 9:00 here in
this building in Ellison Campus Center in

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the Commuter Lounge and make sure to RSVP
that RSV link is on the website.

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I want to thank our main sponsors,
Charles Albert Reed Trust,

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Thermo Fisher Scientific,
the Biology Department,

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and the College of Arts and Sciences.

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I also want to thank the Darwin Festival
Committee.

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Jason, Ethel, Thea, Lindsay, Jeremy,
Jen and Ryan.

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Thank you again for coming to the Salem
State 2026 Darwin Festival.

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I'm going to pass it on to Doctor Lisa
Delicio to introduce our speaker.

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Thank you.

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It's my great pleasure to introduce my
colleague John Hunnix,

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curator of the British and Irish Seed
Plant Herbarium at the Natural History

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Museum, London,
where he has worked for 22 years.

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His degrees are in Humanities,
Science and Society and Photography from

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the institutions now known as the
University of Westminster and the

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University of Greenwich.

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John has a particular interest in the
history of life sciences rather late

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clump Comer to botany.

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His initial role at the museum was mainly
in imaging and databasing of specimens.

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John lives just outside London,
very close to where Charles Darwin

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botanized following his move to Down
House in 1842.

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He also has a botanizing connection with
botanist Anna Atkins,

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whose herbarium he has been
reconstructing and has been making follow

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up visits to the sites where she
collected plants.

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John, I wanted to note,
has created a bibliography to accompany

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his talk today,
and that will be available through the

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Darwin Festival website.

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And now I will hand things over to John
coming to us from London,

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England for his talk,
the Natural History Museum,

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London and Charles Darwin.

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Thank you much indeed, Lisa,
thank you very much indeed everybody.

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And thank you for the invite for today.

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I'm, I'm afraid my technical skills, I'm,
I'm just about getting ready to share

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screen.

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If yes, indeed we're away.

74630a54-d223-4517-abf6-8a01091c016c-0
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I think I'm sharing screen.

706dd290-e12a-4ebd-8c4d-b2483ae277fd-0
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Yes, I think we're there.

c07970ce-6929-4b30-8ad3-57cae25c3636-0
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I'm actually in the Darwin Centre,
appropriately in the Historic Collections

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room of the Algae,
Fungi and Plants division of the Science

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Group.

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Behind me is the Herbarium of Hans Sloane
Sloane,

e8270433-fe94-4958-afe6-0a486d32784e-1
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one of the founding collections of the
British Museum.

5fbc8cf1-f6d8-4d2b-b0bf-595ee448afb8-0
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And effectively this collection is really
the founding collection of the Natural

5fbc8cf1-f6d8-4d2b-b0bf-595ee448afb8-1
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History Museum.

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Some of the specimens in here go back to
the 16th century,

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the Natural History Museum,
the Gothic style building in the centre

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of Wells, the western centre of London.

fd582eff-8c1c-4c6b-83bc-e28a6f748c2a-0
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And the Gothic style was very popular in
the 19th century.

29e21317-5b50-42eb-b0bc-baba7467f375-0
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We're going to talk about the 19th
century quite a bit today.

bd16deb9-f9d8-425f-bd9f-5aa653d30819-0
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Hi John.

04951a70-9928-4207-981e-7597fcd45863-0
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Can I, can I interrupt real quick?

4199836b-75f7-4a73-b13f-233d3238ca15-0
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We're not seeing your screen.

cda236dd-9585-46f4-9e4d-b1abe9ff7dd2-0
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Oh, right, OK, sorry.

0201147f-a6ce-4db5-aaa7-14a8e59487bc-0
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And you're seeing now.

d41db951-05b4-4452-80e9-c6eba1ca9b57-0
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Yes.

5e2c41fb-0a90-4f58-aa2e-3b2577db5353-0
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And I need to go to previous and if we're
OK, I'll carry on.

55ad4596-c997-4173-9d47-cce102ef8041-0
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All set.

15326d91-98d5-4fd6-9006-b2003277b9a3-0
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OK, thanks very much indeed everybody.

729d3e9d-d6ae-42cd-9607-8da747e1607f-0
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Sorry about that.

6c92c336-add7-42f3-b688-de279a224a28-0
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As I say,
the Natural History Museum opened in 1881.

bbc3bba1-f38e-49df-acfb-a9ecbea7be0f-0
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Gothic style building in the Western
Centre of London.

513052d5-427e-4016-8a9c-03d67214b907-0
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Might you may be more familiar with the
House of Parliament.

d5c09705-1d3c-48aa-96a4-7c0b590eec58-0
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Same sort of style Gothic style very
popular in Britain in the 19th century.

530f98c1-8f77-49fd-b89e-9e9c183ee99c-0
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Natural History not really a search for
causes.

ed993766-0bf4-4a0c-bdb4-529c16114a1a-0
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Natural History has been with us going
back installing a trolleys cleaning the

ed993766-0bf4-4a0c-bdb4-529c16114a1a-1
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elders 777 CEID in Rome really Natural
History really really descriptive biology

ed993766-0bf4-4a0c-bdb4-529c16114a1a-2
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Biology is the only is the term the word
really comes in a language the biology,

ed993766-0bf4-4a0c-bdb4-529c16114a1a-3
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the science of life really comes into the
language in the 19th century.

97dada9e-016c-4aee-a8ab-13c5b4e7bd5d-0
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Charles Darwin's most influential book on
the origin of species by means of natural

97dada9e-016c-4aee-a8ab-13c5b4e7bd5d-1
00:09:58.418 --> 00:09:59.040
selection.

b2ca5f6d-cae8-4e1a-a107-09aab45f6bf3-0
00:09:59.040 --> 00:10:04.760
That's a short title basically implies a
search for causes.

12eba119-ae82-4e3d-852b-eb2dba249d48-0
00:10:04.760 --> 00:10:10.022
So Natural History,
not a search for causes and but biology

12eba119-ae82-4e3d-852b-eb2dba249d48-1
00:10:10.022 --> 00:10:16.600
is it's a search and the title of of
Darwin's most famous book for causes.

9dd42bf4-66e5-4c1c-b5e6-6da2c1fa4012-0
00:10:16.720 --> 00:10:19.440
So a difference between Natural History
and biology.

d642f41a-f2c5-4939-833c-a5ac63f35389-0
00:10:20.960 --> 00:10:23.553
First off,
apologies for the digital watermarks on

d642f41a-f2c5-4939-833c-a5ac63f35389-1
00:10:23.553 --> 00:10:24.520
some of the images.

1f993d18-89bd-449f-b337-b818f96c0979-0
00:10:24.520 --> 00:10:28.360
Our picture library let us use the the
thumbnails for presentations.

a269a807-3062-4505-be3e-d7185fba242b-0
00:10:28.360 --> 00:10:33.715
But when there's been an image has been
in a in a publication,

a269a807-3062-4505-be3e-d7185fba242b-1
00:10:33.715 --> 00:10:39.070
the digital watermark has to stay doing
the reading for today,

a269a807-3062-4505-be3e-d7185fba242b-2
00:10:39.070 --> 00:10:44.680
it seems that Darwin's image is quite a
little bit controversial.

ae519f0c-da91-4fa3-ad48-d7519c1564df-0
00:10:44.680 --> 00:10:50.561
He's Germany always portrayed as in his
older years and almost sometimes seen as

ae519f0c-da91-4fa3-ad48-d7519c1564df-1
00:10:50.561 --> 00:10:54.120
a sort of biblical prophet,
a Moses if you like.

542a85a9-5a3d-4ad6-b141-8d74114b565e-0
00:10:54.520 --> 00:10:57.080
It certainly wasn't that he was very well
off.

7e380996-3cc3-4b12-ad7f-f66154a8c105-0
00:10:57.760 --> 00:11:03.246
His family was his father,
his father and grandfather of doctors

7e380996-3cc3-4b12-ad7f-f66154a8c105-1
00:11:03.246 --> 00:11:09.240
relation to the Wedge, which is properly,
properly the pottery family.

10b5846a-0120-4147-8cc6-b84c5e591fc3-0
00:11:10.080 --> 00:11:13.667
And really he wasn't the only person as
we'll see,

10b5846a-0120-4147-8cc6-b84c5e591fc3-1
00:11:13.667 --> 00:11:18.240
who was thinking about natural selection
and and species change.

a15cdf9f-f472-4a38-81a2-aa529a392ef8-0
00:11:22.040 --> 00:11:28.680
His statue sits in the centre of the
museum in the main hall.

42a783e2-e54b-4436-8f26-c9094a0d8573-0
00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:36.240
As you come into the main hall,
it really dominates his work.

40d2d4c6-c543-490e-86a8-173dc0aa00bb-0
00:11:36.760 --> 00:11:42.785
Natural evolution of Species by Natural
Selection completely guides our research

40d2d4c6-c543-490e-86a8-173dc0aa00bb-1
00:11:42.785 --> 00:11:44.720
and our public engagement.

aa2c50c7-6455-43bc-837a-28fa7e04107e-0
00:11:48.960 --> 00:11:54.592
Alfred W Wallace, you may never heard of,
might be working up,

aa2c50c7-6455-43bc-837a-28fa7e04107e-1
00:11:54.592 --> 00:12:00.315
looking up the Wallace line,
a sort of really sort of dealer in

aa2c50c7-6455-43bc-837a-28fa7e04107e-2
00:12:00.315 --> 00:12:02.640
Natural History specimens.

b972435f-0680-469c-b066-2fe763d23931-0
00:12:02.640 --> 00:12:07.312
He was working in Malaysia and really
almost sort of he comes up with the same

b972435f-0680-469c-b066-2fe763d23931-1
00:12:07.312 --> 00:12:09.560
ideas and he forces Darwin to publish.

a4f046de-f284-4b85-ad9c-47b1620b0e5c-0
00:12:10.920 --> 00:12:15.670
However he's tucked away in the corner,
perhaps because he ended up very much a

a4f046de-f284-4b85-ad9c-47b1620b0e5c-1
00:12:15.670 --> 00:12:20.480
spiritualist and really wasn't wasn't
perhaps so much in with the establishment.

477b68f5-a434-40f5-a432-2509b18a0bec-0
00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:27.180
However, we don't,
we don't hold too many of Darwin's

477b68f5-a434-40f5-a432-2509b18a0bec-1
00:12:27.180 --> 00:12:34.760
specimens and they're quite tucked away,
often coming to us from other people.

a9882b14-650b-4927-b307-a30152e364aa-0
00:12:35.520 --> 00:12:43.723
This Galapagos Moss bryophyte came to us
from the biofight expert William Wilson

a9882b14-650b-4927-b307-a30152e364aa-1
00:12:43.723 --> 00:12:45.040
from Glasgow.

cb54a11e-76ab-48ad-b934-15d29e0e32f4-0
00:12:45.800 --> 00:12:51.168
And there was a whole exchange of
mechanism of specimens in Britain in the

cb54a11e-76ab-48ad-b934-15d29e0e32f4-1
00:12:51.168 --> 00:12:52.600
19th century really.

71953de5-2410-490e-9ac6-0ae47ed6c38d-0
00:12:53.440 --> 00:12:58.411
And and biological information could be
moved around quite relatively quickly

71953de5-2410-490e-9ac6-0ae47ed6c38d-1
00:12:58.411 --> 00:13:03.383
really due to the sort of Britain being
the first industrial nation that that

71953de5-2410-490e-9ac6-0ae47ed6c38d-2
00:13:03.383 --> 00:13:08.674
will come a subject will come to and the
the growth of the railways massive growth

71953de5-2410-490e-9ac6-0ae47ed6c38d-3
00:13:08.674 --> 00:13:13.200
of railways of railways steam powered
rail in the in the 19th century.

64b4df8b-8868-4d5b-bb03-fb699156e01e-0
00:13:13.800 --> 00:13:16.880
The special in on the right the the the
****** Herbarium.

6d556c40-f226-497d-8a1c-7981c2ac6b58-0
00:13:16.880 --> 00:13:21.943
Joseph's daughter, Dalton,
Joseph Dalton ****** really a very close

6d556c40-f226-497d-8a1c-7981c2ac6b58-1
00:13:21.943 --> 00:13:23.880
collaboration with Darwin.

fde5bace-3e95-4240-a4f0-b0e42bebd858-0
00:13:24.040 --> 00:13:29.064
William Jackson ****** his father,
who who says collaborates with Anna

fde5bace-3e95-4240-a4f0-b0e42bebd858-1
00:13:29.064 --> 00:13:29.560
Atkins.

5408864e-4a77-4e5c-a1b9-71ac212cc0d8-0
00:13:30.640 --> 00:13:33.280
But really a lot of specimens.

6c54b5f2-1588-47f4-8378-dcfa47c5e785-0
00:13:33.520 --> 00:13:38.869
We a lot of specimens went to Cambridge
in where Darwin went to university and

6c54b5f2-1588-47f4-8378-dcfa47c5e785-1
00:13:38.869 --> 00:13:41.240
really to lots of other collectors.

c2afd2e4-9995-40d7-a7de-e76f5e80ee13-0
00:13:44.080 --> 00:13:48.548
The man behind the Natural History Museum,
the Cathedral of Nature,

c2afd2e4-9995-40d7-a7de-e76f5e80ee13-1
00:13:48.548 --> 00:13:51.440
as you'd like to call it,
Sir Richard Owen.

c329aafa-cbd6-4fc1-9a81-c99943d6be9b-0
00:13:51.440 --> 00:13:56.620
I emphasize the Sir because to be if you
weren't a hereditary Baron,

c329aafa-cbd6-4fc1-9a81-c99943d6be9b-1
00:13:56.620 --> 00:14:01.200
you got you have to to really work hard
to get a knighthood.

36c31cc5-4eb8-429f-81bc-0f02096dcd72-0
00:14:03.320 --> 00:14:08.722
Richard Owen really is the sort of
epitome of British Victorian self-made

36c31cc5-4eb8-429f-81bc-0f02096dcd72-1
00:14:08.722 --> 00:14:10.840
man really quite an achiever.

bfc2f1af-d8bd-4083-8a67-14409c07d982-0
00:14:11.160 --> 00:14:15.600
At 16 he was apprenticed to a surgeon
really.

72f31754-7efe-457d-a6af-d58169e05055-0
00:14:15.600 --> 00:14:17.480
So he's learning lots about anatomy.

58c053c5-9765-4478-be36-f638053776f8-0
00:14:18.320 --> 00:14:22.680
Very quickly it comes to London to be a
surgeon at the Bushes St.

2e591afc-79dd-4f2f-ab8a-63361832f5fd-0
00:14:22.680 --> 00:14:24.160
Basu Solomon's Hospital.

4ebe221d-eafb-492b-a745-04cc5029c405-0
00:14:26.200 --> 00:14:31.160
He starts taking an interest in in
paleontology and again, anatomy.

24f42dbf-0220-491a-b13f-7fd6a3fbfb38-0
00:14:32.600 --> 00:14:37.039
This is a bit of a personal view in the
in the 19th century, to get a knighthood,

24f42dbf-0220-491a-b13f-7fd6a3fbfb38-1
00:14:37.039 --> 00:14:38.880
you really have to be an achiever.

55584fd9-3cbe-4e4a-92ff-6630ede01b12-0
00:14:38.880 --> 00:14:40.200
You really have to work hard.

4e9053f2-2977-4c17-b758-64509be36181-0
00:14:40.960 --> 00:14:43.640
Unless you're a hereditary knight,
you're necessarily a Baron.

c8ab5fec-87a8-4ba4-a54a-5274389af97f-0
00:14:43.840 --> 00:14:46.051
You,
you really had to a knighthood really

c8ab5fec-87a8-4ba4-a54a-5274389af97f-1
00:14:46.051 --> 00:14:47.080
have to be achieved.

23210d15-c19b-4d61-97b4-6de24588bcfd-0
00:14:47.080 --> 00:14:51.336
And Owen did achieve that personal view
here in the 21st century,

23210d15-c19b-4d61-97b4-6de24588bcfd-1
00:14:51.336 --> 00:14:54.689
you can get a knighthood for being part
in Britain,

23210d15-c19b-4d61-97b4-6de24588bcfd-2
00:14:54.689 --> 00:14:57.720
for being part of the sports celebrity
circus.

f517cf84-f1dd-4dd2-99a7-3a9fa9119aee-0
00:14:58.120 --> 00:14:59.160
But that's where we are.

e0e0e203-b528-4bbe-8346-1ccfb235a90a-0
00:14:59.640 --> 00:15:09.640
That's where we are now, unfortunately,
the British Museum in the 1850s.

fb5c5803-98b0-47f2-887f-6ac533b3168d-0
00:15:10.160 --> 00:15:11.800
Owen becomes works his way out.

08730d9e-cd5e-48d0-bfe5-963735b0a583-0
00:15:11.800 --> 00:15:16.040
He becomes Superintendent of the Natural
History collections of the British Museum.

57c7e49c-7a43-44ff-a3d2-e1d5e8f6407a-0
00:15:16.240 --> 00:15:18.640
Effectively the collection behind me.

02c47dfd-fe68-4301-8e53-97eb7cfe8050-0
00:15:18.640 --> 00:15:23.440
It was part of that Hans Slimes
collections, 110,000 specimens.

678fc72e-9016-418d-ab3f-d6f3389efe13-0
00:15:24.760 --> 00:15:29.898
I'm really really a sort of go getter,
really sort of hard,

678fc72e-9016-418d-ab3f-d6f3389efe13-1
00:15:29.898 --> 00:15:32.040
very hard bargaining guy.

b049e709-62c7-4d37-910d-ae94eec4c943-0
00:15:32.080 --> 00:15:36.303
And he really managed to get he got the
ear of the Prime Minister William

b049e709-62c7-4d37-910d-ae94eec4c943-1
00:15:36.303 --> 00:15:39.100
Gladstone,
and he persuaded Gladstone to build a

b049e709-62c7-4d37-910d-ae94eec4c943-2
00:15:39.100 --> 00:15:41.839
separate Natural History Museum for for
the UK.

4f7e2ed7-809b-4883-8e81-57338742f1e1-0
00:15:42.240 --> 00:15:45.960
The French Natural History Museum had
been in existence since 1794.

cbfa3c2d-b13d-48b0-8377-8542d2f6fb5d-0
00:15:48.080 --> 00:15:55.475
Owen successful managed to get the
British Museum Natural History,

cbfa3c2d-b13d-48b0-8377-8542d2f6fb5d-1
00:15:55.475 --> 00:15:59.560
where I'm sitting now, built by 1880.

dad42bd9-a2a8-4f1a-8578-edecb876b188-0
00:15:59.560 --> 00:16:05.010
We were called the British Museum Natural
History until really into the 19 into the

dad42bd9-a2a8-4f1a-8578-edecb876b188-1
00:16:05.010 --> 00:16:05.400
1980s.

cade1254-f9f0-442e-9efc-63cae8a08291-0
00:16:06.880 --> 00:16:13.378
This is where I'm sitting today and the
museum open to the public in 1881 on

cade1254-f9f0-442e-9efc-63cae8a08291-1
00:16:13.378 --> 00:16:14.560
Easter Monday.

16d84df0-4b5a-4089-ba3d-7484c2ef0860-0
00:16:16.120 --> 00:16:22.760
However, Owen, unlike Darwen, Owen,
is tucked under the stairs.

da91ff54-0eab-4483-99ca-e8a822079e0e-0
00:16:23.200 --> 00:16:27.447
In the words of his biographer Nicholas
Rookie,

da91ff54-0eab-4483-99ca-e8a822079e0e-1
00:16:27.447 --> 00:16:34.704
eclipsed by Darwin really quite one the
major anatomist paleontologist in Britain

da91ff54-0eab-4483-99ca-e8a822079e0e-2
00:16:34.704 --> 00:16:41.341
in the 19th century until until really
the publication of On the Origin of

da91ff54-0eab-4483-99ca-e8a822079e0e-3
00:16:41.341 --> 00:16:48.332
Species by Natural Selection is facing
the corner by the man known as Darwin's

da91ff54-0eab-4483-99ca-e8a822079e0e-4
00:16:48.332 --> 00:16:49.040
bulldog.

8d7dc29c-9dc0-451b-ab3c-3a6741394447-0
00:16:50.240 --> 00:16:55.824
Darwin really a quite quiet personality
towards the end of his life after the

8d7dc29c-9dc0-451b-ab3c-3a6741394447-1
00:16:55.824 --> 00:17:01.051
publication on the Origin of Species
really is is is not physically very

8d7dc29c-9dc0-451b-ab3c-3a6741394447-2
00:17:01.051 --> 00:17:05.920
unwell and and tends to stay out of
London and stick to down house.

8352b685-6324-4d73-9754-54a632b8f9c7-0
00:17:07.360 --> 00:17:15.537
Someone's Henry Huxley really an
aggressive advocator of evolution by

8352b685-6324-4d73-9754-54a632b8f9c7-1
00:17:15.537 --> 00:17:17.640
natural selection.

71973c33-279b-42bc-aebb-93be328d20ff-0
00:17:19.240 --> 00:17:25.173
Every idea has been about evolution have
been around for a fair for many for a

71973c33-279b-42bc-aebb-93be328d20ff-1
00:17:25.173 --> 00:17:30.280
fair while Darwin's own grandfather put
them forward, John Battery.

2df7667c-caa3-4d22-b264-686f19cbc89a-0
00:17:30.280 --> 00:17:35.740
Sir Mark again felt that species changes
could become within individual

2df7667c-caa3-4d22-b264-686f19cbc89a-1
00:17:35.740 --> 00:17:40.291
individuals that could be passed on to
the next generation,

2df7667c-caa3-4d22-b264-686f19cbc89a-2
00:17:40.291 --> 00:17:44.160
particularly the the example he gives is
giraffes.

65531232-45a3-47f1-9f96-886fee321768-0
00:17:44.160 --> 00:17:48.640
Giraffes fishing their next could state
be passed on to the next generation.

93c215aa-3d86-4484-b98e-d4d1cd87301c-0
00:17:52.480 --> 00:17:55.280
Owen, however, rejected natural selection.

2671ba12-011e-4f93-b394-0da10151d2a2-0
00:17:56.160 --> 00:18:00.546
For Owen,
evolution was guided by supernatural

2671ba12-011e-4f93-b394-0da10151d2a2-1
00:18:00.546 --> 00:18:01.480
selection.

5f3921fd-c12e-4a18-a8ac-88062f771bc1-0
00:18:01.680 --> 00:18:06.840
Probably we'd think about today's
intelligent design.

6ce088ba-4634-49d3-8c94-6aabdaf29957-0
00:18:08.360 --> 00:18:12.233
I think for Owen,
Darwen was pretty much the rich boy who

6ce088ba-4634-49d3-8c94-6aabdaf29957-1
00:18:12.233 --> 00:18:17.308
had the the luxury of being the outsider,
getting a bit of a personal view,

6ce088ba-4634-49d3-8c94-6aabdaf29957-2
00:18:17.308 --> 00:18:22.851
a bit of an outsider like Russell Wallace
and Darwin really had had a bit of a bit

6ce088ba-4634-49d3-8c94-6aabdaf29957-3
00:18:22.851 --> 00:18:23.920
of an advantage.

7d7c94f0-1168-4381-bdd5-a402d441cf52-0
00:18:24.200 --> 00:18:27.120
Scientists don't operate in a in a social
vacuum.

22dfbbdc-e730-4528-bc52-8a2f023ca3e3-0
00:18:27.920 --> 00:18:31.397
For Owen,
giving up accepting natural selection as

22dfbbdc-e730-4528-bc52-8a2f023ca3e3-1
00:18:31.397 --> 00:18:36.716
opposed to supernatural selection would
been turning his back on the monarchy

22dfbbdc-e730-4528-bc52-8a2f023ca3e3-2
00:18:36.716 --> 00:18:39.580
Queen,
the Queen Victoria at the time who

22dfbbdc-e730-4528-bc52-8a2f023ca3e3-3
00:18:39.580 --> 00:18:42.240
knighted him and the Church of England.

028ae454-d13b-43f1-8afb-9d043eb93eb7-0
00:18:42.720 --> 00:18:46.360
For a self-made man like Owen,
that would have been too much.

5cb8507b-5a21-480c-9761-7a1f21ec088b-0
00:18:47.800 --> 00:18:52.766
But really, so as I say,
scientists are operating in a in a social

5cb8507b-5a21-480c-9761-7a1f21ec088b-1
00:18:52.766 --> 00:18:53.360
setting.

b130d7c8-000b-4796-98c7-7540a2945040-0
00:18:53.800 --> 00:18:58.029
So that that's really, that's really,
I think where Owen comes from,

b130d7c8-000b-4796-98c7-7540a2945040-1
00:18:58.029 --> 00:19:02.871
but a really great achievement really
we're we're very grateful for for to him

b130d7c8-000b-4796-98c7-7540a2945040-2
00:19:02.871 --> 00:19:05.568
for getting at our,
our beautiful building,

b130d7c8-000b-4796-98c7-7540a2945040-3
00:19:05.568 --> 00:19:07.039
the Cathedral of nature.

e2b55594-bab1-489a-b3d3-709ec9cec4b1-0
00:19:08.160 --> 00:19:11.151
I think at this point it's probably
looking thinking about Britain in the

e2b55594-bab1-489a-b3d3-709ec9cec4b1-1
00:19:11.151 --> 00:19:12.000
19th century as well.

30abc4a2-6d2e-4283-871c-556524febd2e-0
00:19:12.520 --> 00:19:18.723
So to do that,
I've used the work of the historian Eric

30abc4a2-6d2e-4283-871c-556524febd2e-1
00:19:18.723 --> 00:19:19.720
Hobsbaum.

2923b820-5357-4369-9813-84c4eeaaa7c4-0
00:19:20.240 --> 00:19:25.346
Hobsbaum for an interesting he actually
worked as a very junior administrator

2923b820-5357-4369-9813-84c4eeaaa7c4-1
00:19:25.346 --> 00:19:28.685
here when he started out in the 1950s and
went on,

2923b820-5357-4369-9813-84c4eeaaa7c4-2
00:19:28.685 --> 00:19:31.566
he described us then as the United
Nations,

2923b820-5357-4369-9813-84c4eeaaa7c4-3
00:19:31.566 --> 00:19:36.280
which I'm very proud to say we're very
much same, same situation today.

a85107d9-3f7e-447a-955a-af1c8fc79ca8-0
00:19:37.720 --> 00:19:44.400
Hobsbaum wrote this very inferential book
in the mid 1990's, the age of extremes.

e1e97c3e-f08b-4fcc-8490-866aa223fedc-0
00:19:44.400 --> 00:19:51.252
This this comparing the 20th century to
the 19th century as well 303 ages,

e1e97c3e-f08b-4fcc-8490-866aa223fedc-1
00:19:51.252 --> 00:19:53.080
the age of extremes.

7ee22be6-5025-4c0a-b4ed-f0d8565f7c14-0
00:19:54.200 --> 00:19:59.638
He he calls it the short century,
20th century starting with 1914,

7ee22be6-5025-4c0a-b4ed-f0d8565f7c14-1
00:19:59.638 --> 00:20:02.560
a war which he calls ending in 1945.

63b63edc-ab29-40db-9385-f6df69056350-0
00:20:02.560 --> 00:20:09.142
He calls the end of the the 31 Years War
and going on for a goal a sort of golden

63b63edc-ab29-40db-9385-f6df69056350-1
00:20:09.142 --> 00:20:14.520
period till really the end of communism
in Russia in 1991 in fact.

59db61c4-8a40-450e-9398-5d8c017e5e28-0
00:20:15.120 --> 00:20:18.953
Very much, I think everyone will agree,
very much the short 20th century,

59db61c4-8a40-450e-9398-5d8c017e5e28-1
00:20:18.953 --> 00:20:20.560
very much the American Century.

56d7e91c-f9aa-47b9-8fff-42c8744f6eea-0
00:20:23.080 --> 00:20:26.945
Hochman as I say he he compares the 20th
centuries,

56d7e91c-f9aa-47b9-8fff-42c8744f6eea-1
00:20:26.945 --> 00:20:32.446
the age of extremes between the three
ages of the very much the long 19th

56d7e91c-f9aa-47b9-8fff-42c8744f6eea-2
00:20:32.446 --> 00:20:38.170
century and starting with the French
Revolution and ending with the clash of

56d7e91c-f9aa-47b9-8fff-42c8744f6eea-3
00:20:38.170 --> 00:20:42.036
the empires,
the British and French airport against

56d7e91c-f9aa-47b9-8fff-42c8744f6eea-4
00:20:42.036 --> 00:20:47.760
the German Empires in 1914 very much the
British century capital and empire.

8b753d30-0951-4ff2-b929-c0f9f70c4bcc-0
00:20:48.040 --> 00:20:50.036
Yes,
you definitely try to associate those

8b753d30-0951-4ff2-b929-c0f9f70c4bcc-1
00:20:50.036 --> 00:20:50.640
with Britain.

f58af375-f09e-4c68-ba89-43e49227bf4b-0
00:20:51.280 --> 00:20:56.713
However revolution the French Revolution
maybe not However Holstraum points out

f58af375-f09e-4c68-ba89-43e49227bf4b-1
00:20:56.713 --> 00:20:58.480
the industrial revolution.

7971805c-a2f3-4c92-9425-1b0432be347c-0
00:20:58.480 --> 00:21:04.155
Britain very much the first industrial
nation mass production of particularly of

7971805c-a2f3-4c92-9425-1b0432be347c-1
00:21:04.155 --> 00:21:09.200
textiles and really sort of day-to-day
things like people like candles.

3ef11003-a8f0-4db8-9a4e-9086f1c027e1-0
00:21:09.200 --> 00:21:14.275
There was no electric power and so it
made I make things very affordable,

3ef11003-a8f0-4db8-9a4e-9086f1c027e1-1
00:21:14.275 --> 00:21:18.254
driven by steam power and getting the
railways, as I say,

3ef11003-a8f0-4db8-9a4e-9086f1c027e1-2
00:21:18.254 --> 00:21:24.015
very important in Britain to to to really
sort of power a Britain to to it's really

3ef11003-a8f0-4db8-9a4e-9086f1c027e1-3
00:21:24.015 --> 00:21:29.160
it's status as the first industrial
nation and give it lots of advantages.

56d02b3e-3224-4676-8f3a-e149e487a38c-0
00:21:30.360 --> 00:21:34.033
Also perhaps revolution,
the completion of the scientific

56d02b3e-3224-4676-8f3a-e149e487a38c-1
00:21:34.033 --> 00:21:37.200
revolution,
the revolution in the knife sciences.

c1c5965e-fe67-40c9-a902-b657525dd6a2-0
00:21:39.840 --> 00:21:40.760
OK, moving on.

b96308ea-8975-47e1-bfd8-3c40763d4b29-0
00:21:41.720 --> 00:21:42.880
We've got lots of statues.

60838983-0617-4c35-a4ec-480165aafd11-0
00:21:42.880 --> 00:21:44.720
Another statue again.

eb0f8a41-5e7a-4141-bf86-99f2fdd62e97-0
00:21:44.720 --> 00:21:48.120
This is Britain in the 19th century.

b236ddab-d9b5-4baa-96dc-cae495303b62-0
00:21:49.120 --> 00:21:54.511
The national hero during the long 19th
century, Horatio Nelson,

b236ddab-d9b5-4baa-96dc-cae495303b62-1
00:21:54.511 --> 00:22:00.240
his statue on a column in Trafalgar
Square in central London, 1805.

616fa592-1c22-4910-8591-4c2314abdde7-0
00:22:00.840 --> 00:22:06.801
Nelson gives his life leaving a British
freet from the front to defend to defeat

616fa592-1c22-4910-8591-4c2314abdde7-1
00:22:06.801 --> 00:22:12.762
a French and Spanish fleet effectively
driven giving Britain really mastery most

616fa592-1c22-4910-8591-4c2314abdde7-2
00:22:12.762 --> 00:22:18.576
of the Seas of the of the of the Seas to
clear significance for us that pretty

616fa592-1c22-4910-8591-4c2314abdde7-3
00:22:18.576 --> 00:22:24.243
much gives British naturalists free
passage to go to places to be incredible

616fa592-1c22-4910-8591-4c2314abdde7-4
00:22:24.243 --> 00:22:25.200
biodiversity.

93147af2-81db-4abe-bed8-a107dff12f3f-0
00:22:26.880 --> 00:22:32.000
A drawing a drawing by Anna children who
we'll meet as Anna Atkins a little later.

f762eeb7-10a6-4cf1-be7e-9d4c1a569625-0
00:22:32.920 --> 00:22:35.740
Anna and a children,
daughter of John Children,

f762eeb7-10a6-4cf1-be7e-9d4c1a569625-1
00:22:35.740 --> 00:22:40.440
the then keeper of Minerji at the British
Museum, visits the Field of Waterloo.

47403ccd-c45a-47c6-b91c-106eeb60c2d5-0
00:22:42.760 --> 00:22:44.920
The British command post at the Field of
Waterloo.

0dfe2afe-7d11-47ca-96e5-dea9a90af485-0
00:22:44.920 --> 00:22:50.002
The Battle of Waterloo 1815,
written in alliance with Germany and

0dfe2afe-7d11-47ca-96e5-dea9a90af485-1
00:22:50.002 --> 00:22:53.621
Holland,
effectively defeats the revolutionary

0dfe2afe-7d11-47ca-96e5-dea9a90af485-2
00:22:53.621 --> 00:22:54.160
armies.

5ce6a218-0bfa-4dfb-ba30-8cf3fbefcf6f-0
00:22:54.840 --> 00:23:01.299
French revolutionary armies led by
Napoleon Bonaparte's Talisman and

5ce6a218-0bfa-4dfb-ba30-8cf3fbefcf6f-1
00:23:01.299 --> 00:23:08.132
effectively effectively neutralizing
Britain's main rival for for global

5ce6a218-0bfa-4dfb-ba30-8cf3fbefcf6f-2
00:23:08.132 --> 00:23:12.720
domination with the United States yet to
emerge.

467af052-b1a8-453b-858f-07334eb2b76e-0
00:23:13.640 --> 00:23:15.280
Herbarium specimen probably collected.

55f206cf-525e-4b8c-b485-964b4a7a785c-0
00:23:15.280 --> 00:23:17.240
We've got quite a few of these actually,
it seems.

4c7b4372-a8d9-4431-9f36-b5748ad4e9e4-0
00:23:17.240 --> 00:23:21.496
It seems to be the things that seem to
have been the thing to go to the field of

4c7b4372-a8d9-4431-9f36-b5748ad4e9e4-1
00:23:21.496 --> 00:23:24.440
the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium to
collect specimens.

2719d3f7-01be-4d3f-a0a4-d8a934d502f5-0
00:23:24.600 --> 00:23:31.240
This was by George Cornelius Gorham about
1944.

6b7acc62-e131-4574-90c3-101ab4b892a4-0
00:23:31.560 --> 00:23:34.540
What's interesting is that other
celebrities,

6b7acc62-e131-4574-90c3-101ab4b892a4-1
00:23:34.540 --> 00:23:39.205
other intellectuals like through all the
Scots and the novelist really,

6b7acc62-e131-4574-90c3-101ab4b892a4-2
00:23:39.205 --> 00:23:44.000
and several politicians used to like used
to visit the field of Waterloo.

23b2931a-80c1-4513-8bbc-45cd2a281a8c-0
00:23:45.040 --> 00:23:47.438
There seems to have been a comprehension
of the moment,

23b2931a-80c1-4513-8bbc-45cd2a281a8c-1
00:23:47.438 --> 00:23:48.680
the whole trench of the time.

dae2ac20-08a9-4ab3-9851-e1cee6df31d2-0
00:23:48.800 --> 00:23:50.760
This was going to be the British century.

4158ffec-dd9a-433c-9f4c-39db07021108-0
00:23:51.320 --> 00:23:53.200
It could well have been the French
century.

eb090039-cc7a-40dd-85d4-7dd291b6482c-0
00:23:57.640 --> 00:24:03.041
Moving on to the life sciences in the
19th century, particularly in Britain,

eb090039-cc7a-40dd-85d4-7dd291b6482c-1
00:24:03.041 --> 00:24:08.442
and we can't talk about the the life
science in 19th century without being a

eb090039-cc7a-40dd-85d4-7dd291b6482c-2
00:24:08.442 --> 00:24:12.160
natural theology,
without thinking natural theology.

a2ec24b5-eeb4-4be1-8231-4fcf68db0881-0
00:24:12.440 --> 00:24:15.504
But Lisa,
I think has put onto the website a

a2ec24b5-eeb4-4be1-8231-4fcf68db0881-1
00:24:15.504 --> 00:24:19.113
reading list and a very good book by
Keith Thompson,

a2ec24b5-eeb4-4be1-8231-4fcf68db0881-2
00:24:19.113 --> 00:24:23.062
who was director of the Natural History
Museum in Oxford,

a2ec24b5-eeb4-4be1-8231-4fcf68db0881-3
00:24:23.062 --> 00:24:27.079
The Watch on the Heath to explain it's
from William Paley.

7ab74d2e-a3ad-4881-95c4-8f280e170d5a-0
00:24:27.600 --> 00:24:33.233
He's a very intellectual book,
natural theology or evidence of existence

7ab74d2e-a3ad-4881-95c4-8f280e170d5a-1
00:24:33.233 --> 00:24:39.407
of attributes of a deity collected from
the appearances from the appearances of

7ab74d2e-a3ad-4881-95c4-8f280e170d5a-2
00:24:39.407 --> 00:24:41.800
nature highly walking on heath.

5c11ce70-04e2-4c96-9044-5f6fe5276971-0
00:24:41.800 --> 00:24:47.465
I have to explain that heath heath land
in Britain is low growing low is open

5c11ce70-04e2-4c96-9044-5f6fe5276971-1
00:24:47.465 --> 00:24:52.840
ground with very low growing plants like
heathers and it's not very good.

79c43719-154d-475c-b799-b958470fb122-0
00:24:52.920 --> 00:24:57.091
It's it's not agricultural and it's
generally considered common land for

79c43719-154d-475c-b799-b958470fb122-1
00:24:57.091 --> 00:24:57.720
recreation.

6ad7c1ca-f18d-44ac-9686-133c77929878-0
00:24:58.400 --> 00:24:59.320
He finds a watch.

d455c2da-e69a-4642-bb4b-8e2049dd38e2-0
00:24:59.720 --> 00:25:03.472
This would be a mechanical watch,
not a digital watch room that like a

d455c2da-e69a-4642-bb4b-8e2049dd38e2-1
00:25:03.472 --> 00:25:06.061
mobile phone,
like it's powered by energy for an

d455c2da-e69a-4642-bb4b-8e2049dd38e2-2
00:25:06.061 --> 00:25:06.960
unwinding spring.

8f324ea2-8fa6-4dc7-8d68-f4fdbd4f7f75-0
00:25:07.320 --> 00:25:14.931
Really tight, really quite tiny,
intricate pieces of clockwork that was

8f324ea2-8fa6-4dc7-8d68-f4fdbd4f7f75-1
00:25:14.931 --> 00:25:22.120
really the cutting edge in the 16th and
16th, 17th, 19th centuries.

01a4da6b-5a02-4427-9855-679100239992-0
00:25:22.440 --> 00:25:27.934
Certainly with technology,
the influence party says is inevitable,

01a4da6b-5a02-4427-9855-679100239992-1
00:25:27.934 --> 00:25:30.640
that the watch must have a maker.

18da3251-20a7-47b4-861c-14b290be13f7-0
00:25:31.800 --> 00:25:36.641
The maker,
and he starts compares with other things

18da3251-20a7-47b4-861c-14b290be13f7-1
00:25:36.641 --> 00:25:43.160
he finds on the heath, like rabbits,
frogs and plants, living things.

3c3084aa-4bb7-4ebc-aba8-8257b53136dc-0
00:25:43.680 --> 00:25:50.563
So really almost sort of going back to
Isaac Newton's clockwork universe,

3c3084aa-4bb7-4ebc-aba8-8257b53136dc-1
00:25:50.563 --> 00:25:57.168
he feels that animals, plants,
living Organism equates to very complex

3c3084aa-4bb7-4ebc-aba8-8257b53136dc-2
00:25:57.168 --> 00:26:04.424
technologies and really that that's sort
of natural theology really dominates

3c3084aa-4bb7-4ebc-aba8-8257b53136dc-3
00:26:04.424 --> 00:26:11.960
British thinking really up to the middle
of the the 19th, the long 19th century.

72839e60-79ae-49ac-b41f-0504912144b0-0
00:26:12.400 --> 00:26:16.109
In fact,
Darwin when he was at Cambridge actually

72839e60-79ae-49ac-b41f-0504912144b0-1
00:26:16.109 --> 00:26:17.000
read Padium.

e6603d95-95a0-4a5e-801b-ea0a881feccf-0
00:26:17.080 --> 00:26:21.040
He said he could really,
he could take quote it off by heart.

b1d3bab1-4f15-4639-aa1b-a7294ac6bfda-0
00:26:24.040 --> 00:26:29.681
Now the book The Wisdom of God in the
Works of Creation, John Wright,

b1d3bab1-4f15-4639-aa1b-a7294ac6bfda-1
00:26:29.681 --> 00:26:36.048
John Wright really really sort of founds
natural theology, a great classifier,

b1d3bab1-4f15-4639-aa1b-a7294ac6bfda-2
00:26:36.048 --> 00:26:40.400
great classifier of plants,
the collection behind me.

38fe8edb-8f63-4f87-83b3-907e9f908145-0
00:26:40.520 --> 00:26:45.440
So Einstein collection is ordered by John
Wright's classification system.

accb32bd-d2de-4d88-8933-440578afcc39-0
00:26:49.080 --> 00:26:52.400
Wright, however, does have his doubts.

df32aca4-cd48-4235-9e23-0a44f04c92c2-0
00:26:53.200 --> 00:26:54.960
Right, sorry, sorry to explain.

98609b05-56ac-45a2-93ed-9141b9e3e8dd-0
00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:58.327
The Royal Society,
it's the Royal Society of London for

98609b05-56ac-45a2-93ed-9141b9e3e8dd-1
00:26:58.327 --> 00:27:00.942
improving,
for improving natural knowledge,

98609b05-56ac-45a2-93ed-9141b9e3e8dd-2
00:27:00.942 --> 00:27:03.200
founded in 1660 and still going today.

9655b157-52d7-4709-8413-788a8f5abc09-0
00:27:03.200 --> 00:27:05.360
And we'll,
we'll encounter it a little bit later.

11528f09-296c-416b-b132-073e0a330f90-0
00:27:06.040 --> 00:27:10.810
And appropriately it's headquarters near
the Buckingham Palace, right,

11528f09-296c-416b-b132-073e0a330f90-1
00:27:10.810 --> 00:27:12.960
did a very famous European Tour.

0392ea13-39bc-4611-95b5-395a1e9e46d9-0
00:27:13.920 --> 00:27:17.488
And in fact, the specimen from there,
he didn't use Siberian specimens very

0392ea13-39bc-4611-95b5-395a1e9e46d9-1
00:27:17.488 --> 00:27:18.240
much surprising.

d9ae851a-7856-465a-8263-e72963d74715-0
00:27:18.320 --> 00:27:20.795
We've still,
we've actually got the specimens from

d9ae851a-7856-465a-8263-e72963d74715-1
00:27:20.795 --> 00:27:21.960
that European Tour here.

29eb3195-f344-4d88-9cd4-1118db89e5c1-0
00:27:23.400 --> 00:27:25.440
Fossils had always caused a problem.

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-0
00:27:26.480 --> 00:27:32.140
The age of the earth was always going to
be quite a problem for those who believed

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-1
00:27:32.140 --> 00:27:36.096
in the creation,
believed in biblical story and even Ray,

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-2
00:27:36.096 --> 00:27:39.165
an ordained priest in the Church of
England,

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-3
00:27:39.165 --> 00:27:42.643
although he didn't take the the title of
reverend,

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-4
00:27:42.643 --> 00:27:46.803
he never practised this It's a strange
this is in his notes,

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-5
00:27:46.803 --> 00:27:52.259
it's a strange thing in his Diaries it's
a strange thing continuity considering

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-6
00:27:52.259 --> 00:27:55.942
the novity of novelty of the world,
the age of which,

0a213669-956f-48b5-8bcb-2dc5f7af23a6-7
00:27:55.942 --> 00:27:59.080
according to usual account is not 5600
years.

3cfab7e6-b4a4-46e7-8bd3-2ec854c3cf0a-0
00:27:59.520 --> 00:28:05.697
The age of the earth really a big
question in the 19th century and and and

3cfab7e6-b4a4-46e7-8bd3-2ec854c3cf0a-1
00:28:05.697 --> 00:28:10.640
perhaps a little bit before moving on a
Herberian specimen.

246bc045-6341-4a65-b9b8-f3be046f57f9-0
00:28:11.280 --> 00:28:15.063
Interestingly,
at the the the the specimen on the top

246bc045-6341-4a65-b9b8-f3be046f57f9-1
00:28:15.063 --> 00:28:18.847
right there from Reverend Hugh Davis,
Reverend Davis,

246bc045-6341-4a65-b9b8-f3be046f57f9-2
00:28:18.847 --> 00:28:21.160
Welsh expert on flowering plants.

371a8ffc-7049-4ec1-b553-c6c0afe6c61c-0
00:28:21.720 --> 00:28:26.891
It was it the the the natural we we find
the natural theologians competing to our

371a8ffc-7049-4ec1-b553-c6c0afe6c61c-1
00:28:26.891 --> 00:28:30.360
collections a great deal right up to the
20th century.

f0e29260-7815-42a8-9a69-43bf9aea9799-0
00:28:30.440 --> 00:28:36.958
We had the we had the Reverend John
Lightfoot contributing how we specimens

f0e29260-7815-42a8-9a69-43bf9aea9799-1
00:28:36.958 --> 00:28:38.760
and classifying them.

0c38255b-335f-4793-8692-7ebff880ddae-0
00:28:39.640 --> 00:28:43.340
The Reverend Churchill Barrington
classifying lichens and even up to the

0c38255b-335f-4793-8692-7ebff880ddae-1
00:28:43.340 --> 00:28:44.000
20th century.

f1628bd5-86c2-4929-b126-fa06843e8e20-0
00:28:44.000 --> 00:28:48.984
It even continued to the natural
pseudosions continued to then the

f1628bd5-86c2-4929-b126-fa06843e8e20-1
00:28:48.984 --> 00:28:55.009
Reverend John prim of aging went through
all our rose collection and and and and

f1628bd5-86c2-4929-b126-fa06843e8e20-2
00:28:55.009 --> 00:28:56.200
classified them.

02ea64ee-4ef6-4bf7-a8b6-dd8231464ea5-0
00:28:57.520 --> 00:29:00.632
The aim of natural theologians was to get
a better,

02ea64ee-4ef6-4bf7-a8b6-dd8231464ea5-1
00:29:00.632 --> 00:29:05.241
better understanding of God's plan really
for the universe to try to improve

02ea64ee-4ef6-4bf7-a8b6-dd8231464ea5-2
00:29:05.241 --> 00:29:05.840
ourselves.

725a7d37-1480-4cc5-ae8e-e5e5bcf888f7-0
00:29:07.440 --> 00:29:10.160
The specimen,
there's five specimens on the sheet.

3927c281-b2a0-494b-b59a-2888c1239c63-0
00:29:10.240 --> 00:29:15.342
The top left specimen is a not very
attractive specimen because it's possibly

3927c281-b2a0-494b-b59a-2888c1239c63-1
00:29:15.342 --> 00:29:17.240
on the way of being a fossil.

639b3ea9-82b6-4d8e-9547-d969d8090405-0
00:29:19.320 --> 00:29:23.160
And it was collected by Sir Joseph Banks,
not a hereditary night.

282031de-7048-455c-b734-b7f12632b9c4-0
00:29:23.160 --> 00:29:24.960
It was, it was a baronet.

1fea0391-0637-49d3-a8ad-b93c4d2902cc-0
00:29:24.960 --> 00:29:26.720
So he got to use the title Sir.

e53267b0-4b9f-4ae8-84e6-30f18fae964a-0
00:29:27.400 --> 00:29:28.840
He didn't waste his time.

4d71bc70-737c-4d9d-b67f-db6b174261ed-0
00:29:28.840 --> 00:29:32.656
He, he went,
he took three voyages to the Southern

4d71bc70-737c-4d9d-b67f-db6b174261ed-1
00:29:32.656 --> 00:29:37.520
hemisphere botanising and concentrate on
Natural History really.

c4a24969-8bff-4103-9203-252d5827639e-0
00:29:37.960 --> 00:29:42.511
And his British collections really form
the collections that I'm very fortunate

c4a24969-8bff-4103-9203-252d5827639e-1
00:29:42.511 --> 00:29:43.080
to create.

6e8654d2-14ec-42eb-b221-2989979aa315-0
00:29:44.400 --> 00:29:50.056
Really quite tricky photographing what's
on the the rear of this herbarium sheet

6e8654d2-14ec-42eb-b221-2989979aa315-1
00:29:50.056 --> 00:29:52.920
because we actually it's rather delicate.

4765943f-24ca-4947-a901-eb117efdaff2-0
00:29:52.920 --> 00:29:58.849
We have to sort of photograph it from
below and but what we've got is in a bog

4765943f-24ca-4947-a901-eb117efdaff2-1
00:29:58.849 --> 00:30:05.080
under level of low watermark in the sea
at Sutton in Lincolnshire, September 1796.

a827b522-62e6-4a52-aa38-81077cbdc97d-0
00:30:06.640 --> 00:30:09.571
And a paper,
a trans philosophical philosophical

a827b522-62e6-4a52-aa38-81077cbdc97d-1
00:30:09.571 --> 00:30:13.937
transfacial that we can receive a
transaction as paper that we can still

a827b522-62e6-4a52-aa38-81077cbdc97d-2
00:30:13.937 --> 00:30:18.723
get from the web on the submarine forest
of the East Coast of England by Joseph

a827b522-62e6-4a52-aa38-81077cbdc97d-3
00:30:18.723 --> 00:30:21.953
Carella Lucera,
who was basically fallen out with the

a827b522-62e6-4a52-aa38-81077cbdc97d-4
00:30:21.953 --> 00:30:26.319
Portuguese government for some reason and
banks took him under his wing.

3b71db1a-205f-4aa0-ad7a-a20ac82b28f4-0
00:30:26.320 --> 00:30:28.800
And this specimen is quoted on there
again.

4d25e297-8b5f-47cd-a064-c8de39f29c99-0
00:30:28.880 --> 00:30:33.800
He's looking right back into it's really
speculating about the age of the earth.

866b9f1f-73d7-4c3a-984b-7c3f06c91c93-0
00:30:36.200 --> 00:30:36.520
Again.

5b74f083-ee0a-49a1-be16-d16a530c4032-0
00:30:36.520 --> 00:30:41.865
We look at I was at the British Museum
yesterday seeing the and the Rosetta

5b74f083-ee0a-49a1-be16-d16a530c4032-1
00:30:41.865 --> 00:30:42.920
Stone is there.

cfc75a51-f317-42bc-99fd-bfd0aefe6b29-0
00:30:42.920 --> 00:30:43.280
I'm sorry.

855ad7c5-8283-487f-bbae-06d76d3fcc60-0
00:30:43.280 --> 00:30:49.052
She's a bit of London centric and it's
quite interesting Book called The Keys to

855ad7c5-8283-487f-bbae-06d76d3fcc60-1
00:30:49.052 --> 00:30:49.480
Egypt.

ee5a7e7b-9f31-47c3-a098-d1baa6a215f8-0
00:30:50.960 --> 00:30:53.886
Chamfrillion,
the translation of the hieroglyphs that

ee5a7e7b-9f31-47c3-a098-d1baa6a215f8-1
00:30:53.886 --> 00:30:57.680
was playing the Egyptian civilisation
went back very a very long way.

c6356395-f528-40d4-8971-18f633909386-0
00:30:57.960 --> 00:31:01.160
And actually Chamfrillon was actually
really not just doing the goose stick.

299d5d7e-8ed8-420d-a42a-db3c7f81fd43-0
00:31:01.160 --> 00:31:11.191
He was almost doing cosmology again,
looking for the the start of the universe,

299d5d7e-8ed8-420d-a42a-db3c7f81fd43-1
00:31:11.191 --> 00:31:17.836
geology, the age of the earth,
the age of the Earth,

299d5d7e-8ed8-420d-a42a-db3c7f81fd43-2
00:31:17.836 --> 00:31:27.115
basically Charles Lyon Lyle Lyle,
a very close collaborator of Darwin and

299d5d7e-8ed8-420d-a42a-db3c7f81fd43-3
00:31:27.115 --> 00:31:31.880
really a really very influential book.

e92d976b-eb6d-4b8a-9c11-beaa467a8b95-0
00:31:31.880 --> 00:31:33.880
There's three three in three.

6d10c95a-55af-4edd-9453-94fbf30bc36b-0
00:31:36.520 --> 00:31:38.920
It's really in three three parts.

aca97a71-8d08-444e-bfad-2991aeeecd0a-0
00:31:38.920 --> 00:31:42.498
Darwin takes the first one on his his his
round the world boys,

aca97a71-8d08-444e-bfad-2991aeeecd0a-1
00:31:42.498 --> 00:31:43.840
which lasted five years.

84965101-7266-480e-bfb6-50e95a0aa1ad-0
00:31:44.160 --> 00:31:52.170
Full titles most revealing principal
jolly being so I can't quite see it

84965101-7266-480e-bfb6-50e95a0aa1ad-1
00:31:52.170 --> 00:32:00.400
basically basically what he says is for
is is is really looking to look to

84965101-7266-480e-bfb6-50e95a0aa1ad-2
00:32:00.400 --> 00:32:07.862
explain changes in the earth,
the non living world by causes now in

84965101-7266-480e-bfb6-50e95a0aa1ad-3
00:32:07.862 --> 00:32:08.960
operation.

dae75464-0bf6-412e-a13e-7cf980d0d0bb-0
00:32:09.160 --> 00:32:11.640
The key phrase is causes now in operation.

04864fbb-0fd4-43e3-8eef-ecba07824b8a-0
00:32:12.040 --> 00:32:18.158
If we can change changes in the living
world can be can be explained by fault

04864fbb-0fd4-43e3-8eef-ecba07824b8a-1
00:32:18.158 --> 00:32:20.120
courses now in operation.

5faa81a3-ab8e-4444-bb72-154c39dac9a2-0
00:32:21.640 --> 00:32:27.411
Obviously changes in living things can be
noticed and obviously over time that

5faa81a3-ab8e-4444-bb72-154c39dac9a2-1
00:32:27.411 --> 00:32:28.800
things will change.

4681e3ef-ea79-4f9f-897e-54fc72538d7d-0
00:32:28.880 --> 00:32:33.935
So that's a really quite very influential
on Darwin and Lyle will become really one

4681e3ef-ea79-4f9f-897e-54fc72538d7d-1
00:32:33.935 --> 00:32:35.560
of his close collaborators.

79b3ca4b-2821-4557-896e-ce36ca936b87-0
00:32:38.880 --> 00:32:45.096
OK,
HS Spiegel and his his his voice to the

79b3ca4b-2821-4557-896e-ce36ca936b87-1
00:32:45.096 --> 00:32:47.640
Galapagos Islands.

f8bff0c3-a573-4deb-ad97-5e6a03133f4b-0
00:32:49.960 --> 00:32:56.116
The Beagle basically was a survey ship
really it was to it's main task was to

f8bff0c3-a573-4deb-ad97-5e6a03133f4b-1
00:32:56.116 --> 00:33:01.719
survey the survey mass as well as
possible particularly concentrate on

f8bff0c3-a573-4deb-ad97-5e6a03133f4b-2
00:33:01.719 --> 00:33:04.640
South America and the Pacific really.

797f6507-230b-40d8-a6a9-eb81db94448d-0
00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:09.925
So British merchant ships really could
start exporting mass manufactured goods

797f6507-230b-40d8-a6a9-eb81db94448d-1
00:33:09.925 --> 00:33:15.144
to the new markets and British warships
could obviously try to continue their

797f6507-230b-40d8-a6a9-eb81db94448d-2
00:33:15.144 --> 00:33:15.880
domination.

12af2c3f-7da8-434f-8a1f-8caa38f4c4e6-0
00:33:18.240 --> 00:33:23.158
As I say that Darwin had actually given
up on medicine,

12af2c3f-7da8-434f-8a1f-8caa38f4c4e6-1
00:33:23.158 --> 00:33:26.320
he didn't he really didn't fancy it.

a4265f36-8737-4d88-b853-f0fe6f513be3-0
00:33:27.400 --> 00:33:29.560
His father,
very rich sort of put up with him.

061247ab-3882-476d-b0e3-8bb578900b9c-0
00:33:29.840 --> 00:33:36.059
He then went on to Cambridge University
to be supposed to be a reverend to join

061247ab-3882-476d-b0e3-8bb578900b9c-1
00:33:36.059 --> 00:33:40.880
the Church of England and took theology
and take to theology.

3dce5d77-4827-4a20-a926-06646cce1775-0
00:33:41.120 --> 00:33:44.927
He took theology courses,
but he also took Natural History courses

3dce5d77-4827-4a20-a926-06646cce1775-1
00:33:44.927 --> 00:33:47.200
with the Reverend John Stephens Henslow.

2a4e2a64-ccaf-4a3f-88ac-9369ea60ba61-0
00:33:47.200 --> 00:33:50.000
And again,
we've got a lot of Henslow specimens here.

96cc106a-fb53-4bac-84f6-34d47b9c6aab-0
00:33:52.240 --> 00:33:59.105
Henslow really transfer really really
moves him over to Natural History and the

96cc106a-fb53-4bac-84f6-34d47b9c6aab-1
00:33:59.105 --> 00:34:05.971
these Britney ship survey ships did take
naturalist wisdom Stephens Henslow was

96cc106a-fb53-4bac-84f6-34d47b9c6aab-2
00:34:05.971 --> 00:34:11.979
supposed to go on the voyage of the
Beagle and basically Darwin he he

96cc106a-fb53-4bac-84f6-34d47b9c6aab-3
00:34:11.979 --> 00:34:18.759
couldn't be it was decided Darwin would
would would like to replace him and he

96cc106a-fb53-4bac-84f6-34d47b9c6aab-4
00:34:18.759 --> 00:34:19.360
did OK.

b24addd6-647a-4134-82ce-e3e781c15bf7-0
00:34:19.440 --> 00:34:23.600
The voice of the Beagle to the Darwin to
the to the Galapagos Islands.

639b386d-11a7-4f31-890c-f1e860b9a269-0
00:34:24.080 --> 00:34:28.920
The Galapagos a almost a really
incredible place to die vice versa.

949a254d-b9c0-42fc-867f-7312e0f5e48e-0
00:34:28.920 --> 00:34:34.250
Sea about 1000 miles off the coast of
South America off the coast of South

949a254d-b9c0-42fc-867f-7312e0f5e48e-1
00:34:34.250 --> 00:34:38.160
America really,
really a a different world for Darwin.

3065a512-34c6-4129-bef6-fa7d48ffb326-0
00:34:40.480 --> 00:34:45.322
OK some some specimens from the Galapagos
vinces Darwin noticed there's different

3065a512-34c6-4129-bef6-fa7d48ffb326-1
00:34:45.322 --> 00:34:49.280
species of vinces of different islands,
different shapes of beaks.

4a43c1dc-8c79-4329-b469-49c4ea02cdac-0
00:34:51.560 --> 00:34:54.160
Again, mockingbirds, mockingbirds.

7eb24c09-6843-4d8b-89aa-e52c144b7526-0
00:34:54.160 --> 00:34:57.349
Darwin notices there's different
mockingbirds on different islands and

7eb24c09-6843-4d8b-89aa-e52c144b7526-1
00:34:57.349 --> 00:35:00.360
they're very different from those on the
South American mainlands.

f016797a-9f21-4156-86ea-6ff5f6eea229-0
00:35:02.280 --> 00:35:07.549
The same actually probably is bird
specimens is best known and but quite

f016797a-9f21-4156-86ea-6ff5f6eea229-1
00:35:07.549 --> 00:35:11.520
interestingly,
we hold these pigeon specimens as well.

8c27cb0f-41a2-4cf6-b647-90977b8360bb-0
00:35:14.600 --> 00:35:23.580
And it invokes the whole chapter of the
On the on origin of species by by by

8c27cb0f-41a2-4cf6-b647-90977b8360bb-1
00:35:23.580 --> 00:35:32.560
natural selection to variation under
under to variation under a cultivation.

45cba8ca-1223-488c-b71c-8930380877d9-0
00:35:32.560 --> 00:35:37.160
It were under the variation, sorry,
variation under domestication.

f4bf4a51-c46e-408a-98de-b244f8eba293-0
00:35:37.240 --> 00:35:40.840
And there's a couple of images from
contemporary publications.

a14ac02f-4613-45f3-895b-1b30a99e38ac-0
00:35:40.960 --> 00:35:42.360
He actually joins pigeon clubs.

25d8952b-34dc-47a1-b93b-e808898a5890-0
00:35:42.480 --> 00:35:45.990
He go he he he actually asked the pigeon
breeders what,

25d8952b-34dc-47a1-b93b-e808898a5890-1
00:35:45.990 --> 00:35:50.628
how how they select certain features for
really fancy pigeons and there's

25d8952b-34dc-47a1-b93b-e808898a5890-2
00:35:50.628 --> 00:35:52.760
competitions and things like that.

de00ecfa-7c78-4417-8611-9c4a2d94d73b-0
00:35:53.520 --> 00:35:58.188
As a sort of historic,
very reader of the history of science,

de00ecfa-7c78-4417-8611-9c4a2d94d73b-1
00:35:58.188 --> 00:36:04.362
one's reminded of Galileo going to the,
to the Arsenal at Venice and watching and

de00ecfa-7c78-4417-8611-9c4a2d94d73b-2
00:36:04.362 --> 00:36:07.976
talking to the guys who are moving around
very,

de00ecfa-7c78-4417-8611-9c4a2d94d73b-3
00:36:07.976 --> 00:36:12.042
very heavy weights and for ships and
cannon and, and,

de00ecfa-7c78-4417-8611-9c4a2d94d73b-4
00:36:12.042 --> 00:36:14.000
and thinking about forces.

10e228b9-ae94-4d9e-9521-50bd1a76211e-0
00:36:14.160 --> 00:36:15.640
Darwin kind of does the same.

08e3110c-3383-4db1-85a2-507c0873b8a3-0
00:36:15.800 --> 00:36:19.699
He talks to the,
the really to the biotechnologists animal

08e3110c-3383-4db1-85a2-507c0873b8a3-1
00:36:19.699 --> 00:36:23.400
breeding has been going for,
for Millennium, obviously.

c2069ddf-559b-49d2-a8a9-9316ab0f6787-0
00:36:23.600 --> 00:36:26.074
And it's,
it's really sort of science coming down

c2069ddf-559b-49d2-a8a9-9316ab0f6787-1
00:36:26.074 --> 00:36:29.440
from the heights really to, to,
to get its hands dirty, as it were.

c13c5b71-b3b5-46d2-b37f-325e51dd6aa3-0
00:36:29.560 --> 00:36:31.800
And that that begins to provide insights.

4f9a48e0-c3bd-4fdc-aa91-42a968930ea2-0
00:36:34.360 --> 00:36:40.590
All these bird specimens are held at not
in the main museum here,

4f9a48e0-c3bd-4fdc-aa91-42a968930ea2-1
00:36:40.590 --> 00:36:48.520
but our sister museum out at Tring, Tring,
about 3035 miles to northwest of London.

4261896d-aedc-491d-a674-196b5b5dbeef-0
00:36:49.360 --> 00:36:59.160
The a huge country house owned by the
Rothschild family, Walter Rothschild.

a260a80c-81ee-4e96-b587-4e4c96a015a2-0
00:36:59.160 --> 00:37:05.005
But he converted you into a museum,
a Natural History Museum particularly and

a260a80c-81ee-4e96-b587-4e4c96a015a2-1
00:37:05.005 --> 00:37:05.680
all down.

ce5404a4-9284-4a49-9f88-503f3fe7201b-0
00:37:05.680 --> 00:37:09.160
Well,
all orthology specimens are out there.

d7c404cf-392f-4312-addd-3c7ef4440463-0
00:37:09.320 --> 00:37:13.960
If you do go if you do come to to London
police that we'll get we can get you out.

20ddf5e8-8dfc-4718-a1b6-a324c3ffcc92-0
00:37:13.960 --> 00:37:16.440
It's quite hard to get to by by public
transport.

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-0
00:37:17.880 --> 00:37:21.042
It's no it,
it was known as the Walter Rothschilds

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-1
00:37:21.042 --> 00:37:25.941
museum up until about 20 years ago when
it became Natural History Museum train

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-2
00:37:25.941 --> 00:37:29.971
and I couldn't resist putting this in
this is Walter Rothschild,

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-3
00:37:29.971 --> 00:37:32.948
a man of his time,
not too worried about animal

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-4
00:37:32.948 --> 00:37:35.986
sensitivities,
riding on a giant tortoise again,

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-5
00:37:35.986 --> 00:37:41.195
tortoises fun enough this very morning we
found out that in spirit we've got one of

ea801ba6-0fa5-4d7b-8de5-9c5a86196d6e-6
00:37:41.195 --> 00:37:46.280
Darwin's tortoise small tortoises from
the Galapagos, from the Galapagos Islands.

ce3e7f92-5da2-4959-8877-ca8b329ae324-0
00:37:46.280 --> 00:37:50.350
We didn't really know about that,
but again,

ce3e7f92-5da2-4959-8877-ca8b329ae324-1
00:37:50.350 --> 00:37:56.410
Darwin knows his very variation in
species over over the different

ce3e7f92-5da2-4959-8877-ca8b329ae324-2
00:37:56.410 --> 00:38:01.656
geographical regions,
the the the Galac with us really an

ce3e7f92-5da2-4959-8877-ca8b329ae324-3
00:38:01.656 --> 00:38:08.440
incredible place for for for this
different sources for different islands.

c3b0400b-3b49-4789-9d0b-c6ca022fc0c6-0
00:38:10.960 --> 00:38:14.622
OK,
Darwin returns to return from the voyage

c3b0400b-3b49-4789-9d0b-c6ca022fc0c6-1
00:38:14.622 --> 00:38:18.040
of Beagle really thinking about variation.

a5bd4509-cfe8-4f56-a695-60a025b927c6-0
00:38:18.160 --> 00:38:23.920
He's really, he really has abandoned,
he really, he really is.

e5893330-c302-4af8-b3f2-8d6f1890bfa2-0
00:38:23.920 --> 00:38:27.800
He's really now thinking about really the
origin of species.

f1f79a9b-aa6c-49c5-bd5c-58ee24759b47-0
00:38:29.400 --> 00:38:34.187
And he moved out to Down House,
which is about 12 miles to the 1215 miles

f1f79a9b-aa6c-49c5-bd5c-58ee24759b47-1
00:38:34.187 --> 00:38:38.392
to the southeast of London,
which now being conserved in the the

f1f79a9b-aa6c-49c5-bd5c-58ee24759b47-2
00:38:38.392 --> 00:38:39.880
urban sprawl of London.

bbf83951-ad15-47a9-bbd6-042275631595-0
00:38:40.120 --> 00:38:42.520
And now in the London Borough of Bromley
where I live.

b3212b23-9208-4382-a5db-7074ea982a44-0
00:38:43.600 --> 00:38:48.943
And I hope you'll forgive me for
including a rather local plant,

b3212b23-9208-4382-a5db-7074ea982a44-1
00:38:48.943 --> 00:38:54.205
Visca Melba mistletoe,
because Darwin actually quotes mistletoe

b3212b23-9208-4382-a5db-7074ea982a44-2
00:38:54.205 --> 00:38:59.960
in the introduction to On the Origin of
Species by Natural Selection.

6aaa6b7e-32eb-4e57-a73d-5f92ce8c730c-0
00:39:00.920 --> 00:39:09.701
He points out that Darwin that risk of
album mistletoe is parasitic on certain

6aaa6b7e-32eb-4e57-a73d-5f92ce8c730c-1
00:39:09.701 --> 00:39:12.480
plants, on certain trees.

cb3e2ea2-7950-464c-b256-2f83f2fefbe9-0
00:39:12.640 --> 00:39:18.700
It's it's dependent on certain insects
for its pollination and certain birds for

cb3e2ea2-7950-464c-b256-2f83f2fefbe9-1
00:39:18.700 --> 00:39:20.720
it to distribute its seeds.

ca43c891-0aab-414c-91ba-8950548cf610-0
00:39:22.320 --> 00:39:26.245
Unlike Kylie's watch,
he can't see how that is independently

ca43c891-0aab-414c-91ba-8950548cf610-1
00:39:26.245 --> 00:39:26.760
created.

83bffba9-6423-4d8f-bfd1-bf9fa1b76752-0
00:39:28.080 --> 00:39:29.960
Just a bit of a personal view here.

42cb97f4-b163-4d7a-a21b-9b6f86035046-0
00:39:32.040 --> 00:39:36.759
The the origin on the origin of species
full of sort of 19th century language

42cb97f4-b163-4d7a-a21b-9b6f86035046-1
00:39:36.759 --> 00:39:39.240
which kind of gets will get misconstrued.

99082103-4b7e-4cab-8091-9d0c7b935879-0
00:39:39.240 --> 00:39:39.600
Today.

8a54115b-3922-4073-83af-146c2ca0c865-0
00:39:39.760 --> 00:39:41.720
He talks about favoured races.

4ba38f7f-f6d3-4eb1-8b56-dbbaa0196c06-0
00:39:41.720 --> 00:39:45.290
When he talks about races,
it means really plant and animal species

4ba38f7f-f6d3-4eb1-8b56-dbbaa0196c06-1
00:39:45.290 --> 00:39:46.760
and survival of the fittest.

7c72d0de-f752-4548-9959-610abb2d234c-0
00:39:46.760 --> 00:39:49.080
Really, you think of Nazi Germany,
etcetera.

a43c9c98-707f-41ec-8313-620b25cf8c94-0
00:39:49.800 --> 00:39:52.120
What I think it means take viscom album.

ea9051ad-0c4b-40e4-aafe-71e646612b89-0
00:39:53.400 --> 00:40:03.266
What it means is really natural selection
has effectively caused mistletoe viscom

ea9051ad-0c4b-40e4-aafe-71e646612b89-1
00:40:03.266 --> 00:40:08.080
album to fit into the a certain ecology.

5e1b8b69-8223-4ba3-9f90-be729d4d13e9-0
00:40:08.280 --> 00:40:12.880
It's it's the key that fits the log that
fits the ecological lock.

79581dea-7cce-4259-a599-a8f9ea2cd912-0
00:40:13.120 --> 00:40:14.200
Survival of the fittest.

e0b5ef62-7988-41cf-9317-cb85609e9d50-0
00:40:14.280 --> 00:40:15.840
That's what he means by fittest.

c1671e57-24de-4b78-925a-483323aaa23b-0
00:40:16.160 --> 00:40:21.880
Not by physically physicists,
but chant the chance mutation that

c1671e57-24de-4b78-925a-483323aaa23b-1
00:40:21.880 --> 00:40:28.656
natural natural selection is has given
Biscombe album the opportunity to fit

c1671e57-24de-4b78-925a-483323aaa23b-2
00:40:28.656 --> 00:40:30.680
into a certain ecology.

a94e4a9a-d2a2-4702-a5d0-c272435430cc-0
00:40:32.360 --> 00:40:37.358
Anyway,
Darwin moving on now to a project which

a94e4a9a-d2a2-4702-a5d0-c272435430cc-1
00:40:37.358 --> 00:40:45.792
we'll be working on with Lisa with with
Darwin connections or surprising lack of

a94e4a9a-d2a2-4702-a5d0-c272435430cc-2
00:40:45.792 --> 00:40:51.519
Darwin connections,
the first book ever illustrated by

a94e4a9a-d2a2-4702-a5d0-c272435430cc-3
00:40:51.519 --> 00:40:58.599
photographs and it is technically a book
of our librarians say yes.

8fa48a07-8085-4e46-ab65-1d417073e38c-0
00:40:58.600 --> 00:41:02.693
There's multiple copies,
one you'll find in New York Public

8fa48a07-8085-4e46-ab65-1d417073e38c-1
00:41:02.693 --> 00:41:07.400
Library of photographs of British algae,
Sinotype impressions, 1842,

8fa48a07-8085-4e46-ab65-1d417073e38c-2
00:41:07.400 --> 00:41:12.040
the year significantly perhaps that
Darwin moves out to Down House.

19924294-0513-43df-8ba3-ce7791ecb75e-0
00:41:13.680 --> 00:41:15.160
Various copies all around.

255a6122-72d3-4387-9ac6-49a70c9bdfc8-0
00:41:15.640 --> 00:41:19.520
Ours is not complete,
so we've had to borrow the site.

9c6875c1-59e2-4cc5-9909-031a4475c980-0
00:41:21.240 --> 00:41:22.840
We're lacking a cover page.

bd2813c9-1020-4d84-8016-2438814338c2-0
00:41:22.880 --> 00:41:25.320
We've had to borrow the couple page from
Science Museum.

8067eb2e-dff7-4f21-8eef-0ac5ba1f8b28-0
00:41:26.440 --> 00:41:29.582
Significantly,
perhaps a Darwin connection,

8067eb2e-dff7-4f21-8eef-0ac5ba1f8b28-1
00:41:29.582 --> 00:41:32.440
the what's called the presentation copy.

f2aca611-b6c7-4912-a1d9-fb49a9980fc6-0
00:41:32.440 --> 00:41:37.665
The best copy went to the Royal Society,
the Royal Society of the Improving

f2aca611-b6c7-4912-a1d9-fb49a9980fc6-1
00:41:37.665 --> 00:41:41.240
Natural Knowledge,
who is still in existence today.

ea622955-60b9-43b6-965d-d69f5d99ce1b-0
00:41:41.360 --> 00:41:44.425
As I say,
the appropriate news to Buckingham Palace,

ea622955-60b9-43b6-965d-d69f5d99ce1b-1
00:41:44.425 --> 00:41:46.160
and it's in the library there.

da405665-5a97-463a-bd6f-2386e4c9e099-0
00:41:46.600 --> 00:41:53.556
Rose Team B,
who's done a PhD on a PhD on early women

da405665-5a97-463a-bd6f-2386e4c9e099-1
00:41:53.556 --> 00:41:55.360
photographers.

84ba7499-edc1-43ce-8783-c289d366f6b5-0
00:41:56.200 --> 00:42:01.339
It's pretty pretty sure that Charles
Domin actually consulted the actually did

84ba7499-edc1-43ce-8783-c289d366f6b5-1
00:42:01.339 --> 00:42:06.348
look at this actually actually did look
at Anna's book and and really that's

84ba7499-edc1-43ce-8783-c289d366f6b5-2
00:42:06.348 --> 00:42:08.560
that's the one door in connection.

778adc6a-2b39-40e0-9e34-cc06d50149e5-0
00:42:08.560 --> 00:42:15.880
We can at least perhaps establish Anna a
really great achiever.

b5e212b1-2aa9-496e-b60b-72539ad2b35d-0
00:42:16.760 --> 00:42:19.120
She not only a great photographer.

0cb39964-b102-4415-b530-1d754e689a96-0
00:42:20.360 --> 00:42:24.994
She was,
what I've been trying to do is is put her

0cb39964-b102-4415-b530-1d754e689a96-1
00:42:24.994 --> 00:42:29.720
bearing together after basically she got
forgotten.

60586363-fb4c-4f50-ae3c-30ae29865dd3-0
00:42:30.240 --> 00:42:31.920
It's a social morage of the time.

4d61dfde-013e-4111-a8ef-3d320b7d50bb-0
00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:36.040
She was John Perry Atkins's husband,
John Perry Atkins's wife.

698a13ad-758e-4084-8cd6-9c66cd340193-0
00:42:36.760 --> 00:42:38.680
She was John children's daughter.

16d359af-b185-4114-bae8-6f3bed481dea-0
00:42:39.680 --> 00:42:40.440
Her Herberium.

cc9105eb-4d2d-46a7-a6b5-fa7176457d85-0
00:42:40.440 --> 00:42:46.581
She she was given to the museum in 1865,
which some of it was mounted and put in

cc9105eb-4d2d-46a7-a6b5-fa7176457d85-1
00:42:46.581 --> 00:42:49.160
the van and pretty much forgotten.

a0888218-4926-4f11-8afb-cc1f91ed7fe3-0
00:42:50.120 --> 00:42:53.614
Larry Schaeff,
the historian of photography,

a0888218-4926-4f11-8afb-cc1f91ed7fe3-1
00:42:53.614 --> 00:42:58.272
rediscovered her work in the 1970s and
again reissued more,

a0888218-4926-4f11-8afb-cc1f91ed7fe3-2
00:42:58.272 --> 00:43:03.397
a biography and another reissue of the
what's called Sun Gardens,

a0888218-4926-4f11-8afb-cc1f91ed7fe3-3
00:43:03.397 --> 00:43:09.143
the book on her and in 2015 two 1016,
there was an exhibition at New York

a0888218-4926-4f11-8afb-cc1f91ed7fe3-4
00:43:09.143 --> 00:43:12.560
Public Library,
who hold one of the copies.

a861532d-ad9c-46fc-86b3-154aa3368639-0
00:43:13.480 --> 00:43:14.520
Gabriel de la Sash.

3e608221-f283-4484-8dc9-5afbfdae664c-0
00:43:14.520 --> 00:43:14.760
St.

5f03591a-f406-47d2-a452-6d6392d55188-0
00:43:14.760 --> 00:43:19.677
Janine wrote a novel with Anna's central
character taking in all the sort of

5f03591a-f406-47d2-a452-6d6392d55188-1
00:43:19.677 --> 00:43:22.360
various intellectual currents at the time.

2b529fdf-c82e-4d25-a495-af16b6d6a49e-0
00:43:23.080 --> 00:43:27.921
And again they both visited and I decided
I'm going to put her herbarium back

2b529fdf-c82e-4d25-a495-af16b6d6a49e-1
00:43:27.921 --> 00:43:28.480
together.

83c1048d-5fe8-47b8-bbbe-546ba3750d29-0
00:43:31.000 --> 00:43:33.420
Lisa's compared her with Harriet Eliza
Payne,

83c1048d-5fe8-47b8-bbbe-546ba3750d29-1
00:43:33.420 --> 00:43:37.840
another outstanding American botanist who
through the most social mores got all the

83c1048d-5fe8-47b8-bbbe-546ba3750d29-2
00:43:37.840 --> 00:43:38.840
time got forgotten.

c8e3c746-ec99-4b13-929a-4499bdf68f84-0
00:43:39.960 --> 00:43:42.817
I've really had a great take been been I
mean,

c8e3c746-ec99-4b13-929a-4499bdf68f84-1
00:43:42.817 --> 00:43:47.315
I had the great pleasure of going through
all in fact, our backlog boxes,

c8e3c746-ec99-4b13-929a-4499bdf68f84-2
00:43:47.315 --> 00:43:49.200
let's call it that the backlog.

775cb2f3-fabb-42a1-8953-86320ca1b1ca-0
00:43:49.520 --> 00:43:52.040
A lot of anti specimens were just shoved
into the backlog.

f9c93793-699d-4b04-b807-da8b3dc0f859-0
00:43:53.280 --> 00:43:54.520
This is my favorite.

d590a2b2-dbee-498f-aa3c-9b0daf89e1f6-0
00:43:56.200 --> 00:43:59.640
It's a really beautiful delicate grass in
common name.

644c282e-a00d-4f87-8dee-9472c54d69db-0
00:43:59.640 --> 00:44:06.280
We've written a bent and it's it's Anna
as she's got two names.

f16d7078-4d60-4454-b54a-06881a034a9f-0
00:44:06.280 --> 00:44:09.793
I think first she's hedging her bets,
but I like to think she she's got an

f16d7078-4d60-4454-b54a-06881a034a9f-1
00:44:09.793 --> 00:44:11.480
understanding of science in science.

3fadc1e2-03a3-4e99-b793-bb2ba973a3c8-0
00:44:11.480 --> 00:44:12.800
Science is not a belief system.

6621211a-b807-465f-9d16-f5cb536a55a1-0
00:44:13.000 --> 00:44:19.320
It's always got another observation to
make and it's Anna kind of knows.

21ce5b5e-7996-4502-93cd-defda0111498-0
00:44:19.600 --> 00:44:21.442
I called her Anna because I've got a
first name,

21ce5b5e-7996-4502-93cd-defda0111498-1
00:44:21.442 --> 00:44:23.360
terms of a very sort of close connection
with her.

0e0341f2-abb4-4f04-a8d1-cea2c828123d-0
00:44:23.360 --> 00:44:25.080
I feel a very close connection with her.

3ce1d0f5-88b9-4daf-8b46-1e1b9ea9e2e7-0
00:44:25.080 --> 00:44:29.120
I live in London Borough, Bromley and I,
I botanized in the same places as her.

7177b972-4c12-48ec-b611-85819667e037-0
00:44:31.080 --> 00:44:37.040
Agrosis Carnina or agrosis speak out of
Vinci.

3cc1d4ba-d095-47be-8337-9bd36f547d99-0
00:44:38.280 --> 00:44:38.920
She can't tell.

8bc35e5c-0356-42f1-af4b-4b46fee635dc-0
00:44:39.320 --> 00:44:41.360
She can't tell the species apart on
morphology.

49c5a6e2-c669-4a5c-880c-a2f9a0d29c54-0
00:44:41.360 --> 00:44:44.040
They're very difficult to be told,
told apart morphology.

24340bb1-67fd-4751-89fe-4c07721360d0-0
00:44:44.240 --> 00:44:48.447
You think she's hearing her bets,
But I like to think she understands that

24340bb1-67fd-4751-89fe-4c07721360d0-1
00:44:48.447 --> 00:44:52.542
down the line in science is all the
observation to make that something's

24340bb1-67fd-4751-89fe-4c07721360d0-2
00:44:52.542 --> 00:44:57.085
coming down the line and this space she
would someone will eventually be able to

24340bb1-67fd-4751-89fe-4c07721360d0-3
00:44:57.085 --> 00:44:58.320
identify this species.

0e90ebcf-d624-470f-9ddd-fc099c5ea72e-0
00:44:58.920 --> 00:45:00.760
Well, she didn't really know.

bbc30c56-361c-4112-84ec-df4500514341-0
00:45:01.480 --> 00:45:08.989
1866 Ernst Hackel starts the science of
ecology and this is from a bog and so we

bbc30c56-361c-4112-84ec-df4500514341-1
00:45:08.989 --> 00:45:14.088
we now freely feel that this is just a
Gross's canina,

bbc30c56-361c-4112-84ec-df4500514341-2
00:45:14.088 --> 00:45:17.240
which which tends to grow in bogs.

77e829a7-d408-4151-9b88-f73f918db5db-0
00:45:17.240 --> 00:45:22.565
The other species doesn't again also
coming down the line there's we'd like to

77e829a7-d408-4151-9b88-f73f918db5db-1
00:45:22.565 --> 00:45:23.240
do in DNA.

59801947-ec03-418b-8fdc-2a3ac060a634-0
00:45:23.240 --> 00:45:30.776
I'd like a DNA analysis done on this to
finally prove really prove Anna to prove

59801947-ec03-418b-8fdc-2a3ac060a634-1
00:45:30.776 --> 00:45:36.824
which to say to Anna yes,
Anna here is is that that that that is

59801947-ec03-418b-8fdc-2a3ac060a634-2
00:45:36.824 --> 00:45:44.267
this specimen OK another production by
Anna in conduction with Anna and a close

59801947-ec03-418b-8fdc-2a3ac060a634-3
00:45:44.267 --> 00:45:48.920
collaborator and Dixon British and
foreign firms.

0a7144a8-2b59-4911-b201-d6d6c7c52ed5-0
00:45:49.760 --> 00:45:57.140
Only a couple of three of these made a
few things started all over a few few

0a7144a8-2b59-4911-b201-d6d6c7c52ed5-1
00:45:57.140 --> 00:46:00.400
plates in in various institutions.

c6c3e58e-8af9-442a-a9b3-f6ebc286a2f4-0
00:46:01.040 --> 00:46:04.000
One in the John Paul Getty Museum.

ea0a2caa-8128-4aca-952a-c33a64a6735a-0
00:46:05.400 --> 00:46:06.720
Ferns, foreign ferns.

14cc4b66-1653-45ac-82c9-d1249670c519-0
00:46:06.720 --> 00:46:10.920
The foreign ferns are from Jamaica and
perhaps Bermuda.

7044a0ef-36fd-49e1-987e-1b7cd983c1f0-0
00:46:12.280 --> 00:46:14.600
Probably insect collected by enslaved
people.

72be56ae-29e4-4ffa-854e-69744d9110a5-0
00:46:15.480 --> 00:46:18.080
And this is where the lack of Darwin
connection comes in.

582d0f75-5d0d-4373-a24f-fc8873c50432-0
00:46:21.760 --> 00:46:26.162
Down house and Anna's home housed his
place as a as a blue plaque where I

582d0f75-5d0d-4373-a24f-fc8873c50432-1
00:46:26.162 --> 00:46:30.207
remember actually where she was not a
mile and a half 2 miles away,

582d0f75-5d0d-4373-a24f-fc8873c50432-2
00:46:30.207 --> 00:46:33.479
about a mile and a half two ways away
from each other.

d4043603-5ca4-4435-920f-b466f95e25db-0
00:46:33.600 --> 00:46:36.480
Houses place a big country house in the
19th century.

228352ca-4053-4985-8fc4-26e2f38cbef5-0
00:46:36.800 --> 00:46:41.834
They eventually demolished in in the
1950s and made way for more modern

228352ca-4053-4985-8fc4-26e2f38cbef5-1
00:46:41.834 --> 00:46:45.400
developments and basically set idle for
our needs.

4aae2569-2ccb-45e1-862e-cc396e588b3c-0
00:46:45.400 --> 00:46:48.240
This 1980 development gated development
is now on there.

fc848b1a-3582-4540-8726-7f3b45f088f3-0
00:46:48.520 --> 00:46:54.835
But houses place is only an hour is a
less a couple of miles less than a couple

fc848b1a-3582-4540-8726-7f3b45f088f3-1
00:46:54.835 --> 00:47:00.440
of miles from the Darwins at Downhouse
and yet there is no connection.

248b2573-b6da-48c4-92fa-44b5ebc976b4-0
00:47:01.040 --> 00:47:02.720
I think the keyword is slavery.

d8f1247f-3220-4e57-a0e3-2f8d3c4985f7-0
00:47:04.040 --> 00:47:09.240
The Darwin's the Darwin family very clean
abolitionist of slavery find it abhorrent.

7c7da9f2-6f81-4002-a789-5db3d86fe5ee-0
00:47:10.480 --> 00:47:15.155
The Atkins family John Pelley Atkins,
Alderman of London,

7c7da9f2-6f81-4002-a789-5db3d86fe5ee-1
00:47:15.155 --> 00:47:20.960
who becomes Mayor of London,
a plantation owner in Jamaica and Bermuda.

09295a01-e0b6-4fad-aead-10ba1737e6ae-0
00:47:22.080 --> 00:47:28.676
Slavery officially abolished in Britain
in 18 O 7 but the plantation owners a

09295a01-e0b6-4fad-aead-10ba1737e6ae-1
00:47:28.676 --> 00:47:33.920
huge economic power,
they stuck out for huge compensation and

09295a01-e0b6-4fad-aead-10ba1737e6ae-2
00:47:33.920 --> 00:47:40.601
slavery wasn't officially abolished in
Britain in the finally abolished in the

09295a01-e0b6-4fad-aead-10ba1737e6ae-3
00:47:40.601 --> 00:47:47.283
British colonies in the British Empire
until 18351836 really went went up even

09295a01-e0b6-4fad-aead-10ba1737e6ae-4
00:47:47.283 --> 00:47:47.959
to 1840.

7d21eea0-4c29-4e1f-b78a-848c5e9f848d-0
00:47:47.960 --> 00:47:50.292
You know,
people had to be paid wages and the

7d21eea0-4c29-4e1f-b78a-848c5e9f848d-1
00:47:50.292 --> 00:47:52.320
plantation owners didn't really like it.

7aedddc0-f409-4402-956a-e013c3e10067-0
00:47:54.560 --> 00:47:55.280
Darwins.

f1055540-09b6-402f-8784-2048b99a9266-0
00:47:55.440 --> 00:48:00.018
This is probably why there was no there's
an incredible lack of connection between

f1055540-09b6-402f-8784-2048b99a9266-1
00:48:00.018 --> 00:48:02.280
the two people, between the two families.

3ca43936-7502-40bd-a128-b4decf6d926c-0
00:48:02.680 --> 00:48:06.440
And we don't know how Anna feels or
letters are few and far between.

132c9776-5c70-4736-9082-a52f1e87e357-0
00:48:07.400 --> 00:48:11.624
Maybe some,
maybe Anne Dixon may have must have had

132c9776-5c70-4736-9082-a52f1e87e357-1
00:48:11.624 --> 00:48:12.680
lots of them.

401076e9-c7fc-4a1f-a1bc-24ff44e225f9-0
00:48:13.160 --> 00:48:17.000
We're looking in the public record
offices in a couple of places.

1bdd328b-f17c-4b69-8104-4ccf9031f020-0
00:48:17.080 --> 00:48:22.320
Anne Dixon Siberian moves from Hampshire
up to Warwickshire.

09764033-8c55-48e3-b31d-c61e4167c08c-0
00:48:22.760 --> 00:48:26.180
Folk in the Warwick Museum are looking
into naturally just try and find some

09764033-8c55-48e3-b31d-c61e4167c08c-1
00:48:26.180 --> 00:48:29.466
some of Anna's letters they're feeling,
but there's one or two in private

09764033-8c55-48e3-b31d-c61e4167c08c-2
00:48:29.466 --> 00:48:30.000
collections.

7724c36a-5456-4adb-ba17-5aa31a0ba994-0
00:48:31.600 --> 00:48:37.325
Alderman John Atkins really was a really
sort of a tough rabbit, really,

7724c36a-5456-4adb-ba17-5aa31a0ba994-1
00:48:37.325 --> 00:48:41.640
really stuck out for as much compensation
as he could.

ab941731-24b9-4e27-9dec-cbe14574e211-0
00:48:42.240 --> 00:48:45.438
It was really pro to save,
pro to save trade,

ab941731-24b9-4e27-9dec-cbe14574e211-1
00:48:45.438 --> 00:48:50.653
really out of step with the time and
passed his his money on to John Petty

ab941731-24b9-4e27-9dec-cbe14574e211-2
00:48:50.653 --> 00:48:52.600
Atkins when he died in 1838.

d11a4ba9-884f-4f81-8f65-d19ea8098e2b-0
00:48:55.840 --> 00:48:57.080
It's really quite surprising.

a7bf9c59-2c7b-4194-99dd-601a1d448eea-0
00:48:57.080 --> 00:49:00.669
Geoffrey Kitchener,
the local historian and local botanist,

a7bf9c59-2c7b-4194-99dd-601a1d448eea-1
00:49:00.669 --> 00:49:03.840
says there was a visitor's book at at
Healthy Place.

8a8e1aff-abed-4e17-a31f-dc2083869f22-0
00:49:03.840 --> 00:49:06.920
He's definitely trying to find that see
if any of the Darwin's went in now.

4ea329f0-c407-40e9-85bc-a8557521740a-0
00:49:08.440 --> 00:49:10.360
Janet Brown's books on the reading list.

5fa2b3dc-095d-4b66-aff2-85f2f265232e-0
00:49:10.360 --> 00:49:16.860
Janet Brown's the latest biography of of
Charles Darwin is is really quite

5fa2b3dc-095d-4b66-aff2-85f2f265232e-1
00:49:16.860 --> 00:49:19.720
extensive and really quite Sojam.

8d5662c6-0aa0-4f7c-96cb-8395b6fbe137-0
00:49:19.920 --> 00:49:21.120
Sojam is a person.

e2efa26a-a702-4e1f-a27f-fdd1264725b0-0
00:49:22.680 --> 00:49:27.602
The American Civil War For Charles Darwin,
the American Civil War is a crusade

e2efa26a-a702-4e1f-a27f-fdd1264725b0-1
00:49:27.602 --> 00:49:28.600
against slavery.

1c376910-9e6d-49ee-9099-853b93d94ce8-0
00:49:30.320 --> 00:49:33.560
He really sort of criticises Lincoln for
not making that.

191f624f-20f5-4767-874e-11c55a805084-0
00:49:33.600 --> 00:49:38.760
He sees that Lincoln see the the war as a
may of maintaining the Union.

73417c80-3f78-4203-8a68-3f4e324da56d-0
00:49:39.880 --> 00:49:45.440
He he sort of had a disagreement with his
his collaborator ASA Grey.

1c7300e2-d9ba-4592-ad2f-00f395a56c35-0
00:49:45.600 --> 00:49:48.065
Again,
he Darwin feels that the the American

1c7300e2-d9ba-4592-ad2f-00f395a56c35-1
00:49:48.065 --> 00:49:50.640
Civil War is really a crusade against
slavery.

f8580f24-00d3-4160-98e3-169c6f4e1549-0
00:49:52.960 --> 00:49:55.960
The first battle of Bull Run sees a Union
defeat.

b88467db-8a87-4483-8821-1d94f1a961f6-0
00:49:56.680 --> 00:50:01.100
Darwin is very worried the the the
Confederacy will will go on and achieve a

b88467db-8a87-4483-8821-1d94f1a961f6-1
00:50:01.100 --> 00:50:01.560
victory.

e8ee48a5-c394-4551-a413-65daa3dd676d-0
00:50:02.280 --> 00:50:08.746
So that really is is shows Darwin as a
person and really that that's that's a

e8ee48a5-c394-4551-a413-65daa3dd676d-1
00:50:08.746 --> 00:50:14.964
surprising lack of that's a surprising
lack of contact between between the

e8ee48a5-c394-4551-a413-65daa3dd676d-2
00:50:14.964 --> 00:50:17.120
Darwin's and the Atkins's.

0f619c9f-29be-43b8-a4ac-d5ed92402be3-0
00:50:17.120 --> 00:50:21.000
And Lisa has compared Charlotte Horner
with Anna Atkins.

65999cfa-609b-4990-899b-fdd15e50007d-0
00:50:21.200 --> 00:50:25.433
Charlotte Horner actually drives a supply
wagon for the Union forces in the Civil

65999cfa-609b-4990-899b-fdd15e50007d-1
00:50:25.433 --> 00:50:25.640
War.

dfb61f0e-541e-4acf-adb6-4bb8328cdc12-0
00:50:27.520 --> 00:50:33.281
OK, moving on, moving to 1953,
being a very amateur reader of history

dfb61f0e-541e-4acf-adb6-4bb8328cdc12-1
00:50:33.281 --> 00:50:37.480
and philosophy of science and scientific
theories.

12e61d57-5d79-480e-906d-6481a8df2653-0
00:50:39.080 --> 00:50:45.817
Last, because they passed tests,
the big tests for natural for evolution

12e61d57-5d79-480e-906d-6481a8df2653-1
00:50:45.817 --> 00:50:53.200
by natural selection is the mechanism by
which natural selects takes place cell

12e61d57-5d79-480e-906d-6481a8df2653-2
00:50:53.200 --> 00:50:55.600
division in cell division.

7bb6cd59-a187-4543-ab52-d95b7590883f-0
00:50:55.960 --> 00:50:57.720
The DNA molecule is very key.

60497c19-7637-4470-9af3-d6ea735a7753-0
00:50:58.320 --> 00:51:03.710
This rather rickety model from our
friends next door at the Science Museum

60497c19-7637-4470-9af3-d6ea735a7753-1
00:51:03.710 --> 00:51:07.160
is an the atomic structure of the DNA
molecule.

af1c9034-059a-4382-8d99-3fd2f4e14da8-0
00:51:07.320 --> 00:51:14.220
Please don't ask me to pronounce the full
name of DNA and the more up to date and

af1c9034-059a-4382-8d99-3fd2f4e14da8-1
00:51:14.220 --> 00:51:18.511
more up to date model of DNA and let's
say Darwin,

af1c9034-059a-4382-8d99-3fd2f4e14da8-2
00:51:18.511 --> 00:51:24.822
Darwin's theory of natural selection
really evolution by natural reduction

af1c9034-059a-4382-8d99-3fd2f4e14da8-3
00:51:24.822 --> 00:51:30.040
passes this really big test and it
influences our work today.

06cce002-1c66-49b2-a4b3-3a9847c1b2bc-0
00:51:30.880 --> 00:51:37.854
It introduced my personal work my my work
in the British and Irish Sea plant

06cce002-1c66-49b2-a4b3-3a9847c1b2bc-1
00:51:37.854 --> 00:51:44.920
herbarium is recreating the herbarium to
an A an order based on DNA analysis.

b1ccc544-f473-4ed9-90d5-a33bad694424-0
00:51:46.840 --> 00:51:52.433
And I go through and I see the people who,
who were, who made the,

b1ccc544-f473-4ed9-90d5-a33bad694424-1
00:51:52.433 --> 00:51:57.608
the arrangements by morphology did a
really, really good job,

b1ccc544-f473-4ed9-90d5-a33bad694424-2
00:51:57.608 --> 00:52:00.280
really good job by common sense.

1f7e8e31-834f-4350-b8c6-3fc39c779583-0
00:52:00.840 --> 00:52:06.338
But sometimes you get a group of plants,
say thymine, the, the thymine,

1f7e8e31-834f-4350-b8c6-3fc39c779583-1
00:52:06.338 --> 00:52:10.080
the AC family,
which is moved out of it's order.

5c099000-d451-4f9f-a602-24d8e3e76663-0
00:52:10.400 --> 00:52:13.386
It was in originally in the Martel's
order,

5c099000-d451-4f9f-a602-24d8e3e76663-1
00:52:13.386 --> 00:52:18.070
which is things like eucalyptus and it's
moved to the Malvasi order,

5c099000-d451-4f9f-a602-24d8e3e76663-2
00:52:18.070 --> 00:52:19.360
things like Malvas.

88256ea6-2820-4960-b83e-73909b00f45d-0
00:52:19.920 --> 00:52:22.440
And you think why this this,
this sits better.

a1c9585f-12bc-4f4d-8c06-2b87d8fcaaaa-0
00:52:22.800 --> 00:52:31.807
We're calling it a common sense in the in
the motels order very influential book

a1c9585f-12bc-4f4d-8c06-2b87d8fcaaaa-1
00:52:31.807 --> 00:52:33.920
published in 1990s.

cc95d1e2-fe38-46e4-8aed-ac83c7679a46-0
00:52:33.920 --> 00:52:38.624
It's on the reading list The unnatural
nature of Science by Lewis Wallper,

cc95d1e2-fe38-46e4-8aed-ac83c7679a46-1
00:52:38.624 --> 00:52:42.890
who was then chair of the committee of
the public of the public own

cc95d1e2-fe38-46e4-8aed-ac83c7679a46-2
00:52:42.890 --> 00:52:45.399
understanding of science here in the UK.

dd9ebd70-34e0-483f-aa68-f053c5684acb-0
00:52:45.640 --> 00:52:49.440
And he points out science so often goes
against common sense.

e46ea2d3-d950-4672-b5b9-d89e38fa7809-0
00:52:52.440 --> 00:52:57.769
And this is, this is possibly the, the,
the conflict we have in Natural History,

e46ea2d3-d950-4672-b5b9-d89e38fa7809-1
00:52:57.769 --> 00:53:01.520
the unnatural nature of science against
Natural History.

900d9ad9-2745-432c-97ee-0513cd61e170-0
00:53:01.680 --> 00:53:07.560
Perhaps this is the, this is really the,
really some of the,

900d9ad9-2745-432c-97ee-0513cd61e170-1
00:53:07.560 --> 00:53:13.440
the points of the tension you'll see in
our research themes.

52ea71fe-1b92-4aa1-a851-6dae4eb64b4a-0
00:53:13.800 --> 00:53:16.552
We've probably,
we're not just a public engagement

52ea71fe-1b92-4aa1-a851-6dae4eb64b4a-1
00:53:16.552 --> 00:53:17.200
institution.

56711bdb-e0c3-4c1f-86e4-0deda1870908-0
00:53:17.320 --> 00:53:23.280
We've got over 5060 scientists working
here and and curators as well.

46a370f7-9dd0-482c-a058-84ddeaab8f10-0
00:53:24.400 --> 00:53:29.054
These are research themes,
evolution of life, biodiversity change,

46a370f7-9dd0-482c-a058-84ddeaab8f10-1
00:53:29.054 --> 00:53:33.640
genomics, planetary origin of evolution,
biodiversity and health.

57bcf493-eced-4179-9b23-0b3ab3e4c18f-0
00:53:34.400 --> 00:53:37.120
We're correlating with Lisa on
collections and culture.

b72a4fb1-2d65-4e15-bc2a-fa6df88bdbb1-0
00:53:37.520 --> 00:53:42.080
I'm more than happy to be the conduit for
any connections with,

b72a4fb1-2d65-4e15-bc2a-fa6df88bdbb1-1
00:53:42.080 --> 00:53:44.360
with any of our research themes.

6c9ca89b-1f8c-4bc5-8d87-af9231031e69-0
00:53:44.520 --> 00:53:48.427
I,
I do hate sort of telling people to go to

6c9ca89b-1f8c-4bc5-8d87-af9231031e69-1
00:53:48.427 --> 00:53:53.116
the website,
but there there's a list of our themes 1

6c9ca89b-1f8c-4bc5-8d87-af9231031e69-2
00:53:53.116 --> 00:53:55.200
This is my contact name.

e5d3230c-9f4a-47c8-bf0b-7b3f8c5aeba8-0
00:53:55.200 --> 00:53:58.804
But before I,
I sort of finish and answer any questions

e5d3230c-9f4a-47c8-bf0b-7b3f8c5aeba8-1
00:53:58.804 --> 00:54:03.695
and go back to anything I've missed,
Lucy's asked me to say let me let folk

e5d3230c-9f4a-47c8-bf0b-7b3f8c5aeba8-2
00:54:03.695 --> 00:54:05.240
know how how I got here.

bbe7be18-8c4b-46c8-8d52-89527f1ce01d-0
00:54:05.920 --> 00:54:10.520
Basically, as Lisa said at the start,
I was very fortunate I got it.

d4c1a53a-6487-4424-a98b-8358e21eff31-0
00:54:10.520 --> 00:54:15.770
I really came in at the ground floor of
Botany because obviously I did the

d4c1a53a-6487-4424-a98b-8358e21eff31-1
00:54:15.770 --> 00:54:20.320
academic corridor for escalation in
humanities sciences society,

d4c1a53a-6487-4424-a98b-8358e21eff31-2
00:54:20.320 --> 00:54:22.000
but also imaging skills.

a780b685-b6f1-4088-ab97-d8e01853a5d7-0
00:54:22.280 --> 00:54:29.096
It's really really it's I'd advise people
who are starting out to try and get a

a780b685-b6f1-4088-ab97-d8e01853a5d7-1
00:54:29.096 --> 00:54:34.720
skill along as along with along with your
academic qualification.

3ab22b41-1788-4c27-b826-04f524f12e65-0
00:54:34.840 --> 00:54:39.037
We've just had a fellow American,
Hailey Glanich start here and as the

3ab22b41-1788-4c27-b826-04f524f12e65-1
00:54:39.037 --> 00:54:42.880
algae curator and she's well reel up on
artificial intelligence.

4e8da964-a9f6-4967-be9e-bc5a81241384-0
00:54:43.040 --> 00:54:46.360
I'm afraid that's a bit beyond me,
but again, that's an example.

3338c1cd-f8c9-4b4a-9276-2d93da5220c3-0
00:54:46.960 --> 00:54:49.865
As I say,
I'm I'm more than happy to to take any

3338c1cd-f8c9-4b4a-9276-2d93da5220c3-1
00:54:49.865 --> 00:54:53.720
questions and put people in touch with
the vehement people here.

ab62386f-cd0b-4d72-b499-e52970af3f5e-0
00:54:55.480 --> 00:54:56.600
Thank you very much indeed.

55a06e44-9492-404d-a2aa-1c8673a51234-0
00:55:00.240 --> 00:55:00.640
Great.

a9fdc6f4-6fb7-4910-a72e-548f607b4b66-0
00:55:01.040 --> 00:55:02.360
Thank you, John.

6c93d109-8e94-4f66-b1fe-6027c487e9ac-0
00:55:04.360 --> 00:55:07.849
So if you have questions,
if you're on the webinar,

6c93d109-8e94-4f66-b1fe-6027c487e9ac-1
00:55:07.849 --> 00:55:11.607
if you can post those questions to the
webinar Q&amp;A,

6c93d109-8e94-4f66-b1fe-6027c487e9ac-2
00:55:11.607 --> 00:55:14.560
there's a link at the bottom of the
screen.

2b7d2cac-b4cb-4367-9e52-80492f373281-0
00:55:15.320 --> 00:55:23.080
And Ethel Gordon and Jen Carr will
monitor those questions.

42b244ee-3a46-4fdb-9b9f-21ac447fa071-0
00:55:23.520 --> 00:55:28.804
And I'm gonna walk around the room with a
microphone and see if people in the room

42b244ee-3a46-4fdb-9b9f-21ac447fa071-1
00:55:28.804 --> 00:55:29.760
have questions.

d0f75c6f-208e-411c-9142-120da538fb9b-0
00:55:30.440 --> 00:55:33.560
I do have one quick one to start with.

402bbedc-973e-4d6a-921e-2a6fe5247bb0-0
00:55:35.280 --> 00:55:40.720
So I've always been kind of intrigued by
Alfred Russell Wallace.

d757185e-d946-4de8-acc7-74311a81f9f5-0
00:55:41.000 --> 00:55:48.115
And I'm just curious if, you know,
if he was much of A collector and whether

d757185e-d946-4de8-acc7-74311a81f9f5-1
00:55:48.115 --> 00:55:54.400
your institution has any specimens from
anything that he collected?

ab76e10b-8e14-4558-addc-2e144b45cd7e-0
00:55:55.440 --> 00:55:58.720
Not not too much, certainly not too much,
but not biological with it.

ef863d2d-40f8-47f7-a9bd-a5a75e3d0eb6-0
00:55:59.640 --> 00:56:00.720
Botany material.

ed37554b-7a81-41ca-9f32-d8de8c7cc2f8-0
00:56:01.080 --> 00:56:05.040
He tended to be a bit of a deer in
natural in Natural History collections.

ed37c61c-285f-4e0a-ae32-3b9eee8afa2c-0
00:56:05.160 --> 00:56:07.200
It doesn't really feature very much.

e667c831-8b77-4272-ba73-982ba65fc0d2-0
00:56:07.360 --> 00:56:11.240
I think there's quite a few entomology
entomology collections.

5c4f9a4f-ef81-4051-9d21-03fe21739d9d-0
00:56:12.400 --> 00:56:15.962
Jane Beccoloni,
whose husband George Beccoloni is really

5c4f9a4f-ef81-4051-9d21-03fe21739d9d-1
00:56:15.962 --> 00:56:18.400
quite the expert on on Russell Wallace.

4945ae1e-2941-4119-90f6-a3397f600c9c-0
00:56:18.400 --> 00:56:24.129
So if if anyone has got any questions,
I can put them on to Jane and George,

4945ae1e-2941-4119-90f6-a3397f600c9c-1
00:56:24.129 --> 00:56:25.320
that'd be great.

12630334-610c-4b92-b4b6-3eed310316c9-0
00:56:26.520 --> 00:56:27.000
I know.

2aab1d40-03ef-4b71-ad43-d60409845701-0
00:56:27.400 --> 00:56:29.120
As I say, look up the Wallace line.

ad301236-fe2f-416d-86f4-b1827d2a00f0-0
00:56:29.840 --> 00:56:35.655
Wallace noticed that in New Guinea,
animals that he expected to be more Asian

ad301236-fe2f-416d-86f4-b1827d2a00f0-1
00:56:35.655 --> 00:56:39.160
animals were actually more Australian
animals.

53ded16d-6524-482c-a91f-8f006cc86d2b-0
00:56:39.280 --> 00:56:43.366
So the Wallace line really we,
we get the beginnings of perhaps ideas

53ded16d-6524-482c-a91f-8f006cc86d2b-1
00:56:43.366 --> 00:56:45.760
about continental drift, plate tectonics.

adaaa1b4-7573-43e3-a60c-60cce4f50832-0
00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:49.200
But yes, very interesting character,
as I say,

adaaa1b4-7573-43e3-a60c-60cce4f50832-1
00:56:49.200 --> 00:56:54.716
and ideas about natural selection end up
with the spiritualist maybe that that's

adaaa1b4-7573-43e3-a60c-60cce4f50832-2
00:56:54.716 --> 00:56:59.960
sort of what it got kind of pushed away
by the the scientific establishment.

514aff1c-f93f-4b4e-852c-34f190450a52-0
00:57:00.080 --> 00:57:03.437
But as I say, George,
I'm more than happy to put you into

514aff1c-f93f-4b4e-852c-34f190450a52-1
00:57:03.437 --> 00:57:05.000
object with Jan and George.

aeeccb43-9afe-4209-be1a-ca641d75efa9-0
00:57:06.120 --> 00:57:06.800
Awesome, thank you.

53f11f4e-2de5-4647-a1af-dcd528dfbf12-0
00:57:14.640 --> 00:57:16.480
We have a question on the line from Lisa.

61f4a8bf-5182-46b8-872c-eb1f54210398-0
00:57:17.520 --> 00:57:19.720
Hi, I was just to ask.

e712786d-4c35-4583-8af7-5d8c3150c763-0
00:57:19.720 --> 00:57:21.040
Hi, John, thanks for the talk.

63109baa-7a13-49a0-8552-b356d2619b6a-0
00:57:21.040 --> 00:57:26.363
I was wondering if you could tell people
how many specimens are in the British and

63109baa-7a13-49a0-8552-b356d2619b6a-1
00:57:26.363 --> 00:57:31.493
Irish seed plant herbarium for which that
you curate and how many specimens you

63109baa-7a13-49a0-8552-b356d2619b6a-2
00:57:31.493 --> 00:57:32.520
have altogether?

299ae1b4-c0f8-461b-98e8-bb9add2eeb6e-0
00:57:32.520 --> 00:57:36.160
Natural History herbarium specimens
altogether.

035ca4ba-ecd0-4f1a-a0f1-cb4ded322456-0
00:57:36.280 --> 00:57:40.068
I think getting on,
I think we with the British specimens,

035ca4ba-ecd0-4f1a-a0f1-cb4ded322456-1
00:57:40.068 --> 00:57:43.280
British oil specimens,
at least 3/4 of a million.

0151155a-6190-4220-9292-a7d39c658928-0
00:57:43.280 --> 00:57:45.474
We, we, we,
we're still counting things inbound

0151155a-6190-4220-9292-a7d39c658928-1
00:57:45.474 --> 00:57:45.840
volumes.

7f0cc582-c232-4250-a23a-2830a859b65e-0
00:57:45.840 --> 00:57:49.530
People in the 18th, 18th,
19th century tended to keep things

7f0cc582-c232-4250-a23a-2830a859b65e-1
00:57:49.530 --> 00:57:53.160
inbound volumes as we have out here with
the Sun Herbarium.

2f501f7d-6ed0-49d4-8b8a-582d0501b08f-0
00:57:54.440 --> 00:57:58.920
We're in flowering plants well over,
well over 3,000,000.

2d26ffc9-f4fe-4eaa-907f-6553acb41e4d-0
00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:04.080
I think things like Toyota Fights even
brings it more.

168243b1-06a9-4a78-a32b-7687232cbfcd-0
00:58:04.080 --> 00:58:10.793
I think we're pushing on a 5 million
specimens all told that including these

168243b1-06a9-4a78-a32b-7687232cbfcd-1
00:58:10.793 --> 00:58:11.840
collections.

fc877619-66e7-48bd-a88f-2206f2cbc447-0
00:58:11.840 --> 00:58:13.640
It's really, it's quite,
really quite hard today.

93a4620c-b068-4f89-b55a-6f210c599570-0
00:58:13.640 --> 00:58:18.305
But we've got a digital imaging process
on Jimmy digital imaging project,

93a4620c-b068-4f89-b55a-6f210c599570-1
00:58:18.305 --> 00:58:23.411
which is really trying to get as much as
trying to find as many space what we're

93a4620c-b068-4f89-b55a-6f210c599570-2
00:58:23.411 --> 00:58:25.240
trying to see what we've got.

f288ddb1-5545-461a-9941-8fd09834269e-0
00:58:25.240 --> 00:58:26.680
I mean it's a huge institution.

6970d0e8-9d15-4e24-964b-e1cae25165fa-0
00:58:26.880 --> 00:58:30.849
As I say, we've also got the other,
the other kind of problem of,

6970d0e8-9d15-4e24-964b-e1cae25165fa-1
00:58:30.849 --> 00:58:34.577
of things coming to us,
local museums closing and we take the

6970d0e8-9d15-4e24-964b-e1cae25165fa-2
00:58:34.577 --> 00:58:35.480
collections in.

4b3b30d9-2ce5-4cd1-b2c9-50529e4865fb-0
00:58:35.480 --> 00:58:37.640
We,
we haven't got the time to process them.

70045da2-9fbf-457f-8c18-6a658b7934d5-0
00:58:38.040 --> 00:58:42.574
It's almost going back to the sort of
Darwin's day with the specimens that,

70045da2-9fbf-457f-8c18-6a658b7934d5-1
00:58:42.574 --> 00:58:45.200
that actually we end up going to
Cambridge.

0f6898a9-0fb9-48f0-9370-52ec36bc31bf-0
00:58:45.600 --> 00:58:48.240
Do those numbers include the backlog or
do you have any?

193e045d-f6c7-405c-9045-a5cbd46aa6a1-0
00:58:48.400 --> 00:58:49.960
Yeah, yes, yes, you do.

accd25f3-1976-4733-a067-098bdc341a3a-0
00:58:50.000 --> 00:58:52.985
Well, I, I,
I like to think that the British

accd25f3-1976-4733-a067-098bdc341a3a-1
00:58:52.985 --> 00:58:55.440
collections, we don't have a backlog.

b7d4ae7b-b9e5-4a59-969d-973de17df828-0
00:58:55.440 --> 00:59:03.339
We now have an auxiliary collection which
everything's been put into in a genus

b7d4ae7b-b9e5-4a59-969d-973de17df828-1
00:59:03.339 --> 00:59:06.400
order along ADNA profile lines.

5aad45ed-0c71-49ff-a8c5-ce7fd9735d0f-0
00:59:06.400 --> 00:59:08.920
So certainly, yes, indeed.

e2df7712-69f3-487b-939f-1a69a4d09f88-0
00:59:08.920 --> 00:59:12.478
But yes, indeed, I think that we,
some people call it backlog,

e2df7712-69f3-487b-939f-1a69a4d09f88-1
00:59:12.478 --> 00:59:16.658
but I like to call it auxiliary
collection because auxiliaries are ready,

e2df7712-69f3-487b-939f-1a69a4d09f88-2
00:59:16.658 --> 00:59:18.240
they can be brought forward.

9d5b8747-89a8-44a2-ab45-0ebed724013d-0
00:59:19.720 --> 00:59:20.040
Thank you.

b6bee31e-83e7-4577-bfae-e29ff023d4a2-0
00:59:35.680 --> 00:59:36.440
I'll ask Gwen.

ca1d48c4-e109-4b6e-b9bf-b5fede297b93-0
00:59:41.760 --> 00:59:42.120
I need to.

e507b72d-927d-4ac7-81ea-c705cbc9705a-0
01:00:03.920 --> 01:00:08.512
OK,
so I'd like to ask if if you have a

e507b72d-927d-4ac7-81ea-c705cbc9705a-1
01:00:08.512 --> 01:00:15.400
sample of Darwin's collection,
where are the other samples?

66ca7773-67d8-4151-b4d3-4bf96b263160-0
01:00:15.920 --> 01:00:21.280
And are any of them in the US Darwin's
collections?

735f8034-afbd-4beb-8e30-149221633d23-0
01:00:25.160 --> 01:00:29.680
Yes, we, we, I think I showed some of the,
some of his collections.

195bba8e-b3f0-426e-817c-ec1c5ee5148b-0
01:00:29.920 --> 01:00:30.160
Yes.

bfe2f664-ff89-422e-841d-4b2e4a968c29-0
01:00:30.280 --> 01:00:34.302
I'm not, I'm not sure whether any,
any of Darwin's collections are in the

bfe2f664-ff89-422e-841d-4b2e4a968c29-1
01:00:34.302 --> 01:00:34.520
USA.

105cd538-d1bc-4d68-bc95-37382c8c91a2-0
01:00:35.040 --> 01:00:37.800
They're mostly,
they tend to be mostly at Cambridge.

3faf39dc-dc75-4a7b-aab1-f777a74e76cb-0
01:00:38.400 --> 01:00:42.080
Whether within, I'm not quite sure,
but I can certainly find out.

fc06af71-2b1d-456f-9fbd-a10989ea0d09-0
01:00:42.080 --> 01:00:42.400
I can.

c3764c05-9329-4d71-a913-3b4c86cb710c-0
01:00:45.400 --> 01:00:47.520
Obviously we, we, we've got connections.

ca454b00-2dd9-49b3-b32e-e32bb1d4e563-0
01:00:47.520 --> 01:00:48.640
We can certainly let you know.

28b8a4f4-613f-4486-88c9-12e72c2ba485-0
01:00:48.640 --> 01:00:59.026
What was really quite interesting
actually was we were visited by the

28b8a4f4-613f-4486-88c9-12e72c2ba485-1
01:00:59.026 --> 01:01:06.000
public engagement person from the
Smithsonian.

6ab42da8-3a5f-4bbc-b9f3-42ac6a3c374f-0
01:01:06.000 --> 01:01:10.184
You said that Darwin collections are
really quite controversial in the United

6ab42da8-3a5f-4bbc-b9f3-42ac6a3c374f-1
01:01:10.184 --> 01:01:10.560
States.

927feb25-16cf-44d3-a866-e61a2f666953-0
01:01:13.840 --> 01:01:14.160
Yeah.

5efa5d03-bc87-4752-8830-74c39f597566-0
01:01:14.440 --> 01:01:19.960
All right.

f8bf9dde-56a6-4ace-b5ce-1eb65e31aee8-0
01:01:20.120 --> 01:01:21.400
Any other questions?

e08cf68d-c803-4030-a84a-a56ab43499f5-0
01:01:24.280 --> 01:01:24.840
Great.

88f305d5-b666-4756-95dd-25a30ec39f4a-0
01:01:24.960 --> 01:01:27.040
Well, thank you so much, John.

479a54b5-a754-426a-9853-a8fa78ac4a12-0
01:01:27.360 --> 01:01:30.280
This was, oh, sorry, we do have one.

1f66b73e-609d-4ad8-84b5-f6f2279d74d0-0
01:01:30.800 --> 01:01:31.280
Oh good.

f35fd5a1-4a25-4602-bcf1-b89a5d248253-0
01:01:40.880 --> 01:01:42.160
So we do have a question.

7499c103-6e35-4bfb-a25c-7357976dd9eb-0
01:01:42.160 --> 01:01:47.680
What's the oldest specimen that you have
in the museum and the oldest specimen we

7499c103-6e35-4bfb-a25c-7357976dd9eb-1
01:01:47.680 --> 01:01:48.960
have in the museum?

fbbd47fc-708b-4c12-9676-d4ab546a295d-0
01:01:49.000 --> 01:01:53.200
Oh, we're certainly on the botany side.

584ad41b-e4dc-498c-bcf2-e6ebea174831-0
01:01:53.200 --> 01:02:03.828
We've got a herbarium from Germany,
which we can date to 715-9079 by the by

584ad41b-e4dc-498c-bcf2-e6ebea174831-1
01:02:03.828 --> 01:02:12.080
the watermark on the paper of the of the
volume technique.

7d3722f4-0abf-4527-920e-ceb8e524c8ff-0
01:02:15.080 --> 01:02:21.222
The technique of pressing and drying
plants on paper was put was started by

7d3722f4-0abf-4527-920e-ceb8e524c8ff-1
01:02:21.222 --> 01:02:22.920
Luca Guinea in Italy.

3f3dabc3-c88d-4363-b2da-5794f4f33184-0
01:02:23.120 --> 01:02:30.517
Use it and and it was easiest for him to
show vital the key parts of the plant on

3f3dabc3-c88d-4363-b2da-5794f4f33184-1
01:02:30.517 --> 01:02:34.937
paper,
then to take people out into the out into

3f3dabc3-c88d-4363-b2da-5794f4f33184-2
01:02:34.937 --> 01:02:35.840
the field.

23ec0838-d8df-4fbf-9300-1279ac30747c-0
01:02:36.160 --> 01:02:39.000
That's, that's the oldest botany specimen.

302d13ce-40d2-43ee-b84b-c23ed7a64805-0
01:02:40.400 --> 01:02:44.606
So in the library we've,
we've got a very good book that was made

302d13ce-40d2-43ee-b84b-c23ed7a64805-1
01:02:44.606 --> 01:02:47.474
in Istanbul, Constantinople,
Constantinople,

302d13ce-40d2-43ee-b84b-c23ed7a64805-2
01:02:47.474 --> 01:02:50.660
which is a copy of the Giuliano and
Anesia Codex,

302d13ce-40d2-43ee-b84b-c23ed7a64805-3
01:02:50.660 --> 01:02:53.720
which is now in the National Library of
Oxford.

7d4d0ef7-837e-4375-84b6-8d1a35418e4e-0
01:02:53.720 --> 01:02:55.000
So it was made in 5-10.

3b4e9821-d3b7-4f43-a133-b30e57ba0875-0
01:02:55.280 --> 01:03:03.233
But we, as I say, on the botany side,
that's probably our oldest specimen,

3b4e9821-d3b7-4f43-a133-b30e57ba0875-1
01:03:03.233 --> 01:03:04.400
1515191579.

50fc9d82-a89a-416d-a5b8-708535267852-0
01:03:19.520 --> 01:03:21.000
I'd like to ask one more question.

c9f61e2a-5976-4c9d-ab59-b8b2a15408c0-0
01:03:21.000 --> 01:03:25.617
How long,
How long do you think it will take you to

c9f61e2a-5976-4c9d-ab59-b8b2a15408c0-1
01:03:25.617 --> 01:03:32.455
recurate the herbarium collection to
match the new information that's coming

c9f61e2a-5976-4c9d-ab59-b8b2a15408c0-2
01:03:32.455 --> 01:03:34.320
from genetic studies?

0f842a69-eb11-4b5f-8b3b-a193fa8f40ae-0
01:03:35.760 --> 01:03:39.888
Basically, I think I've got,
I think it's going to take me another

0f842a69-eb11-4b5f-8b3b-a193fa8f40ae-1
01:03:39.888 --> 01:03:42.907
five years,
but I've been going out for 10 years

0f842a69-eb11-4b5f-8b3b-a193fa8f40ae-2
01:03:42.907 --> 01:03:43.400
already.

9366c50c-cbe4-4c38-aa66-ee4dd326f338-0
01:03:43.400 --> 01:03:45.960
This is a problem across all Natural
History collections.

be1832fb-a4c5-4b56-a096-75b27c56a788-0
01:03:46.240 --> 01:03:47.080
I'm saying it's a problem.

ef561598-a81f-47bf-affd-b6cb4ccc5959-0
01:03:47.280 --> 01:03:52.840
It's just improving them in science has
always another observation to make.

7c343bd3-7a50-4c8c-98b4-e57bb3265946-0
01:03:54.600 --> 01:04:00.557
We got halfway through and again,
more information came up and so we're

7c343bd3-7a50-4c8c-98b4-e57bb3265946-1
01:04:00.557 --> 01:04:03.040
having to sort of fit that in.

936a0fa6-d131-4d5e-ab67-becb0b87e1b2-0
01:04:03.320 --> 01:04:05.080
So I think another five years, I think,
Lisa.

9eb8f5c5-979e-4e0d-bf98-b71c53ecccf0-0
01:04:05.080 --> 01:04:08.760
So hopefully I'll be, I'll be around,
I'll still be here in five years time.

8c679fa5-b255-44aa-8ce1-b03705e1daf7-0
01:04:08.760 --> 01:04:11.628
So anyone wishing to visit,
please do contact me and we,

8c679fa5-b255-44aa-8ce1-b03705e1daf7-1
01:04:11.628 --> 01:04:13.440
we can have a look at the herbarium.

5a5c0222-c7ab-4639-9e7a-eb40183bdd5e-0
01:04:18.160 --> 01:04:19.880
That's exciting opportunity.

819df036-d463-47f5-95b9-6a2c3ddfbf00-0
01:04:19.880 --> 01:04:21.840
It looks like we have another question
back here.

25ff9517-42f7-4688-912e-c31c1d6502b0-0
01:04:22.200 --> 01:04:23.040
All right, answer.

2076c900-cb44-439b-b262-c1deb39c48fe-0
01:04:34.070 --> 01:04:37.765
Well,
the person who asked about what the the

2076c900-cb44-439b-b262-c1deb39c48fe-1
01:04:37.765 --> 01:04:43.390
age of the oldest specimen also wanted to
know what that specimen is.

af8e10c6-f62a-465d-bbb3-66a9dcd696d1-0
01:04:44.840 --> 01:04:47.520
Well, it's actually a a bound volume.

185a6405-65db-4cfc-9a5c-aee1b2fb10a3-0
01:04:48.200 --> 01:04:55.240
It's probably it's it's Europe, German,
European plants that were collected

185a6405-65db-4cfc-9a5c-aee1b2fb10a3-1
01:04:55.240 --> 01:05:02.835
really around Lake Constance by your own
horon was harder really quite a rare set

185a6405-65db-4cfc-9a5c-aee1b2fb10a3-2
01:05:02.835 --> 01:05:04.040
of specimens.

f1b6b1fb-d10b-4bfb-a6cd-23a49decd1ca-0
01:05:04.240 --> 01:05:11.187
There's about there's like harder made
about 15 volumes about about 2300

f1b6b1fb-d10b-4bfb-a6cd-23a49decd1ca-1
01:05:11.187 --> 01:05:18.040
specimens, mostly in German institutions,
ones in a private collection.

934ee46a-b34c-4f66-9165-d9c1033f1f86-0
01:05:18.120 --> 01:05:21.267
Ours came to us from the welcome
collection and there's one there's one in

934ee46a-b34c-4f66-9165-d9c1033f1f86-1
01:05:21.267 --> 01:05:22.400
the Vatican Museum as well.

e14c19fb-7af8-4eba-91d0-370dea041e6f-0
01:05:25.680 --> 01:05:29.703
So if if you're visiting London,
please feel free to we'll be able to show

e14c19fb-7af8-4eba-91d0-370dea041e6f-1
01:05:29.703 --> 01:05:30.240
it to you.

f2e9da24-09d6-4db8-b51f-9f919d5b1df9-0
01:05:30.240 --> 01:05:32.560
Please feel free to to get in contact.

d9eeea31-8841-482e-be5d-43a5ec36f6af-0
01:05:38.240 --> 01:05:38.600
Great.

4722c24b-081c-40ba-b6bc-08ea6fbc1712-0
01:05:39.200 --> 01:05:39.920
Thank you, John.

1eaabc47-4998-44dd-8c5d-06a35dea43f4-0
01:05:42.080 --> 01:05:49.987
So for students in the room or in the
webinar online,

1eaabc47-4998-44dd-8c5d-06a35dea43f4-1
01:05:49.987 --> 01:05:59.360
make sure that you scan the QR code that
I'm sharing right now.

4d983fa2-23a0-4816-8b59-c43512555c49-0
01:06:00.440 --> 01:06:02.080
Hopefully here we go.

46d1baa2-9232-4401-aba0-056548af72c2-0
01:06:03.600 --> 01:06:08.880
So if you can scan that QR code and input
the information there.

4e9dc219-7583-4dd1-b00a-3c7a7f5a273c-0
01:06:09.760 --> 01:06:14.440
So there are in person talks and webinars
throughout the week this week.

1fe89c9f-e477-4e39-ab62-b0dac937b881-0
01:06:14.560 --> 01:06:20.520
And just remember that tomorrow is an all
remote day.

7b0bcf0a-d5b9-4dac-810f-7256fcf220bf-0
01:06:21.640 --> 01:06:28.978
But then Wednesday through Friday,
we have events going on here in Vets Fall,

7b0bcf0a-d5b9-4dac-810f-7256fcf220bf-1
01:06:28.978 --> 01:06:36.692
and you can find a listing for all those
&amp; up for any webinars at salemstate.

7b0bcf0a-d5b9-4dac-810f-7256fcf220bf-2
01:06:36.692 --> 01:06:38.480
edu/darwinfestival.

f7e96e1f-83da-4ede-addf-db609722454a-0
01:06:39.320 --> 01:06:45.120
And thank you for joining us and have a
wonderful rest of your day.

af0e4aa7-1513-4569-8b0c-0c1139191e68-0
01:06:45.520 --> 01:06:50.274
We'll leave the QR code up for another
couple of minutes to make sure everybody

af0e4aa7-1513-4569-8b0c-0c1139191e68-1
01:06:50.274 --> 01:06:51.760
gets a chance to scan it.

675365a4-9930-492e-a7ff-772278debf8f-0
01:06:53.120 --> 01:06:56.400
But otherwise, thank you, John.

e4fc9ff6-5165-43c6-9fd8-6c826c9779b5-0
01:06:57.280 --> 01:06:59.080
Well, thank you very much, Jason.

90a1fb79-07c2-4965-8141-2695c0351588-0
01:06:59.080 --> 01:07:02.680
Thank you, Lisa, Ethel and Derek,
and thanks.

cfbb13b7-88ae-4cd0-a5ab-a5ad70875559-0
01:07:03.120 --> 01:07:04.080
Thank you, Salem.

750f381e-7c0a-4d2e-9707-e40e4163ea5a-0
01:07:04.280 --> 01:07:05.280
Thank you very much indeed.

4bf3f9c2-0111-46de-873c-5f89fec146bf-0
01:07:05.280 --> 01:07:05.400
Nice.

c044cfb1-ad55-4160-a8dd-054f90d70932-0
01:07:06.840 --> 01:07:09.040
Thank you, thank you.

a6d812fd-053e-4734-86d7-b08d46d0e02a-0
01:07:09.280 --> 01:07:12.161
And it's it's,
it's good night here because it's now the

a6d812fd-053e-4734-86d7-b08d46d0e02a-1
01:07:12.161 --> 01:07:12.920
afternoon here.

dc3b1833-f6ce-4007-a60c-5eef6e274612-0
01:07:12.920 --> 01:07:16.930
It's 5:00 and I'm, I'm going to have a,
a cup of English tea,

dc3b1833-f6ce-4007-a60c-5eef6e274612-1
01:07:16.930 --> 01:07:22.040
which actually actually Indian tea really,
but it's such an English tradition.

18c9a356-4bdd-4278-a4b3-a28043921bb9-0
01:07:22.320 --> 01:07:23.240
Thank you very much indeed.

0b3cd577-cece-4458-93c1-8236433c486b-0
01:07:23.240 --> 01:07:25.080
And thank you for for having me for the
talk.

ac18d384-0c0a-44fb-8206-49c72ee47a34-0
01:07:25.520 --> 01:07:26.440
Good, Good night.