WEBVTT

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Good morning everybody,
or should I say good afternoon.

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My name is Ryan Fischer.

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I'm a member of the Darwin Festival
committee.

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Welcome to our 47th annual Darwin
Festival here at Salem State University.

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Our speaker will start their presentation
shortly.

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Please be aware that closed captioning is
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the speaker.

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Also,
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It now gives me great pleasure to pass
the microphone, as it were,

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over to my colleague in the Geography and
Sustainability department,

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Professor John Hayes,
to make a formal introduction.

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Over to you, John.

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Thank you, Ryan, really appreciate it.

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Good morning, everybody,
and thank you all for coming.

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Today.

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The Geography and Sustainability
Department is honored to host a visit of

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Doctor Shayna Sadai to the 47th Annual
Darwin Festival of Salem State University.

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Dr.

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Sadai is an independent scholar in the
Five Colleges Consortium in Massachusetts.

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She received her PhD in Geosciences,
specializing in geography and climate

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science from UMass Amherst.

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She did a postdoctoral fellowship with
the Union of Concerned Scientists out of

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Cambridge, MA,
and her Bachelor of Science degrees are

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in physics and astrophysics.

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And then she had a Master of Science in
Applied Math and all of those degrees are

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from UMass Amherst.

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The Geography and Sustainability
Department at Salem State has been

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hosting an invited speaker at the Darwin
Festival since 2002.

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Hard to imagine that seems so long ago.

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And we are very pleased to have Doctor
Sedai with us today and she's continuing

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this tradition.

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We also thank the Charles Albert Reed
Trust for sponsoring our invited speakers

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over these past 20 plus years.

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And absolutely, positively of course,
Geography and Sustainability thanks the

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Darwin Festival Planning Committee for
the opportunity to host a speaker during

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their wonderful festival.

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Doctor Sedai is a climate scientist and a
critical physical geographer at the five

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colleges.

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Her research is interdisciplinary.

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She combines the the physical science of
future climate change modeling and sea

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level rise modeling with ecology and
social science so that she can analyze

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climate justice of non human animals and
the implications for advancing kind of a

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new feel like a new branch of climate
justice for called multispecies climate

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justice.

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So again,
we are just so thrilled that Doctor

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Shayna Sadai is with us today to speak on
the topic of sea level rise and

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multispecies climate justice.

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I will now turn it over to Professor
Shayna Sadai.

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Thank you so much for that introduction
and for hosting me here.

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So yes,
this talk is about multispecies climate

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justice and sea level rise.

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And I want to start by acknowledging my
amazing co-authors on this work.

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They're all former undergraduate students
of mine who have since graduated.

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There's Ava Sharp, Rory Crisfield,
Elizabeth Rankin, and Caitlin Bolzon,

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and I am very grateful to have had such
amazing research assistants on this work.

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Next slide, please.

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So I'm going to start by going over a
little bit of sea level science.

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So my primary background is in climate
and sea level science.

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And then I also do critical physical
geography.

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So that'll be sort of woven in there.

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And then I'll talk about multi species
climate justice theory, what that is.

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And then we'll get into the three
sections of our research chapter that I'm

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presenting today,
which is on the distribution of sea level

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rise impacts on non human animals,
recognition of diverse forms of life and

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adapting to rising sea levels in a way
that centers justice for all.

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Next slide, please.

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So this project began as this concept for
a research project where we would start

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with a systematic literature review.

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Basically,
we went through 10 years of the published

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peer reviewed literature in the fields of
ecology and conservation biology and

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looked for publications on how sea level
rise was affecting animal communities.

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And then we wanted to interpret those
results through climate justice theory

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with a focus on multispecies climate
justice.

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And so the work itself has kind of
evolved into two different projects.

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We started with the systematic literature
review,

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but that is going to be a separate
publication.

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And the part that I'm going to present
today is the multispecies climate justice

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interpretation of what we found through
the systematic literature review.

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So I'll reference the systematic review
and the research that we drew from on how

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sea level rise impacts non human animals,
but I'll focus on aspects of climate

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justice theory that relate to those
different case studies.

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And the chapter that I'm presenting today
is part of a forthcoming book that I Co

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edited called Multispecies Climate
Justice Liberatore Futures for Human and

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More than Human Worlds.

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And it's Co edited by myself,
Sylvia Sapuentes and Stephanie Rutherford.

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And I also want to thank the grant
funders that supported this work,

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which is the Culture and Animals
Foundation.

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Very grateful to them.

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Next slide please.

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OK.

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So climate change,
you're all well familiar with it.

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Greenhouse gas emissions are occurring
and as a result of greenhouse gas

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emissions,
the composition of the atmosphere is

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changing.

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There is an increasing concentration of
carbon dioxide and methane and other

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greenhouse gases,
and that is impacting the radiative

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balance,
that balance between incoming solar

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energy and outgoing long wave radiation
from the Earth.

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And as a result of radiative radiation
balance shifting from greenhouse gas

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emissions and rising greenhouse gas
concentrations,

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we have accumulation of heat in the
Earth's system which is leading to

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widespread impacts, which can include,
you know, heat waves, sea level rise,

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ocean acidification intensity,
tropical cyclones and many other

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detrimental impacts.

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Greenhouse gas emissions are primarily
occurring due to the combustion of fossil

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fuels,
but there's many other sources such as

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emission sources from animal agriculture,
from F gases that are used in like air

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conditioning refrigerants,
from many other sources.

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And underlying all of that are systems of
oppression and unjust socio political

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systems and heavily polluting industries.

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So emissions don't happen in a vacuum,
they happen because of political and

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economic decisions.

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And as we are seeing in this plot here of
global mean surface temperature over time

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since 1940,
global average temperatures are rising

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significantly and that is accelerating.

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In recent decades.

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We've just had the third warmest year on
record.

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We continue to have record-breaking heat
and it's leading to a lot of detrimental

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impacts to life on Earth.

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00:08:54.880 --> 00:08:55.680
Next slide please.

77d14f85-1279-437f-a264-d3f6e22f866b-0
00:08:57.960 --> 00:09:02.160
So sea level rise is just one of many
consequences of climate change and a

77d14f85-1279-437f-a264-d3f6e22f866b-1
00:09:02.160 --> 00:09:05.520
little bit about the physical mechanisms
of sea level rise.

e818ed92-e345-42b7-94b1-f428d6778593-0
00:09:05.800 --> 00:09:11.852
So on average across the Earth,
sea levels have risen by about 0.2 meters,

e818ed92-e345-42b7-94b1-f428d6778593-1
00:09:11.852 --> 00:09:15.000
only around 8 inches from 1900 to 2018.

4c13ed6f-350b-4c32-99a5-fe25396a7c52-0
00:09:15.240 --> 00:09:18.995
This sounds like a small amount,
but the impacts of it are quite vast and

4c13ed6f-350b-4c32-99a5-fe25396a7c52-1
00:09:18.995 --> 00:09:21.280
are impacting shorelines all over the
world.

6f5d08cf-741f-41cb-b2ce-61a8a7c95e60-0
00:09:22.200 --> 00:09:26.148
And not only is the sea level rising,
but the rate at which it's rising is

6f5d08cf-741f-41cb-b2ce-61a8a7c95e60-1
00:09:26.148 --> 00:09:27.360
accelerating over time.

8a559cb8-b61d-4efd-a2fa-665785259b23-0
00:09:27.600 --> 00:09:32.289
So even if we look at just the past
couple of decades of data,

8a559cb8-b61d-4efd-a2fa-665785259b23-1
00:09:32.289 --> 00:09:36.160
sea level was rising by about 2mm per
year in 1992.

071bbc1a-4044-4741-8091-a2e9547971d2-0
00:09:36.440 --> 00:09:40.800
And at present day it's rising by more
around 4 1/2mm per year.

9ddec1a7-5921-4ad7-b9c6-4272c15005c4-0
00:09:40.800 --> 00:09:43.600
So more than double the rate in just a
little bit of time.

7c9daa5c-4170-4889-80bd-fbc6098c5be5-0
00:09:44.160 --> 00:09:48.369
And sea level rise also doesn't occur
like a bathtub fills up with water,

7c9daa5c-4170-4889-80bd-fbc6098c5be5-1
00:09:48.369 --> 00:09:51.840
where the water level goes up by the same
amount everywhere.

9fb33b8f-ebea-43a7-81a9-ecb66ce955f7-0
00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:54.584
Instead,
it's highly variable at the regional

9fb33b8f-ebea-43a7-81a9-ecb66ce955f7-1
00:09:54.584 --> 00:09:58.799
level due to a complex interplay of
different factors that drive sea level

9fb33b8f-ebea-43a7-81a9-ecb66ce955f7-2
00:09:58.799 --> 00:09:59.080
rise.

7e309e8d-9246-4310-a673-337490bfc670-0
00:09:59.440 --> 00:10:04.630
And so these plots are just showing some
of what that spatial variability of sea

7e309e8d-9246-4310-a673-337490bfc670-1
00:10:04.630 --> 00:10:06.040
level rise looks like.

cf611930-5ced-4938-9d8d-10dfecaa1791-0
00:10:06.200 --> 00:10:10.280
This was from a study that was in 2018
using satellite altimetry data.

f4c4e032-a2b0-4387-9b4d-4f98b2fc4b71-0
00:10:10.280 --> 00:10:14.073
And you can see in the places where
there's darker red around,

f4c4e032-a2b0-4387-9b4d-4f98b2fc4b71-1
00:10:14.073 --> 00:10:17.385
like the tropics around the western
boundary currents,

f4c4e032-a2b0-4387-9b4d-4f98b2fc4b71-2
00:10:17.385 --> 00:10:21.600
there is higher regional sea level rise
in some areas than in others.

f3c55a83-1d6a-44a6-8b15-8bfae9988994-0
00:10:21.840 --> 00:10:26.960
But the global signal is that, of course,
it is on average rising across the Earth.

5f4eda2f-b1c1-4428-9438-f3764033e084-0
00:10:27.360 --> 00:10:28.040
Next slide, please.

3abee923-5ff1-4207-971a-2f0df0f35815-0
00:10:30.480 --> 00:10:33.055
So the things that are driving sea level
rise, of course,

3abee923-5ff1-4207-971a-2f0df0f35815-1
00:10:33.055 --> 00:10:36.120
is the greenhouse gas emissions leading
to the accumulation of heat.

75bd1f2b-6693-4098-aa63-7129a591ff43-0
00:10:36.120 --> 00:10:37.200
And what is that doing?

64ae771a-bec5-41d5-b2a1-3c6b3596a9b7-0
00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:40.120
It's causing thermal expansion of the
water column.

092856c8-e4d7-4aef-8f02-c0aaedc9eed6-0
00:10:40.120 --> 00:10:43.570
So some of that heat,
over 90% of that heat is going into the

092856c8-e4d7-4aef-8f02-c0aaedc9eed6-1
00:10:43.570 --> 00:10:43.960
oceans.

660da50b-1add-441a-9724-6b01e2925874-0
00:10:44.960 --> 00:10:49.725
And as that heat enters the oceans,
it causes the water column to expand via

660da50b-1add-441a-9724-6b01e2925874-1
00:10:49.725 --> 00:10:50.840
thermal expansion.

a3ccec3b-fb48-48a2-8ee8-71d31e3d9063-0
00:10:51.280 --> 00:10:53.120
And so that's one of the main drivers.

7b30a26c-043b-4286-b472-e64e087e34e0-0
00:10:53.120 --> 00:10:56.439
And the other main driver is the melting
of land ice,

7b30a26c-043b-4286-b472-e64e087e34e0-1
00:10:56.439 --> 00:11:01.480
meaning the ice sheets in Greenlands and
Antarctica and global mountain glaciers.

19043adc-bc42-4c9b-8de5-74a33f4f3b6f-0
00:11:02.240 --> 00:11:07.400
And we can use attribution science to try
to figure out how like how we can

19043adc-bc42-4c9b-8de5-74a33f4f3b6f-1
00:11:07.400 --> 00:11:12.765
attribute the rising sea level to climate
change and even to specific types of

19043adc-bc42-4c9b-8de5-74a33f4f3b6f-2
00:11:12.765 --> 00:11:13.920
emission sources.

00942f19-6f30-4791-886f-8973740d019f-0
00:11:14.560 --> 00:11:19.412
So I'm using example from one of my own
peer reviewed publications that came out

00942f19-6f30-4791-886f-8973740d019f-1
00:11:19.412 --> 00:11:22.467
last year,
which was about trying to determine the

00942f19-6f30-4791-886f-8973740d019f-2
00:11:22.467 --> 00:11:26.840
responsibility of industrial fossil fuel
polluters to rising sea levels.

c95d9bab-2f86-48ae-a3cf-3b6c5cbcc0b2-0
00:11:26.840 --> 00:11:31.580
And So what we did, we showed,
what we found in that study was that over

c95d9bab-2f86-48ae-a3cf-3b6c5cbcc0b2-1
00:11:31.580 --> 00:11:36.255
the full historical period that we can
trace fossil fuel greenhouse gas

c95d9bab-2f86-48ae-a3cf-3b6c5cbcc0b2-2
00:11:36.255 --> 00:11:40.995
emissions to, so 1854 to 2020,
we can look at fossil fuel emissions over

c95d9bab-2f86-48ae-a3cf-3b6c5cbcc0b2-3
00:11:40.995 --> 00:11:41.320
that.

95a8c338-16ff-4a4f-bd2e-204fc08b646a-0
00:11:41.320 --> 00:11:46.136
And attribute them to just a small number
of corporations that are major fossil

95a8c338-16ff-4a4f-bd2e-204fc08b646a-1
00:11:46.136 --> 00:11:47.040
fuel producers.

36fc3d49-9051-4fc9-9c88-86ee748fab78-0
00:11:47.280 --> 00:11:51.386
And so we found in this study that over
that time period,

36fc3d49-9051-4fc9-9c88-86ee748fab78-1
00:11:51.386 --> 00:11:57.334
we can attribute 24 to 37% of present day
sea level rise to emissions from products

36fc3d49-9051-4fc9-9c88-86ee748fab78-2
00:11:57.334 --> 00:11:59.600
produced by these carbon majors.

03796c11-d8c7-48c6-b33e-bd0d5fb21929-0
00:11:59.600 --> 00:12:03.400
So ExxonMobil,
Chevron at state owned companies.

a37b8ce8-aab8-4312-b980-492b4b4705bb-0
00:12:03.760 --> 00:12:08.627
And this plot is showing in the darker
blue the sea level rise that has occurred

a37b8ce8-aab8-4312-b980-492b4b4705bb-1
00:12:08.627 --> 00:12:11.271
up to present day,
and in the lighter blue,

a37b8ce8-aab8-4312-b980-492b4b4705bb-2
00:12:11.271 --> 00:12:15.298
what would have happened if
industrialized fossil fuel development

a37b8ce8-aab8-4312-b980-492b4b4705bb-3
00:12:15.298 --> 00:12:16.439
had never happened.

f1b5dd10-5323-418a-b495-688ea139e0d5-0
00:12:16.680 --> 00:12:21.105
So we can clearly see the effects of
fossil fuels driving higher sea level

f1b5dd10-5323-418a-b495-688ea139e0d5-1
00:12:21.105 --> 00:12:21.400
rise.

d70dcdfc-09fc-4c3f-bb95-73d287b4400c-0
00:12:21.400 --> 00:12:26.597
And other parts of the study showed that
even just those past emissions of fossil

d70dcdfc-09fc-4c3f-bb95-73d287b4400c-1
00:12:26.597 --> 00:12:31.858
fuels produced by the carbon majors will
lead to higher sea levels out to the year

d70dcdfc-09fc-4c3f-bb95-73d287b4400c-2
00:12:31.858 --> 00:12:33.760
2300 and possibly even beyond.

6ff5ca27-56aa-4174-ae9d-e6241edab763-0
00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:38.040
Our model only looked out to 2300,
but it is the signal is attributable.

6a713c8d-4533-4576-a0c2-02f61cf83f63-0
00:12:38.720 --> 00:12:39.760
Next slide, please.

5e1f28ad-556d-4ae8-90fc-59739c04fbb9-0
00:12:41.680 --> 00:12:46.345
And so if we think about what's happening
now and what will happen into the future,

5e1f28ad-556d-4ae8-90fc-59739c04fbb9-1
00:12:46.345 --> 00:12:50.844
globally averaged sea level rise is going
to continue occurring for centuries to

5e1f28ad-556d-4ae8-90fc-59739c04fbb9-2
00:12:50.844 --> 00:12:51.400
millennia.

1406e2f8-ffa6-4db9-a864-a047ef96c181-0
00:12:51.760 --> 00:12:57.759
And the ultimate magnitude how high sea
levels will go will depend on emission

1406e2f8-ffa6-4db9-a864-a047ef96c181-1
00:12:57.759 --> 00:13:01.480
scenarios that happen from here into the
future.

43bd0a17-0fc7-4a48-8952-97cbc4226d9e-0
00:13:01.720 --> 00:13:05.869
And so this plot is showing that under a
high emission scenario,

43bd0a17-0fc7-4a48-8952-97cbc4226d9e-1
00:13:05.869 --> 00:13:09.890
if the world does not act and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions,

43bd0a17-0fc7-4a48-8952-97cbc4226d9e-2
00:13:09.890 --> 00:13:14.359
we can end up in one of the red scenarios,
which is particularly bad,

43bd0a17-0fc7-4a48-8952-97cbc4226d9e-3
00:13:14.359 --> 00:13:17.040
where sea level rises quite significantly.

4da54c9c-bff9-4fe0-803f-63a88725dddc-0
00:13:17.040 --> 00:13:19.320
And this plot is only showing out to 2100.

3c7b18cc-ee32-4190-9ee1-284cd87fb079-0
00:13:19.560 --> 00:13:22.000
But there are other versions of this plot
that look out longer.

28f10979-9e56-4222-8055-1532ceb89419-0
00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:27.016
They're just really hard to fit on slides
that show that sea levels will continue

28f10979-9e56-4222-8055-1532ceb89419-1
00:13:27.016 --> 00:13:29.280
going up into the future beyond 2100.

29ac9feb-4ddf-4e7c-a690-53e727a11fe3-0
00:13:29.680 --> 00:13:32.818
But if we contrast the red lines to the
blue lines,

29ac9feb-4ddf-4e7c-a690-53e727a11fe3-1
00:13:32.818 --> 00:13:37.344
the blue lines being lower emission
scenarios where the world collectively

29ac9feb-4ddf-4e7c-a690-53e727a11fe3-2
00:13:37.344 --> 00:13:41.146
acts to reduce emissions, and then yes,
sea level still rises,

29ac9feb-4ddf-4e7c-a690-53e727a11fe3-3
00:13:41.146 --> 00:13:43.440
but it rises by a much smaller amount.

66de66a6-c597-4ea3-b0bd-aca3c4ce1f20-0
00:13:43.720 --> 00:13:49.242
And that smaller amount of magnitude of
sea level rise allows for easier

66de66a6-c597-4ea3-b0bd-aca3c4ce1f20-1
00:13:49.242 --> 00:13:50.680
adaptation options.

5cca079b-5b5a-4d7a-996d-3d226db9c78e-0
00:13:50.920 --> 00:13:55.543
So we want to minimize sea level rise as
much as possible by reducing greenhouse

5cca079b-5b5a-4d7a-996d-3d226db9c78e-1
00:13:55.543 --> 00:13:59.767
gas emissions as soon as we can,
because sea level rise is not reversible

5cca079b-5b5a-4d7a-996d-3d226db9c78e-2
00:13:59.767 --> 00:14:01.480
on human relevant time scales.

4ed9f6e3-621b-4835-b33f-f582c9650d7c-0
00:14:02.480 --> 00:14:06.389
And so once that sea level goes up,
it's going to take a lot to bring it back

4ed9f6e3-621b-4835-b33f-f582c9650d7c-1
00:14:06.389 --> 00:14:06.640
down.

7bd6d8f7-7ae1-4a34-9e81-73b5e8d9ab5b-0
00:14:06.960 --> 00:14:12.415
We need heat to come out of the ocean and
we need global regrowth of ice sheets and

7bd6d8f7-7ae1-4a34-9e81-73b5e8d9ab5b-1
00:14:12.415 --> 00:14:13.000
glaciers.

58fd4f44-5767-4ab3-8f7b-4623a061c965-0
00:14:13.000 --> 00:14:16.160
So this is a long term problem that we
need to be thinking about.

2552c750-b79c-4db1-9a07-d9b61cf39421-0
00:14:16.360 --> 00:14:17.200
Next slide, please.

7b5567a3-210b-42b9-80cf-3ed23dad42fa-0
00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:23.354
And then the impacts of this are of
course, we're familiar with a lot of them,

7b5567a3-210b-42b9-80cf-3ed23dad42fa-1
00:14:23.354 --> 00:14:26.165
flooding and inundation,
extreme sea level events,

7b5567a3-210b-42b9-80cf-3ed23dad42fa-2
00:14:26.165 --> 00:14:30.630
meaning that storm surges happening on
top of already risen sea levels will lead

7b5567a3-210b-42b9-80cf-3ed23dad42fa-3
00:14:30.630 --> 00:14:32.559
to even worsening flooding impacts.

e8b868de-fa03-498c-9bc0-8d9e7a2e9184-0
00:14:32.760 --> 00:14:37.960
There's also erosion of shorelines and
there is solidification of freshwater.

ffb8b8bc-1724-4a82-a91b-c7ce01ab6837-0
00:14:37.960 --> 00:14:42.374
So especially like if we think about
freshwater ecologies like freshwater

ffb8b8bc-1724-4a82-a91b-c7ce01ab6837-1
00:14:42.374 --> 00:14:46.252
swamps near coastal spaces,
as sea level starts to rise and that

ffb8b8bc-1724-4a82-a91b-c7ce01ab6837-2
00:14:46.252 --> 00:14:48.996
salty water gets into a freshwater
ecosystem,

ffb8b8bc-1724-4a82-a91b-c7ce01ab6837-3
00:14:48.996 --> 00:14:51.800
it starts to change and disrupt the
ecosystem.

b6cbcb7d-422a-4c57-954d-61033fd1939e-0
00:14:52.600 --> 00:14:57.002
And so all of these types of impacts of
sea level rise directly harm animals and

b6cbcb7d-422a-4c57-954d-61033fd1939e-1
00:14:57.002 --> 00:14:59.720
disrupt ecosystems and multi species
communities.

9c683aa5-3f5e-481e-b39b-b33cf258b675-0
00:14:59.960 --> 00:15:00.800
Next slide, please.

c14097a4-f26d-4572-aee8-09e45834f8fc-0
00:15:02.480 --> 00:15:07.240
And alongside rising sea levels,
there's also the other climate impacts.

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-0
00:15:07.240 --> 00:15:12.023
So if we think about an animal trying to
a species trying to adapt to sea level

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-1
00:15:12.023 --> 00:15:14.116
rise,
they're also trying to adapt

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-2
00:15:14.116 --> 00:15:18.899
simultaneously to other climate change
impacts that are occurring more frequent

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-3
00:15:18.899 --> 00:15:21.650
and severe heat waves,
precipitation changes,

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-4
00:15:21.650 --> 00:15:26.313
strengthening tropical cyclones and other
anthropogenic stresses like habitat

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-5
00:15:26.313 --> 00:15:29.722
fragmentation,
hunting and poaching and various types of

e02ddd0e-7f21-4bf7-b7ef-1f457f34d893-6
00:15:29.722 --> 00:15:30.320
pollution.

49e6db16-dd2a-4f60-a2ac-2b771f75252d-0
00:15:31.200 --> 00:15:32.000
Next slide, please.

201ec1da-2f4e-4bf6-9ecc-26ce3e14db92-0
00:15:34.200 --> 00:15:39.083
And so I wrote this other paper in 2022,
my first climate justice and sea level

201ec1da-2f4e-4bf6-9ecc-26ce3e14db92-1
00:15:39.083 --> 00:15:42.135
rise paper,
where we looked at the United Nations

201ec1da-2f4e-4bf6-9ecc-26ce3e14db92-2
00:15:42.135 --> 00:15:46.042
Framework Convention on Climate Change
and the Paris Agreement,

201ec1da-2f4e-4bf6-9ecc-26ce3e14db92-3
00:15:46.042 --> 00:15:50.560
which is the global agreement to try to
get climate change under control.

0e32ed27-93c5-4967-a23b-aa5de8e178ce-0
00:15:50.880 --> 00:15:55.004
And we thought about the ways that the
Alliance of Small Island States,

0e32ed27-93c5-4967-a23b-aa5de8e178ce-1
00:15:55.004 --> 00:15:59.529
which is a group of island nations that,
well, they're not all island nations,

0e32ed27-93c5-4967-a23b-aa5de8e178ce-2
00:15:59.529 --> 00:16:03.653
but most of them are island nations that
work together in international

0e32ed27-93c5-4967-a23b-aa5de8e178ce-3
00:16:03.653 --> 00:16:07.320
negotiations to push for the strongest
possible climate action.

1928e848-cdc0-46ee-a766-3d43e0b6fa6d-0
00:16:07.680 --> 00:16:12.197
And they are often referencing the ways
in which they are impacted by sea level

1928e848-cdc0-46ee-a766-3d43e0b6fa6d-1
00:16:12.197 --> 00:16:12.480
rise.

13f2ffca-2fb3-4bcc-922b-bb95682d8d89-0
00:16:12.480 --> 00:16:15.920
And so we use three aspects of climate
justice theory in this paper.

90aeb1c8-e7aa-4cbd-9352-ae1c3bcc0014-0
00:16:16.160 --> 00:16:19.909
Thinking about distribution,
the mismatch between responsibility for

90aeb1c8-e7aa-4cbd-9352-ae1c3bcc0014-1
00:16:19.909 --> 00:16:24.039
emissions and the burdens that are
falling on those who are not responsible

90aeb1c8-e7aa-4cbd-9352-ae1c3bcc0014-2
00:16:24.039 --> 00:16:24.800
for emissions.

b2f19ec4-384d-4b6c-9216-2812b6474873-0
00:16:25.160 --> 00:16:28.526
Recognition justice,
meaning acknowledging the existence

b2f19ec4-384d-4b6c-9216-2812b6474873-1
00:16:28.526 --> 00:16:32.955
rights of diverse people, diverse beings,
and the first ecologies and then

b2f19ec4-384d-4b6c-9216-2812b6474873-2
00:16:32.955 --> 00:16:36.676
procedural injustices,
which is about how the uneven political

b2f19ec4-384d-4b6c-9216-2812b6474873-3
00:16:36.676 --> 00:16:41.342
power dynamics shape responses to sea
level rise and can limit options for the

b2f19ec4-384d-4b6c-9216-2812b6474873-4
00:16:41.342 --> 00:16:44.000
strongest and most ambitious climate
action.

fc59d8a7-01b4-4f93-97f9-c26eb9ce91a2-0
00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:48.081
And the plot here is just showing how sea
level rise source from Antarctica

fc59d8a7-01b4-4f93-97f9-c26eb9ce91a2-1
00:16:48.081 --> 00:16:51.734
projected into the future,
even under a moderate emission scenario,

fc59d8a7-01b4-4f93-97f9-c26eb9ce91a2-2
00:16:51.734 --> 00:16:55.923
is going to disproportionately impact
members of the Alliance of Small Island

fc59d8a7-01b4-4f93-97f9-c26eb9ce91a2-3
00:16:55.923 --> 00:16:58.179
States,
which are all labeled on this map

fc59d8a7-01b4-4f93-97f9-c26eb9ce91a2-4
00:16:58.179 --> 00:17:00.757
disproportionately in comparison to their
very,

fc59d8a7-01b4-4f93-97f9-c26eb9ce91a2-5
00:17:00.757 --> 00:17:05.000
very low emissions contribution that they
have had over the historical period.

b2a4ce2f-d2ac-408a-ad75-34fadf1a72f7-0
00:17:05.880 --> 00:17:09.191
So we're drawing from the same justice
framework in the multispecies climate

b2a4ce2f-d2ac-408a-ad75-34fadf1a72f7-1
00:17:09.191 --> 00:17:09.880
justice chapter.

265d6899-a511-4ced-b747-970df97a4450-0
00:17:10.040 --> 00:17:10.760
Next slide, please.

f5ce69fb-3471-401b-926f-51bcb25e3e97-0
00:17:12.440 --> 00:17:17.760
So multispecies climate justice has been
an emerging sort of framework.

cc289d66-58bf-402d-a6b4-ae951e5f6c71-0
00:17:18.440 --> 00:17:21.724
And in 2021,
Checker ET al wrote a paper sort of like

cc289d66-58bf-402d-a6b4-ae951e5f6c71-1
00:17:21.724 --> 00:17:25.800
laying out the foundations of
multispecies climate justice theory.

5b1c37c9-c99a-4e85-9ec2-b3a44377484e-0
00:17:25.800 --> 00:17:29.567
And they noted 2 drawbacks in some common
climate justice framings,

5b1c37c9-c99a-4e85-9ec2-b3a44377484e-1
00:17:29.567 --> 00:17:33.666
which are that they don't include the
voices of multiple types of others,

5b1c37c9-c99a-4e85-9ec2-b3a44377484e-2
00:17:33.666 --> 00:17:37.766
so that could mean other species,
and that's what they're referring to in

5b1c37c9-c99a-4e85-9ec2-b3a44377484e-3
00:17:37.766 --> 00:17:38.319
the paper.

59041fee-e9fb-4121-8085-5dcbf5ea8d87-0
00:17:38.440 --> 00:17:42.932
And that the common climate justice
framing should also question human

59041fee-e9fb-4121-8085-5dcbf5ea8d87-1
00:17:42.932 --> 00:17:46.160
exceptionalism and the violence that it
can enact.

f3ea651e-4696-4820-bf92-40b735d0c223-0
00:17:46.720 --> 00:17:47.600
Next slide, please.

c85ea5d8-25bf-4564-bead-e12b4a79247a-0
00:17:48.560 --> 00:17:52.804
And so in that paper they call for this
more inclusive approach and they state,

c85ea5d8-25bf-4564-bead-e12b4a79247a-1
00:17:52.804 --> 00:17:55.139
quote,
a multi species justice lens expands

c85ea5d8-25bf-4564-bead-e12b4a79247a-2
00:17:55.139 --> 00:17:59.171
climate justice by decentering human the
human and recognizing the everyday

c85ea5d8-25bf-4564-bead-e12b4a79247a-3
00:17:59.171 --> 00:18:03.098
interactions that bind individuals and
societies to networks of close and

c85ea5d8-25bf-4564-bead-e12b4a79247a-4
00:18:03.098 --> 00:18:05.910
distant others,
including other people and more than

c85ea5d8-25bf-4564-bead-e12b4a79247a-5
00:18:05.910 --> 00:18:06.599
human beings.

89f778f7-5eed-4aee-8de9-f966228dcda8-0
00:18:06.880 --> 00:18:11.500
And they stress throughout this paper
that they do not mean to like,

89f778f7-5eed-4aee-8de9-f966228dcda8-1
00:18:11.500 --> 00:18:15.920
decenter the ways that climate justice
must be applied to humans.

3411cfcc-5cb6-425c-a564-1a22ee81264b-0
00:18:16.080 --> 00:18:21.139
But they want to not decenter,
but expand and have human climate justice

3411cfcc-5cb6-425c-a564-1a22ee81264b-1
00:18:21.139 --> 00:18:26.268
and more than human climate justice be
integrated together so that we are

3411cfcc-5cb6-425c-a564-1a22ee81264b-2
00:18:26.268 --> 00:18:31.120
thinking about humans and the more than
human world at the same time.

6bd8a8db-02c7-4742-ad4e-7402799c589a-0
00:18:31.440 --> 00:18:32.280
Next slide, please.

579a9cb4-926d-4fae-95ec-4637bc59c7dd-0
00:18:34.200 --> 00:18:38.920
And I also just want to shout out this
very excellent artistic piece.

157454ee-ec20-48d2-8680-ea6b4624cb89-0
00:18:39.320 --> 00:18:43.080
It's a multipedia storytelling project on
multispecies climate justice.

1d2a8dc9-d339-4dc4-8848-59f308a8a0d1-0
00:18:43.080 --> 00:18:46.520
It's done by some friends of mine that is
an artist collective in Romania.

fa79de15-67a7-484c-8268-eea6329be69a-0
00:18:46.520 --> 00:18:50.979
It's called We Fly, We Crawl, We Swim,
and it's just a really beautiful film

fa79de15-67a7-484c-8268-eea6329be69a-1
00:18:50.979 --> 00:18:52.080
about this concept.

328b7df4-f360-4445-916b-43357af3e0d2-0
00:18:52.080 --> 00:18:54.160
So I highly recommend everyone check it
out.

51a01c29-e6ea-4a25-ade9-9449122fa553-0
00:18:54.560 --> 00:18:55.160
Next slide, please.

3d29e438-2b50-4df8-a107-020626575325-0
00:18:56.920 --> 00:18:59.697
OK,
so getting into the three main portions

3d29e438-2b50-4df8-a107-020626575325-1
00:18:59.697 --> 00:19:00.960
of our chapter here.

bdc1a1a1-add7-4f35-b6e1-10b3b5ee09fd-0
00:19:00.960 --> 00:19:05.400
So we start with the distribution aspect
of it.

7e9d0fe8-e0a4-4c67-912a-021dc8793b94-0
00:19:05.400 --> 00:19:09.623
So distributive justice would be even
distributions of burdens and benefits in

7e9d0fe8-e0a4-4c67-912a-021dc8793b94-1
00:19:09.623 --> 00:19:10.960
any particular situation.

4624db18-11b1-45e6-b826-c76b263bf5ad-0
00:19:11.360 --> 00:19:14.551
And when we think about the injustices of
sea level rise,

4624db18-11b1-45e6-b826-c76b263bf5ad-1
00:19:14.551 --> 00:19:18.458
wealthy and powerful humans have driven
greenhouse gas pollution while

4624db18-11b1-45e6-b826-c76b263bf5ad-2
00:19:18.458 --> 00:19:22.639
systematically marginalized humans and
more than human communities bear the

4624db18-11b1-45e6-b826-c76b263bf5ad-3
00:19:22.639 --> 00:19:23.080
burdens.

a6d6da06-0bfa-4265-ba88-3460592a5aa3-0
00:19:23.240 --> 00:19:27.680
So there is a mismatch in the
distribution of burdens and benefits here.

189abc9c-1681-4257-afb0-5d2fd04127f1-0
00:19:28.600 --> 00:19:32.091
Benefits meaning like, you know,
corporations that are making a lot of

189abc9c-1681-4257-afb0-5d2fd04127f1-1
00:19:32.091 --> 00:19:34.501
money from greenhouse gas pollution and
burdens,

189abc9c-1681-4257-afb0-5d2fd04127f1-2
00:19:34.501 --> 00:19:37.600
obviously meaning flooding and inundation
from sea level rise.

af951451-7ad1-479d-bcde-6f292be8fca4-0
00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:38.680
Next slide, please.

e425b7dd-3bf9-49f4-9882-166477c5bd3c-0
00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:43.204
So this is all drawing from the
systematic literature review,

e425b7dd-3bf9-49f4-9882-166477c5bd3c-1
00:19:43.204 --> 00:19:47.288
and these are some examples that we found
when we were looking at all the peer

e425b7dd-3bf9-49f4-9882-166477c5bd3c-2
00:19:47.288 --> 00:19:51.320
reviewed literature on how animals are
impacted by speech, by sea level rise.

bf17a258-a407-4426-a619-f17ace89f0c9-0
00:19:52.120 --> 00:19:56.330
This first example is taking a bit of a
paleoclimate view and thinking about

bf17a258-a407-4426-a619-f17ace89f0c9-1
00:19:56.330 --> 00:19:58.080
what's happening at present day.

4970cc47-889f-4d67-bbd9-8d150a9eace6-0
00:19:58.280 --> 00:20:00.320
So this is the case of the African
Penguin.

116152fe-3b3e-4f5b-a010-177b3ef6cf6c-0
00:20:00.640 --> 00:20:06.440
African Penguins live off of the coast of
South Africa on islands that are around.

76baa314-d968-4d2a-9565-d560603c2139-0
00:20:07.600 --> 00:20:11.947
Around that southern region and the
African Penguin experienced detrimental

76baa314-d968-4d2a-9565-d560603c2139-1
00:20:11.947 --> 00:20:16.409
population declines as a result of the
sea level rise that occurred following

76baa314-d968-4d2a-9565-d560603c2139-2
00:20:16.409 --> 00:20:17.840
the last glacial maximum.

e4fefea4-abdc-49b8-a8d4-d306874d541d-0
00:20:18.320 --> 00:20:23.060
And so these plots are showing from 22,
000 years ago on the left hand side to

e4fefea4-abdc-49b8-a8d4-d306874d541d-1
00:20:23.060 --> 00:20:27.560
present day on the right hand side,
where the top panel is showing how sea

e4fefea4-abdc-49b8-a8d4-d306874d541d-2
00:20:27.560 --> 00:20:30.440
level rose as the last sea glaciation
occurred.

63a04db8-477c-4b55-8b0e-8b7b39882ceb-0
00:20:30.680 --> 00:20:35.144
And then the second panel is showing how
island area started to decline as sea

63a04db8-477c-4b55-8b0e-8b7b39882ceb-1
00:20:35.144 --> 00:20:39.440
levels rose because those islands were
becoming more permanently inundated.

d7edd905-4281-42d6-807b-b25ca71250d8-0
00:20:39.680 --> 00:20:44.520
And the third panel shows the population
of the African Penguins declined

d7edd905-4281-42d6-807b-b25ca71250d8-1
00:20:44.520 --> 00:20:49.360
significantly as sea level started to
rise following the last glaciation.

1f246cea-04cd-4a2b-aa14-5553b7d86f1b-0
00:20:50.040 --> 00:20:54.453
And so they had significant population
impacts due to sea level rise,

1f246cea-04cd-4a2b-aa14-5553b7d86f1b-1
00:20:54.453 --> 00:20:59.686
but a portion of the population was able
to survive and adapt and they did that by

1f246cea-04cd-4a2b-aa14-5553b7d86f1b-2
00:20:59.686 --> 00:21:01.199
moving to other islands.

96d48d1d-a1e0-4058-bb31-80bca56c7e64-0
00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:07.172
So they sort of redispersed amongst the
islands that were still available to them

96d48d1d-a1e0-4058-bb31-80bca56c7e64-1
00:21:07.172 --> 00:21:09.200
as sea level started to rise.

77acf6d3-7ad3-4a39-9e8b-ce54d1aaa3aa-0
00:21:09.360 --> 00:21:13.586
But now at present day,
they are vulnerable to the current sea

77acf6d3-7ad3-4a39-9e8b-ce54d1aaa3aa-1
00:21:13.586 --> 00:21:18.282
level rise and also to other stresses
like attacks from outdoor cats,

77acf6d3-7ad3-4a39-9e8b-ce54d1aaa3aa-2
00:21:18.282 --> 00:21:19.960
other types of pollution.

8670a78c-e9c9-482e-bfb0-0ca0ecc48517-0
00:21:20.120 --> 00:21:22.680
And so those impacts also have to be
taken into account.

01379f2f-3cad-4efc-9dd8-290cf25cca5a-0
00:21:22.680 --> 00:21:27.540
And so the moral of this story is that
resilience of a population of a species

01379f2f-3cad-4efc-9dd8-290cf25cca5a-1
00:21:27.540 --> 00:21:31.846
to pass sea level change does not
guarantee resilience to present and

01379f2f-3cad-4efc-9dd8-290cf25cca5a-2
00:21:31.846 --> 00:21:33.200
future sea level rise.

75d91057-3392-476e-bba6-2d5cd3a78d2d-0
00:21:33.440 --> 00:21:38.478
Adaptation assistance may need be needed
in cases like this and other conservation

75d91057-3392-476e-bba6-2d5cd3a78d2d-1
00:21:38.478 --> 00:21:42.120
efforts to try to safeguard the African
Penguin population.

312ed9ab-d936-4d3a-aa15-10a3ead26155-0
00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:43.280
Next slide please.

34b2d602-1c00-4208-bf98-f8a2c78edbde-0
00:21:45.560 --> 00:21:50.440
Other distributive impacts that we found
were around solidification of freshwater.

866c63e8-c671-4c24-8500-787bec49870c-0
00:21:50.440 --> 00:21:51.880
And so these are two examples.

95fed607-7b0d-485c-9ec3-99d5fa383fe4-0
00:21:51.880 --> 00:21:57.328
The first being the Mellenbarb fish,
which lives in rivers in South India and

95fed607-7b0d-485c-9ec3-99d5fa383fe4-1
00:21:57.328 --> 00:22:01.520
they experience high levels of stress
from rising salinity.

a1591b9d-4cb3-4e3c-bad1-ec1f759be318-0
00:22:01.520 --> 00:22:06.490
So they start to experience respiratory
dysfunction and various types of

a1591b9d-4cb3-4e3c-bad1-ec1f759be318-1
00:22:06.490 --> 00:22:11.120
physiological stress that can lead to
death of the melon Barb fish.

1588136c-af7e-4566-b1b3-f2851c210116-0
00:22:11.480 --> 00:22:15.414
And another example was saltwater
crocodiles, which, you know,

1588136c-af7e-4566-b1b3-f2851c210116-1
00:22:15.414 --> 00:22:20.535
the name implies that they are adapted to
evolve to be able to live in saltwater,

1588136c-af7e-4566-b1b3-f2851c210116-2
00:22:20.535 --> 00:22:25.718
but they also rely on freshwater swamps,
and those are especially important during

1588136c-af7e-4566-b1b3-f2851c210116-3
00:22:25.718 --> 00:22:27.280
their reproductive cycle.

e2acc7f2-c1b7-475e-9e91-0736a2d02cfe-0
00:22:27.440 --> 00:22:30.720
So they need freshwater swamps for
breeding and nesting.

21522000-c408-4fb6-8c1f-30e310d147ea-0
00:22:31.040 --> 00:22:35.160
But those freshwater swamps are
increasingly being threatened by sea

21522000-c408-4fb6-8c1f-30e310d147ea-1
00:22:35.160 --> 00:22:39.640
level rise as that salty ocean water
starts to grade the freshwater swamp.

2894ee45-e3b2-47ce-b4c8-1ee17cc971ab-0
00:22:40.080 --> 00:22:44.920
And the salinity intrusion is impacting
population numbers currently.

7cbaae30-8fc5-4abf-be8b-8c32a7477bac-0
00:22:45.640 --> 00:22:50.150
So those are two examples of how
solidification is impacting more than

7cbaae30-8fc5-4abf-be8b-8c32a7477bac-1
00:22:50.150 --> 00:22:51.040
human animals.

379b0343-2390-4c28-9239-d8c78423ac55-0
00:22:51.040 --> 00:22:51.880
Next slide, please.

7f85d691-7401-45bd-9ef5-7a92f1df3e6d-0
00:22:54.520 --> 00:22:58.692
Another thing that came up a lot in our
systematic literature review was the

7f85d691-7401-45bd-9ef5-7a92f1df3e6d-1
00:22:58.692 --> 00:23:02.160
importance of how sea level rise is
impacting migration routes.

645b6370-5605-41da-a3c5-3bc21102c145-0
00:23:02.320 --> 00:23:06.740
So the way the animals use space can
change throughout the year and especially

645b6370-5605-41da-a3c5-3bc21102c145-1
00:23:06.740 --> 00:23:09.426
for species that have long distance
migrations,

645b6370-5605-41da-a3c5-3bc21102c145-2
00:23:09.426 --> 00:23:13.120
they're particularly vulnerable to the
impacts of sea level rise.

203ef237-fdd8-42fe-8e13-4f9e0aad9194-0
00:23:13.400 --> 00:23:16.547
So this is looking at the Asian
Australasian Flyway,

203ef237-fdd8-42fe-8e13-4f9e0aad9194-1
00:23:16.547 --> 00:23:21.120
which is a particularly important region
in the Pacific for migratory birds.

1307abaa-7e8e-4907-8ec1-e4d74a0b2dc6-0
00:23:21.480 --> 00:23:26.600
And along their flyway route are many,
many islands.

d89e8caa-f62d-4209-af9a-9de80aa3f693-0
00:23:26.640 --> 00:23:30.835
And so each of those stopover points that
is used by a particular species,

d89e8caa-f62d-4209-af9a-9de80aa3f693-1
00:23:30.835 --> 00:23:34.640
they have to be able to rest and they
have to be able to find food.

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-0
00:23:34.960 --> 00:23:39.103
But as some of those islands start to be
impacted by sea level rise,

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-1
00:23:39.103 --> 00:23:42.766
and as some of them could even become
permanently inundated,

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-2
00:23:42.766 --> 00:23:45.708
they can no longer be effective stopover
points,

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-3
00:23:45.708 --> 00:23:50.272
which forces the population to change
their migration routes or forces into

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-4
00:23:50.272 --> 00:23:54.595
bottleneck points where a large
percentage of the population might have

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-5
00:23:54.595 --> 00:23:59.219
to pass through 1 remaining island
stopover point space in a particular area

27250512-0598-4851-aaaf-084bfc343cd8-6
00:23:59.219 --> 00:23:59.880
as they go.

6e46bbd7-820c-4589-9e54-75987f2c2282-0
00:24:00.280 --> 00:24:05.016
And so this study from Ewamura ET All and
several other studies showed that long

6e46bbd7-820c-4589-9e54-75987f2c2282-1
00:24:05.016 --> 00:24:09.753
distance migratory shore birds can have
significant population reductions as sea

6e46bbd7-820c-4589-9e54-75987f2c2282-2
00:24:09.753 --> 00:24:13.319
level rise starts to impact their
migratory stopover points.

2d62b8b2-32c4-48d7-a7d2-61adad400c50-0
00:24:13.880 --> 00:24:14.760
Next slide please.

122118ed-744e-4904-969f-fc71ccc4f25e-0
00:24:16.600 --> 00:24:22.256
And along this idea of of island stopover
points and island impacts,

122118ed-744e-4904-969f-fc71ccc4f25e-1
00:24:22.256 --> 00:24:24.880
atolls are particularly at risk.

19289712-585c-4e1a-9b39-83f8eff83202-0
00:24:24.880 --> 00:24:31.975
So atolls are very low lying islands that
are created from former volcanic calderas

19289712-585c-4e1a-9b39-83f8eff83202-1
00:24:31.975 --> 00:24:38.395
and they are have elevations that can Max
out at like 10, 10 feet, so very,

19289712-585c-4e1a-9b39-83f8eff83202-2
00:24:38.395 --> 00:24:39.240
very flat.

3bf34a0f-c53a-43f8-9067-0ee9adb02efb-0
00:24:39.440 --> 00:24:44.090
And they also have freshwater lenses
which are their source of freshwater and

3bf34a0f-c53a-43f8-9067-0ee9adb02efb-1
00:24:44.090 --> 00:24:45.640
so particularly important.

82c2c521-60ee-413c-93fa-ba07ca098e24-0
00:24:45.640 --> 00:24:48.200
And so atolls are at risk for permanent
inundation.

8ac0d1cc-3e01-42f0-850a-422fcbd2503e-0
00:24:48.200 --> 00:24:51.582
But even before permanent inundation
occurs,

8ac0d1cc-3e01-42f0-850a-422fcbd2503e-1
00:24:51.582 --> 00:24:57.672
that salinity intrusion and also storm
surge impacts can impact populations that

8ac0d1cc-3e01-42f0-850a-422fcbd2503e-2
00:24:57.672 --> 00:24:58.800
live in atolls.

a04e9726-1570-4d61-8cc2-8b8520d7bb26-0
00:24:58.960 --> 00:24:59.800
Next slide, please.

8846628f-0608-48d6-82de-4efb88b794c9-0
00:25:01.520 --> 00:25:05.994
And extreme sea level events,
which are from storm surge flooding

8846628f-0608-48d6-82de-4efb88b794c9-1
00:25:05.994 --> 00:25:09.520
usually can cause particularly
detrimental impacts.

74887e2a-2091-4601-875b-1b481611a3bc-0
00:25:09.520 --> 00:25:12.600
So there's the mean sea level,
there's the high tide and low tide.

98105bf0-1e5b-4e59-80fd-c90b8918c2ca-0
00:25:12.880 --> 00:25:18.038
And then when a tropical cyclone comes in,
there's also the storm surge as the storm

98105bf0-1e5b-4e59-80fd-c90b8918c2ca-1
00:25:18.038 --> 00:25:19.920
pushes water up onto the shore.

d8467866-2cce-4047-ac47-01b89cbe0a48-0
00:25:20.080 --> 00:25:23.240
And if storm surge happens to occur
during a high tide,

d8467866-2cce-4047-ac47-01b89cbe0a48-1
00:25:23.240 --> 00:25:25.160
then you have even higher impacts.

d2de34dd-9fc2-4990-9b50-433a9d9e8d0e-0
00:25:25.160 --> 00:25:27.616
And as the average sea level starts to
rise,

d2de34dd-9fc2-4990-9b50-433a9d9e8d0e-1
00:25:27.616 --> 00:25:29.800
all of these things get worse and worse.

f5725d57-5471-422e-b27d-04f5f90c082e-0
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:32.901
And then simultaneous to a stream extreme
sea level event,

f5725d57-5471-422e-b27d-04f5f90c082e-1
00:25:32.901 --> 00:25:35.360
you also have heavy precipitation and
high winds.

512635ce-af7f-4a8c-93d4-55f918cf2819-0
00:25:35.480 --> 00:25:40.160
So these are particularly difficult,
difficult things to deal with.

ca8d1d4d-5d9f-41ee-9938-7f42d2571dd5-0
00:25:40.240 --> 00:25:41.200
Next slide please.

c2bae627-ee55-41fb-a5d0-ba38b951907f-0
00:25:42.680 --> 00:25:47.232
And to give an example of how storm surge
flooding impacts animal communities,

c2bae627-ee55-41fb-a5d0-ba38b951907f-1
00:25:47.232 --> 00:25:49.480
this is the flying foxes of Micronesia.

945f992a-fac9-4ee7-86cc-7a94f58fcbc8-0
00:25:49.480 --> 00:25:53.960
So Micronesia is in the Pacific,
sort of near the Philippines alongside

945f992a-fac9-4ee7-86cc-7a94f58fcbc8-1
00:25:53.960 --> 00:25:55.080
the coast of Asia.

fa5706f6-e3dd-45a3-b2d5-8b3d99de9562-0
00:25:55.360 --> 00:26:01.021
And the flying foxes are starting to
experience impacts to their roosting

fa5706f6-e3dd-45a3-b2d5-8b3d99de9562-1
00:26:01.021 --> 00:26:01.480
sites.

8355f0a3-62ba-4bd9-873c-da4c2e280fb2-0
00:26:01.480 --> 00:26:06.600
They rely on breadfruit trees as one of
their primary food sources and also for

8355f0a3-62ba-4bd9-873c-da4c2e280fb2-1
00:26:06.600 --> 00:26:07.560
roosting sites.

ef9048d2-4310-4e4e-a4cc-4357ab953489-0
00:26:07.920 --> 00:26:12.360
And the breadfruit trees are being
impacted by repeated storm surge flooding.

51430747-1166-4b55-a81a-afe35c381be0-0
00:26:12.360 --> 00:26:16.420
And over the long term,
the flying foxes are projected to

51430747-1166-4b55-a81a-afe35c381be0-1
00:26:16.420 --> 00:26:22.090
experience significant habitat loss as
all of these situations start to start to

51430747-1166-4b55-a81a-afe35c381be0-2
00:26:22.090 --> 00:26:25.800
deteriorate and the apples are already so
low lying.

58873406-77cf-4226-96fd-e9604ce35dbe-0
00:26:26.280 --> 00:26:30.040
So this is a particularly difficult type
of situation to deal with.

1a9549ee-498b-4b65-8f8e-ae106ca3900b-0
00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:31.240
Next slide, please.

32d0c32d-600f-4922-9516-495ce22e1aa2-0
00:26:33.520 --> 00:26:38.270
And then some other impacts that came up
through the systematic literature review

32d0c32d-600f-4922-9516-495ce22e1aa2-1
00:26:38.270 --> 00:26:43.078
are storm surge flooding as it impacts a
very small species that live really close

32d0c32d-600f-4922-9516-495ce22e1aa2-2
00:26:43.078 --> 00:26:45.280
to coastal areas and don't travel far.

d335730c-a263-4a92-a690-9dd829ec48a5-0
00:26:46.640 --> 00:26:51.343
And these are three different coastal
species that we found were impacted,

d335730c-a263-4a92-a690-9dd829ec48a5-1
00:26:51.343 --> 00:26:55.294
the Florida Moleskink,
the Alabama beach mouse and the Florida

d335730c-a263-4a92-a690-9dd829ec48a5-2
00:26:55.294 --> 00:26:58.618
reef gecko,
all of which are at risk from widespread

d335730c-a263-4a92-a690-9dd829ec48a5-3
00:26:58.618 --> 00:27:01.880
habitat inundation during strong tropical
cyclones.

66e7dea3-a70a-41cd-be06-381c412042bd-0
00:27:02.520 --> 00:27:03.240
Next slide please.

68c1ad98-63b7-4356-b352-5aa38dae31d2-0
00:27:05.480 --> 00:27:10.200
And one impact that we were not expecting
to find was rocky Cliff collapse.

a8e88e2f-c03e-4998-b6c4-4186b4abdec9-0
00:27:10.200 --> 00:27:12.400
And so this was an impact of erosion.

89d3f964-1fcc-423c-8605-ba3e56b9f843-0
00:27:12.400 --> 00:27:18.058
We found this study looking at green sea
turtles in the Red Sea off the in on the

89d3f964-1fcc-423c-8605-ba3e56b9f843-1
00:27:18.058 --> 00:27:20.680
coastal the coastline of Saudi Arabia.

7c75a2da-a3e6-4948-9b88-281691eb261c-0
00:27:21.880 --> 00:27:27.050
The turtles come on shore to nest,
but as erosion is impacting the rocky

7c75a2da-a3e6-4948-9b88-281691eb261c-1
00:27:27.050 --> 00:27:31.370
areas around the coast near where they're
nesting sites are,

7c75a2da-a3e6-4948-9b88-281691eb261c-2
00:27:31.370 --> 00:27:36.611
they found that there was significant
turtle mortality due to rocky Cliff

7c75a2da-a3e6-4948-9b88-281691eb261c-3
00:27:36.611 --> 00:27:37.320
collapses.

3129ed58-30d5-4ad7-88e3-a084388ffa2c-0
00:27:37.520 --> 00:27:40.795
And so this was an impact of sea level
rise that we had not even expected to

3129ed58-30d5-4ad7-88e3-a084388ffa2c-1
00:27:40.795 --> 00:27:43.560
find when we started out doing the
systematic literature review.

ec2d3909-c62e-40f7-9642-de20c24151aa-0
00:27:44.360 --> 00:27:45.160
Next slide, please.

7c07e069-1930-4026-b36e-5629ff8a7370-0
00:27:47.040 --> 00:27:49.440
So moving from distribution to
recognition.

497c5616-3185-4bdb-8947-959bfcdaf3fa-0
00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:53.802
So researching these impacts of sea level
rise on animal communities is

497c5616-3185-4bdb-8947-959bfcdaf3fa-1
00:27:53.802 --> 00:27:57.680
particularly important so that we
understand what is occurring.

bfded69c-3cc2-4b67-a388-6c55895c7346-0
00:27:58.280 --> 00:28:01.607
But within the conservation literature
more broadly,

bfded69c-3cc2-4b67-a388-6c55895c7346-1
00:28:01.607 --> 00:28:06.755
we also wanted to point out that there is
like unevenness in who gets studied and

bfded69c-3cc2-4b67-a388-6c55895c7346-2
00:28:06.755 --> 00:28:08.199
where they get studied.

c27412ce-1338-4ca3-a95a-ecdc76e1643e-0
00:28:08.480 --> 00:28:11.814
So within the conservation literature
broadly,

c27412ce-1338-4ca3-a95a-ecdc76e1643e-1
00:28:11.814 --> 00:28:15.716
there's an under representation of insect
communities,

c27412ce-1338-4ca3-a95a-ecdc76e1643e-2
00:28:15.716 --> 00:28:18.200
of amphibians and of invertebrates.

fb1b4553-c9fa-48a0-a431-38ce71301a8a-0
00:28:18.560 --> 00:28:22.927
And there's also a geographic bias in the
literature where there's relatively few

fb1b4553-c9fa-48a0-a431-38ce71301a8a-1
00:28:22.927 --> 00:28:27.188
studies from Africa and South Asia and
more studies that have occurred in North

fb1b4553-c9fa-48a0-a431-38ce71301a8a-2
00:28:27.188 --> 00:28:29.000
and Central America and in Europe.

9f972b94-6503-4d76-963b-50147f773b23-0
00:28:29.520 --> 00:28:35.525
But we also want to point out that the
conservation literature also shows that

9f972b94-6503-4d76-963b-50147f773b23-1
00:28:35.525 --> 00:28:40.923
study alone is insufficient for enacting
for for ensuring survival and

9f972b94-6503-4d76-963b-50147f773b23-2
00:28:40.923 --> 00:28:42.520
conservation success.

9a16a1b8-bb20-46b5-a615-a74598be9023-0
00:28:42.720 --> 00:28:46.727
So one example being that marine
invertebrates are understudied,

9a16a1b8-bb20-46b5-a615-a74598be9023-1
00:28:46.727 --> 00:28:51.350
but marine vertebrates like sea turtles
that are studied remain threatened

9a16a1b8-bb20-46b5-a615-a74598be9023-2
00:28:51.350 --> 00:28:54.680
despite the tension,
the attention that they receive.

3ad14a8e-c681-411e-833d-efadce9868fb-0
00:28:55.120 --> 00:28:56.080
So next slide, please.

0bb4d2a0-1116-422a-9186-eab918813eb6-0
00:28:57.800 --> 00:29:01.000
So recognition is a piece of the puzzle.

41761e95-ab0d-466e-b5bd-070519f8f8ee-0
00:29:01.000 --> 00:29:04.672
Recognition,
justice means respecting the existence

41761e95-ab0d-466e-b5bd-070519f8f8ee-1
00:29:04.672 --> 00:29:08.840
rights of all, everyone,
all living beings and shorelines.

69ba4903-c78b-4871-8d09-84a68c89dbbe-0
00:29:08.840 --> 00:29:11.660
As we started to think about this
research,

69ba4903-c78b-4871-8d09-84a68c89dbbe-1
00:29:11.660 --> 00:29:16.595
we were thinking about the concept of
sacrifice zones and how shorelines can

69ba4903-c78b-4871-8d09-84a68c89dbbe-2
00:29:16.595 --> 00:29:21.786
run the risk of becoming sacrifice zones
to sea level rise and the importance of

69ba4903-c78b-4871-8d09-84a68c89dbbe-3
00:29:21.786 --> 00:29:26.529
recognizing that coastal space and the
need to preserve the safety of all

69ba4903-c78b-4871-8d09-84a68c89dbbe-4
00:29:26.529 --> 00:29:29.478
inhabitants,
human and more than human alike,

69ba4903-c78b-4871-8d09-84a68c89dbbe-5
00:29:29.478 --> 00:29:30.760
in the coastal zone.

3be7786e-0011-4ffc-b8b5-d2f478198676-0
00:29:31.040 --> 00:29:31.840
Next slide, please.

8ba08469-e745-4855-ad90-889a993abb41-0
00:29:33.800 --> 00:29:36.402
So in the recognition justice section of
the paper,

8ba08469-e745-4855-ad90-889a993abb41-1
00:29:36.402 --> 00:29:40.157
we concentrate on the case study of the
first documented extinction due to

8ba08469-e745-4855-ad90-889a993abb41-2
00:29:40.157 --> 00:29:42.759
climate change which occurred in the
Torres Strait.

7f343ff4-6c9e-4342-b9db-325b2f94718c-0
00:29:42.760 --> 00:29:50.280
So the Torres Strait is this marine area
between Papua New Guinea and Australia.

472f5d5b-0866-4040-b1ca-cdcf930c44be-0
00:29:50.520 --> 00:29:55.040
And the part that's labeled in red is
Mazam Kaur, also known as Bramble Cay.

16cf978e-7d26-43a6-b158-5fc4c94dddd2-0
00:29:55.320 --> 00:29:58.655
This is so this region is called the
Torres Strait,

16cf978e-7d26-43a6-b158-5fc4c94dddd2-1
00:29:58.655 --> 00:30:02.440
and that Mazam Kaur is an island within
the Torres Strait.

0ba71656-7ca2-4717-9260-867009e458aa-0
00:30:03.200 --> 00:30:07.268
It's the area is inhabited by the
Indigenous Torres Strait Islanders,

0ba71656-7ca2-4717-9260-867009e458aa-1
00:30:07.268 --> 00:30:11.452
but it is administered politically by
Australia and it's an area that's

0ba71656-7ca2-4717-9260-867009e458aa-2
00:30:11.452 --> 00:30:14.358
experiencing really high rates of sea
level rise,

0ba71656-7ca2-4717-9260-867009e458aa-3
00:30:14.358 --> 00:30:16.159
higher than the global average.

45bf5cde-983c-4274-96bc-8e6d0b220ae3-0
00:30:16.160 --> 00:30:20.840
So more like 6mm per year versus the
current average of 4mm per year.

9ae8e12f-ea03-4358-833a-50b7d7a8fd04-0
00:30:20.840 --> 00:30:25.966
So this shows the importance of taking
into account regional variability in the

9ae8e12f-ea03-4358-833a-50b7d7a8fd04-1
00:30:25.966 --> 00:30:27.440
sea level rise impacts.

f49bf12e-95c5-4b08-a32b-1a0135a1d5be-0
00:30:27.800 --> 00:30:28.720
Next slide, please.

87cc5f5c-3354-4c09-9822-0dd79079d11e-0
00:30:30.440 --> 00:30:35.602
And so the Mazum Cower Mukis is was a
small rodent that is also known as the

87cc5f5c-3354-4c09-9822-0dd79079d11e-1
00:30:35.602 --> 00:30:37.480
Bramble Cay Malonis melonus.

84736fcf-1cd2-4157-9cff-92e8037138b2-0
00:30:37.880 --> 00:30:43.830
They lived exclusively on that Mazum
Cower island and there were several 100

84736fcf-1cd2-4157-9cff-92e8037138b2-1
00:30:43.830 --> 00:30:48.080
individuals of the Mukis that were alive
in the 1970s.

799b862d-d368-483f-a1b1-e98af9ba1ece-0
00:30:48.080 --> 00:30:51.720
Conservation biologists documented them
at that time.

ce2a9f2f-1440-49ca-9352-3d13f409619c-0
00:30:51.720 --> 00:30:54.600
The Torres Strait Islanders documented
them at that time.

50621c0a-e313-4ea1-9b62-ec54f0046091-0
00:30:54.840 --> 00:30:58.418
And by 2004,
there was only a couple dozen individuals

50621c0a-e313-4ea1-9b62-ec54f0046091-1
00:30:58.418 --> 00:30:59.720
of the species left.

7108ccd2-9fd4-4117-afe1-46a2c8a4a793-0
00:31:00.200 --> 00:31:03.906
And the reason for that was repeated
storm surge, flooding,

7108ccd2-9fd4-4117-afe1-46a2c8a4a793-1
00:31:03.906 --> 00:31:05.760
erosion and salinity stresses.

e22daa3a-e046-48dc-b5da-246add64935b-0
00:31:06.120 --> 00:31:12.580
And that that combination of factors led
to the decline of 97% of the island's

e22daa3a-e046-48dc-b5da-246add64935b-1
00:31:12.580 --> 00:31:13.480
vegetation.

aa12eaa7-ed58-4b1c-b5c1-6194f1a305d5-0
00:31:14.120 --> 00:31:17.933
The vegetation is important because the
Mookie needed it for both food and for

aa12eaa7-ed58-4b1c-b5c1-6194f1a305d5-1
00:31:17.933 --> 00:31:18.320
shelter.

d0a41e33-4f5c-4415-b5fb-3edf88f4acff-0
00:31:18.520 --> 00:31:22.560
So as the vegetation started decline,
the Mookie started to decline.

78d59f46-5b02-4fe2-be6e-97a7160e8e6f-0
00:31:22.560 --> 00:31:26.320
And that shows that relationality between
animal and plant communities.

8d92ec38-ae30-47c8-983c-e4424171c958-0
00:31:26.680 --> 00:31:27.480
Next slide, please.

03b821a9-5768-4dbc-91c4-e26186322340-0
00:31:29.120 --> 00:31:33.137
And so a recovery plan was drafted
because clearly this was something that

03b821a9-5768-4dbc-91c4-e26186322340-1
00:31:33.137 --> 00:31:37.261
was recognized that was happening,
that there was a steep population decline

03b821a9-5768-4dbc-91c4-e26186322340-2
00:31:37.261 --> 00:31:38.440
due to sea level rise.

531a0eaf-40d9-4231-8e52-e92e7610d2f5-0
00:31:38.720 --> 00:31:42.320
But our recovery plan was never put into
action.

158f0c26-6d73-409f-9a5a-27489c246bc5-0
00:31:42.320 --> 00:31:46.295
So a conservation,
A conservation action plan that just

158f0c26-6d73-409f-9a5a-27489c246bc5-1
00:31:46.295 --> 00:31:47.360
wasn't enacted.

b2312483-71f0-415d-ac85-438f03688c20-0
00:31:47.760 --> 00:31:51.060
And ultimately the mookies was declared
extinct in 2016,

b2312483-71f0-415d-ac85-438f03688c20-1
00:31:51.060 --> 00:31:55.229
but the last individuals probably
perished before that sometime between

b2312483-71f0-415d-ac85-438f03688c20-2
00:31:55.229 --> 00:31:56.040
2009 and 2014.

1a62d0e7-3774-4c5b-ab05-ce6375970a93-0
00:31:56.600 --> 00:31:57.440
Next slide please.

aeedaa18-76d0-45a1-9d19-5ffc063f74e5-0
00:31:58.680 --> 00:32:01.260
And when we talked about this in the
paper,

aeedaa18-76d0-45a1-9d19-5ffc063f74e5-1
00:32:01.260 --> 00:32:04.075
we drew a little bit from Brett Blanche
Burley,

aeedaa18-76d0-45a1-9d19-5ffc063f74e5-2
00:32:04.075 --> 00:32:08.708
who is a multi species climate justice
scholar who wrote a paper in 2022 about

aeedaa18-76d0-45a1-9d19-5ffc063f74e5-3
00:32:08.708 --> 00:32:12.520
aspirational climate justice aspiration,
meaning like breathing.

6a7a0ae2-bdd8-4a78-9f23-8c220d0f8bcb-0
00:32:12.720 --> 00:32:16.096
And she conceptualizes in the paper
breathing as a process,

6a7a0ae2-bdd8-4a78-9f23-8c220d0f8bcb-1
00:32:16.096 --> 00:32:20.486
being relational between polluters,
those rendered vulnerable and the climate

6a7a0ae2-bdd8-4a78-9f23-8c220d0f8bcb-2
00:32:20.486 --> 00:32:20.879
itself.

c95991a6-b142-412e-98b8-5b08a856fe13-0
00:32:21.240 --> 00:32:25.432
And so when we were thinking about what
the Mukhis had experienced,

c95991a6-b142-412e-98b8-5b08a856fe13-1
00:32:25.432 --> 00:32:30.303
many individuals drowned during storm
surge flooding events and drowning stops

c95991a6-b142-412e-98b8-5b08a856fe13-2
00:32:30.303 --> 00:32:30.920
breathing.

6bf42d71-fddc-4a4d-96c7-cd4e76a29ab0-0
00:32:31.080 --> 00:32:35.361
So it is an aspirational injustice we
claim in in our chapter due to the

6bf42d71-fddc-4a4d-96c7-cd4e76a29ab0-1
00:32:35.361 --> 00:32:40.170
greenhouse gas pollution and the lack of
recognition of the survival needs of the

6bf42d71-fddc-4a4d-96c7-cd4e76a29ab0-2
00:32:40.170 --> 00:32:40.640
mookies.

40a2fad1-0110-47f3-ba26-e0c8aa9a5a89-0
00:32:40.640 --> 00:32:44.320
And we also drew from Alexis Pauline
Gums's work in this part of the chapter.

03a7e748-c4ba-405b-b89f-629ce297800b-0
00:32:45.080 --> 00:32:48.552
Alexis Pauline Gums wrote the book on
drowned black feminist lessons from

03a7e748-c4ba-405b-b89f-629ce297800b-1
00:32:48.552 --> 00:32:51.040
marine mammals where she also talks about
breathing.

a5b007d4-10da-481b-83d2-7067c1b13d32-0
00:32:51.040 --> 00:32:52.160
And this is a quote from it.

4bc009db-c27d-4a39-a924-f70d1d9e7632-0
00:32:52.440 --> 00:32:53.720
What's the scale of breathing?

0c567b5b-1891-4e09-b44f-f9bb11cb8b01-0
00:32:53.720 --> 00:32:56.949
All animals participate in this exchange
of release for continued life,

0c567b5b-1891-4e09-b44f-f9bb11cb8b01-1
00:32:56.949 --> 00:32:58.160
but not without the plants.

207cc29f-276d-4938-a95b-b70a3ce2ac1d-0
00:32:58.360 --> 00:33:00.994
The plants in their inverse process
release what we need,

207cc29f-276d-4938-a95b-b70a3ce2ac1d-1
00:33:00.994 --> 00:33:02.720
take what we give without being asked.

a2a5e306-e85e-4c6f-b157-0df0949619c7-0
00:33:02.960 --> 00:33:06.160
And the planet wrapped in ocean breathing,
breathing into the sky.

fa06881f-a2fa-45a0-bc50-b65b849488f9-0
00:33:06.160 --> 00:33:09.887
And if the scale of breathing is
collective beyond species and sentience,

fa06881f-a2fa-45a0-bc50-b65b849488f9-1
00:33:09.887 --> 00:33:11.600
then so is the impact of drowning.

9b6661aa-8cf2-400b-9715-4778826122e7-0
00:33:11.960 --> 00:33:17.074
So we talked about this as being clearly
a climate injustice that the Mazib Kaur

9b6661aa-8cf2-400b-9715-4778826122e7-1
00:33:17.074 --> 00:33:22.000
Mukis and the entire multi species
community of the Taurus spray tortoise St.

98d9acb6-05c7-4587-9359-cfcae1da8919-0
00:33:23.200 --> 00:33:24.400
was dealing with.

c2e52359-ae2b-497b-a65a-77c19cf50d5d-0
00:33:24.640 --> 00:33:25.560
Next slide please.

4c267267-09f1-4c25-829a-132a79d684ac-0
00:33:27.240 --> 00:33:31.722
And so the Torres Strait community,
the mookies would have required

4c267267-09f1-4c25-829a-132a79d684ac-1
00:33:31.722 --> 00:33:36.863
adaptation assistance and probably some
form of human assisted relocation and

4c267267-09f1-4c25-829a-132a79d684ac-2
00:33:36.863 --> 00:33:42.400
that required funding from the government
of Australia, which did not come through.

251887ba-ee08-488d-ae82-a757dbb5d3a2-0
00:33:43.120 --> 00:33:48.280
But the local Torres Strait Islanders had
a very they loved the mookies.

1d894363-ac75-4025-95d2-8fbba72f7e87-0
00:33:48.280 --> 00:33:51.480
It's a important part of the multi
species community.

00ff814b-182d-4199-b02a-d1f1954715ba-0
00:33:51.800 --> 00:33:55.534
And there's a local artist collective,
they are called Arab Arts,

00ff814b-182d-4199-b02a-d1f1954715ba-1
00:33:55.534 --> 00:33:59.948
and they created this artwork to draw
attention to the case of the Mukhis and

00ff814b-182d-4199-b02a-d1f1954715ba-2
00:33:59.948 --> 00:34:04.080
the need for safeguarding the remaining
inhabitants of the Torah Strait.

a8223613-2bb6-49c1-827a-5ac4ccca5cb4-0
00:34:04.080 --> 00:34:08.887
So all of this artwork are members of the
collective created it out of found

a8223613-2bb6-49c1-827a-5ac4ccca5cb4-1
00:34:08.887 --> 00:34:13.445
materials made from beach debris,
so like discarded Nets that wash up on

a8223613-2bb6-49c1-827a-5ac4ccca5cb4-2
00:34:13.445 --> 00:34:15.880
shore and other types of marine debris.

a3505ec7-b1be-4679-9c5a-08f1259377ff-0
00:34:16.400 --> 00:34:21.920
And they made these beautiful artworks,
which they have shown in many art shows.

809ce45e-e771-40a3-9b71-89791e49f206-0
00:34:21.920 --> 00:34:25.600
And they also have an Instagram page and
they share it online.

6296ed26-7157-4771-8a56-d047ffef0842-0
00:34:26.080 --> 00:34:26.880
Next slide, please.

cb905d4f-33db-4120-8ca7-b9d12b08e96b-0
00:34:28.600 --> 00:34:30.858
And this is a quote from Jimmy John's the
day,

cb905d4f-33db-4120-8ca7-b9d12b08e96b-1
00:34:30.858 --> 00:34:34.463
one of the artists in the Arab Arts
Collective where he says the Sankei is

cb905d4f-33db-4120-8ca7-b9d12b08e96b-2
00:34:34.463 --> 00:34:34.800
sacred.

3d14ef39-dffb-4785-bb41-ab594f602bcf-0
00:34:34.800 --> 00:34:37.155
For us,
the days we have to try to maintain the

3d14ef39-dffb-4785-bb41-ab594f602bcf-1
00:34:37.155 --> 00:34:40.002
bank because it's washing away since the
Milomas is gone,

3d14ef39-dffb-4785-bb41-ab594f602bcf-2
00:34:40.002 --> 00:34:42.800
the next best thing we can do is look
after the turtles.

8648f2fd-f902-434d-9f53-57b2a3e9652e-0
00:34:42.800 --> 00:34:45.480
And with climate change,
all the nests near the water are starting

8648f2fd-f902-434d-9f53-57b2a3e9652e-1
00:34:45.480 --> 00:34:45.960
to wash out.

5f73f5dd-3ddf-47f5-92e8-8a7108777473-0
00:34:46.640 --> 00:34:51.487
So using the artwork to bring attention
to the needs for multispecies climate

5f73f5dd-3ddf-47f5-92e8-8a7108777473-1
00:34:51.487 --> 00:34:54.222
justice within the Torres Strait
community,

5f73f5dd-3ddf-47f5-92e8-8a7108777473-2
00:34:54.222 --> 00:34:59.442
both for the Islanders themselves and for
the turtles and for the other inhabitants

5f73f5dd-3ddf-47f5-92e8-8a7108777473-3
00:34:59.442 --> 00:35:01.680
of the multispecies community there.

644cbcc8-ff83-404e-a8e2-0e37de7676ab-0
00:35:02.040 --> 00:35:02.760
Next slide, please.

cd3036b5-1efa-4f57-b47f-bfa72340828c-0
00:35:04.560 --> 00:35:09.070
And so the Torres Strait Islanders have
taken a lot of action in a lot of

cd3036b5-1efa-4f57-b47f-bfa72340828c-1
00:35:09.070 --> 00:35:12.240
different ways,
including through the legal system.

99829d41-e62e-411f-8d4c-4032fac3d248-0
00:35:12.240 --> 00:35:16.035
They had this case in 2022 with the
United Nations Human Rights Committee

99829d41-e62e-411f-8d4c-4032fac3d248-1
00:35:16.035 --> 00:35:20.035
where they alleged that the government of
Australia was violating their human

99829d41-e62e-411f-8d4c-4032fac3d248-2
00:35:20.035 --> 00:35:22.599
rights by continuing to produce
greenhouse gases.

5e990c84-a022-47ea-be3d-f0c127e5b342-0
00:35:22.920 --> 00:35:24.600
And this is part of the testimony.

6b2f2452-be12-44e1-bbf1-52a85535ba0a-0
00:35:24.600 --> 00:35:28.480
Keith Pabai was one of the the people in
this case.

b98afe4d-9489-4233-94de-66328929f7e4-0
00:35:28.480 --> 00:35:33.277
He is the one in the bottom right with
the purple shirt and the red,

b98afe4d-9489-4233-94de-66328929f7e4-1
00:35:33.277 --> 00:35:34.320
the red floral.

dfcfae3b-9030-456e-a4d5-5ffc1043792a-0
00:35:35.720 --> 00:35:38.800
He says I know every species of plant,
animal and wind on the island.

acc11304-f9d3-4800-b209-0b5fb40c8e21-0
00:35:38.800 --> 00:35:41.824
The way the vegetation changes,
what to harvest at different times of

acc11304-f9d3-4800-b209-0b5fb40c8e21-1
00:35:41.824 --> 00:35:42.040
year.

cc78567a-820a-4126-9ad7-2c8101f760dc-0
00:35:42.040 --> 00:35:44.440
That is the cultural inheritance that we
teach our children.

34e2cbed-36a1-4611-82a3-3fe2c249f73c-0
00:35:44.440 --> 00:35:49.468
So it was a crucial part of their them
making the case to the UN Human Rights

34e2cbed-36a1-4611-82a3-3fe2c249f73c-1
00:35:49.468 --> 00:35:54.110
Committee that they need the multi
species community and that the land,

34e2cbed-36a1-4611-82a3-3fe2c249f73c-2
00:35:54.110 --> 00:35:58.623
the animals and the people are all
integrally connected and that high

34e2cbed-36a1-4611-82a3-3fe2c249f73c-3
00:35:58.623 --> 00:36:02.039
polluters are impacting their rights to
live safely.

ba5b1056-acdc-41ea-adcc-c13fa8d6c566-0
00:36:02.040 --> 00:36:06.774
They won this case but as yet Australia
has taken insufficient action and so this

ba5b1056-acdc-41ea-adcc-c13fa8d6c566-1
00:36:06.774 --> 00:36:09.200
is seen as a huge win for climate justice.

3a66758e-0894-4b4f-bc07-d656e16bbc3d-0
00:36:09.400 --> 00:36:14.040
But the actual like implementation of the
ruling is yet to be fully realized.

4eca85b6-d276-4d0d-9c33-170883e1f9ad-0
00:36:14.120 --> 00:36:14.800
Next slide, please.

2c0df8d6-fb64-4047-a471-82e19da6e16b-0
00:36:17.040 --> 00:36:21.210
So moving from recognition to action,
so the loss of the Mazib Kaur Mukis is a

2c0df8d6-fb64-4047-a471-82e19da6e16b-1
00:36:21.210 --> 00:36:24.800
warning for the impacts of recognitional
and procedural injustices.

335f6a9c-24ee-4c54-8bf0-39886c913f1c-0
00:36:24.800 --> 00:36:28.623
There was the failure to adapt the
conservation adaptation plan which led to

335f6a9c-24ee-4c54-8bf0-39886c913f1c-1
00:36:28.623 --> 00:36:32.397
the extinction and there's also been
Australia's now failure to comply with

335f6a9c-24ee-4c54-8bf0-39886c913f1c-2
00:36:32.397 --> 00:36:34.880
the United Nations Human Rights Committee
ruling.

29c1afcc-e9b5-4bfe-8670-733255dc68d9-0
00:36:35.040 --> 00:36:37.751
And both of those are procedural
injustices,

29c1afcc-e9b5-4bfe-8670-733255dc68d9-1
00:36:37.751 --> 00:36:42.632
some sort of power differentials within
the decision making process led to there

29c1afcc-e9b5-4bfe-8670-733255dc68d9-2
00:36:42.632 --> 00:36:44.320
not being sufficient action.

753ad0d3-1a45-46aa-93d6-e24c254368ee-0
00:36:44.680 --> 00:36:49.168
And so when we think about adaptation to
sea level rise in the action that needs

753ad0d3-1a45-46aa-93d6-e24c254368ee-1
00:36:49.168 --> 00:36:51.939
to be taken,
that is a that is based in political

753ad0d3-1a45-46aa-93d6-e24c254368ee-2
00:36:51.939 --> 00:36:54.599
decisions,
whose interests are being protected?

e5a22b28-7a89-42e4-aee8-26e25c94c0dc-0
00:36:54.600 --> 00:36:57.360
What resources are available and how are
they being allocated?

ad5d588c-2d8e-489e-a6bd-d90ef41846ac-0
00:36:57.360 --> 00:36:58.920
How are these decisions being made?

ffe18d35-c6bc-4b2f-9c0f-52030fcc43a3-0
00:36:59.400 --> 00:37:00.160
Next slide, please.

7f851da2-42b8-4c0d-9ff3-5bde7529ed60-0
00:37:02.080 --> 00:37:07.125
And so this procedural injustice,
procedural justice is equitable and

7f851da2-42b8-4c0d-9ff3-5bde7529ed60-1
00:37:07.125 --> 00:37:09.720
inclusive decision making processes.

a3ddb13d-b4aa-41c9-bdcd-9dad82bc43b3-0
00:37:09.720 --> 00:37:13.126
And then injustice is whenever power is
wielded by some to the detriment of

a3ddb13d-b4aa-41c9-bdcd-9dad82bc43b3-1
00:37:13.126 --> 00:37:13.440
others.

1f9fb4fe-f7e0-44b8-91f1-bc065c3ffa3d-0
00:37:13.800 --> 00:37:14.600
Next slide, please.

bf10e88a-49c6-4245-955c-2ca3a1d484a7-0
00:37:15.720 --> 00:37:19.264
And so when we drew,
when we drew out the framework for how we

bf10e88a-49c6-4245-955c-2ca3a1d484a7-1
00:37:19.264 --> 00:37:23.878
wanted the last part of the chapter to be,
when we were thinking about adaptation

bf10e88a-49c6-4245-955c-2ca3a1d484a7-2
00:37:23.878 --> 00:37:27.536
and procedural justice,
we drew heavily from Angie Pepper's work

bf10e88a-49c6-4245-955c-2ca3a1d484a7-3
00:37:27.536 --> 00:37:30.800
on adapting to climate change,
what we owe other animals.

f524a947-7464-4da0-9339-e77d24088520-0
00:37:31.080 --> 00:37:36.048
Angie Pepper is an applied philosopher
and she had these 4 tenets of how to

f524a947-7464-4da0-9339-e77d24088520-1
00:37:36.048 --> 00:37:39.840
assist non human animals in adaptation to
climate change.

b9f7060e-1d7b-4c93-bad6-20f251eeed3e-0
00:37:40.240 --> 00:37:44.076
And the first thing was ensuring that
human built built environments protect

b9f7060e-1d7b-4c93-bad6-20f251eeed3e-1
00:37:44.076 --> 00:37:46.120
all who live there regardless of species.

45024fa2-046d-4643-9667-ed6dd6a5d901-0
00:37:46.120 --> 00:37:50.064
The second thing is not to jeopardize
adaptation responses of freely living

45024fa2-046d-4643-9667-ed6dd6a5d901-1
00:37:50.064 --> 00:37:50.480
animals.

34842587-2eb2-4287-bd55-a9dbc5649d8f-0
00:37:50.840 --> 00:37:54.800
The third thing is to remove human
barriers to autonomous animal adaptations.

96d4220b-b825-40d7-aaca-5f1691551d2e-0
00:37:54.800 --> 00:37:58.918
And the fourth thing is to facilitate the
adaptation of non human animals who

96d4220b-b825-40d7-aaca-5f1691551d2e-1
00:37:58.918 --> 00:38:01.400
cannot autonomously adapt for whatever
reason.

54fe65de-098e-4235-a074-ed44a30c8a5b-0
00:38:02.080 --> 00:38:02.720
Next slide, please.

8c09c425-6882-41de-8d62-169922ac6fad-0
00:38:04.800 --> 00:38:07.288
So under that first one,
adaptation for all,

8c09c425-6882-41de-8d62-169922ac6fad-1
00:38:07.288 --> 00:38:10.440
thinking about common sea level rise
adaptation options,

8c09c425-6882-41de-8d62-169922ac6fad-2
00:38:10.440 --> 00:38:13.040
there's often the construction of
hardscaping.

dfef6396-33b2-4786-a65e-ab98c3fe35ee-0
00:38:13.040 --> 00:38:17.881
So this is like things like sea seawalls
or other like physical barriers for the

dfef6396-33b2-4786-a65e-ab98c3fe35ee-1
00:38:17.881 --> 00:38:18.240
water.

fff6437a-07cd-4f98-8e03-d2d5d35673dd-0
00:38:18.880 --> 00:38:22.681
There's also relocation,
which is usually an absolute last resort

fff6437a-07cd-4f98-8e03-d2d5d35673dd-1
00:38:22.681 --> 00:38:27.520
because almost no one wants to be forced
to have to relocate due to climate change.

6639185a-7651-491f-b161-f3fb95a413dd-0
00:38:28.360 --> 00:38:30.848
And then there's also ecosystem based
adaptation,

6639185a-7651-491f-b161-f3fb95a413dd-1
00:38:30.848 --> 00:38:34.879
which is a much more inclusive approach
and generally does take into account the

6639185a-7651-491f-b161-f3fb95a413dd-2
00:38:34.879 --> 00:38:36.920
multi species communities to some extent.

f6230e33-8349-4bd3-90b7-9050bd4a01a2-0
00:38:38.480 --> 00:38:42.763
But we also need to think about how
adaptation for all really means

f6230e33-8349-4bd3-90b7-9050bd4a01a2-1
00:38:42.763 --> 00:38:46.480
adaptation for all, for humans,
for non human communities.

d1046554-34c9-4305-939f-8982684b2115-0
00:38:46.760 --> 00:38:49.760
And so hardscaping adaptation projects.

c6567d23-0bc3-4e86-bfcb-c39ae04de2e9-0
00:38:50.160 --> 00:38:54.640
We we drew from this paper by Domingue
and that was published in 2022.

c9fad174-341b-41f6-bc8e-5ee0ff3408f7-0
00:38:55.040 --> 00:38:58.236
Simone Domingue,
which was looking at how hardscaping

c9fad174-341b-41f6-bc8e-5ee0ff3408f7-1
00:38:58.236 --> 00:39:02.617
adaptation projects in coastal Louisiana
have harmed Black and Indigenous

c9fad174-341b-41f6-bc8e-5ee0ff3408f7-2
00:39:02.617 --> 00:39:06.880
communities in the bayous and also
simultaneously harmed local ecology.

d6df33c2-13ad-4d0a-b229-fccb9a592490-0
00:39:06.960 --> 00:39:07.720
Next slide, please.

7cf526e3-01bd-4f8b-bde5-9516d3583853-0
00:39:09.400 --> 00:39:12.084
And so one example is from Terrebonne
Parish,

7cf526e3-01bd-4f8b-bde5-9516d3583853-1
00:39:12.084 --> 00:39:16.462
where Louisiana communities that felt
sidelined in the adaptation planning

7cf526e3-01bd-4f8b-bde5-9516d3583853-2
00:39:16.462 --> 00:39:20.840
process teamed up with biologists to try
to find more inclusive solutions.

37e28900-d252-4bb2-ba71-efb808c35a8c-0
00:39:21.080 --> 00:39:23.240
And this is 1 quote from one of those
projects.

365cafcc-a3e6-43ff-8f0f-d0192e74c0c3-0
00:39:23.240 --> 00:39:25.280
It's not just land that we're restoring.

28248137-d218-4c56-9f4d-e1ffc64c875e-0
00:39:25.480 --> 00:39:26.640
We're restoring habitat.

8105a3f1-e8e8-432c-9888-59a9774f4346-0
00:39:26.640 --> 00:39:30.520
There's a plethora of life besides human
life that's dependent on these places.

9497cb60-5866-4997-a9e2-f234d87539f9-0
00:39:30.520 --> 00:39:33.217
The microscopic life,
the insect populations, the mammals,

9497cb60-5866-4997-a9e2-f234d87539f9-1
00:39:33.217 --> 00:39:35.640
the birds, the nesting birds,
the marine population,

9497cb60-5866-4997-a9e2-f234d87539f9-2
00:39:35.640 --> 00:39:38.200
all of these are dependent on the land
that we restore.

1edcad1d-c97f-4e68-931d-20d256cb23ad-0
00:39:38.400 --> 00:39:42.057
So they were talking about taking more
inclusive approaches that center all who

1edcad1d-c97f-4e68-931d-20d256cb23ad-1
00:39:42.057 --> 00:39:42.560
live there.

f50b5ea5-5f01-4877-b645-f4b5b059fa3d-0
00:39:42.560 --> 00:39:46.535
And in the Domingue paper,
when they were talking about people

f50b5ea5-5f01-4877-b645-f4b5b059fa3d-1
00:39:46.535 --> 00:39:49.311
feeling sidelined and adaptation
processes,

f50b5ea5-5f01-4877-b645-f4b5b059fa3d-2
00:39:49.311 --> 00:39:54.232
a lot of the ways that those adaptation
members were adaptation measures were

f50b5ea5-5f01-4877-b645-f4b5b059fa3d-3
00:39:54.232 --> 00:39:59.217
being pushed forward in political spaces
whereby focusing on the greater good,

f50b5ea5-5f01-4877-b645-f4b5b059fa3d-4
00:39:59.217 --> 00:40:02.120
focusing on like who like the broadest
needs.

e02c8f6c-573c-48a8-a6fa-db026ce70828-0
00:40:02.400 --> 00:40:05.798
But when you have the social construction
of the greater good,

e02c8f6c-573c-48a8-a6fa-db026ce70828-1
00:40:05.798 --> 00:40:09.520
communities that are already marginalized
can be pushed to the side.

83fb3076-4658-49bf-96d8-374ec52410d0-0
00:40:09.520 --> 00:40:12.040
So this is trying to push back against
that and.

a7bad990-a432-45e3-bafb-ae0c44f309c4-0
00:40:12.160 --> 00:40:14.560
Find more inclusive approaches next slide,
please.

0061c41f-cdeb-4600-89b2-32a6a4c6eca7-0
00:40:15.840 --> 00:40:21.000
And there were a few really excellent
examples of adaptation initiatives that

0061c41f-cdeb-4600-89b2-32a6a4c6eca7-1
00:40:21.000 --> 00:40:22.720
center adaptation for all.

98100f07-068c-4f9b-8cfe-dcba4091c571-0
00:40:23.120 --> 00:40:25.640
One of my favourites is the Wampum
adaptation framework.

a0a29c67-e4a7-47e5-822d-a49d835b5a6b-0
00:40:25.640 --> 00:40:29.440
This is from Shinnecock scholar Kelsey
Leonard and was published in 2020.

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-0
00:40:30.200 --> 00:40:35.601
So she's a member of one of the Northeast
tribal communities and she put together

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-1
00:40:35.601 --> 00:40:40.145
this framework for sea level rise
adaptation that centers Indigenous

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-2
00:40:40.145 --> 00:40:43.570
viewpoints where it's witnessing the
natural world,

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-3
00:40:43.570 --> 00:40:48.642
both human and non human relations,
acknowledging the traditional teachings,

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-4
00:40:48.642 --> 00:40:52.397
mending the shoreline,
saying environmental sovereignty,

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-5
00:40:52.397 --> 00:40:57.073
protecting future generations,
uniting with other communities to build

fb6f8e3d-8a7d-425b-bf10-0c9115bb2a3a-6
00:40:57.073 --> 00:40:59.840
capacity and moving only as a last resort.

b68772fe-2b9d-4b68-9831-6f9a0323ad54-0
00:40:59.840 --> 00:41:04.835
And so this is a great example of a
framework for adaptation that takes into

b68772fe-2b9d-4b68-9831-6f9a0323ad54-1
00:41:04.835 --> 00:41:07.560
account all all all who live in the space.

478e0549-9bd3-4085-a37c-2b05e1c6dcef-0
00:41:07.560 --> 00:41:08.480
Next slide, please.

90f9a2d9-09b1-4367-8cc9-549639b7efd4-0
00:41:13.720 --> 00:41:17.681
And this is one other example is
restoration of coastal spaces using

90f9a2d9-09b1-4367-8cc9-549639b7efd4-1
00:41:17.681 --> 00:41:19.920
Hawaiian indigenous low eye techniques.

81775564-e53e-4732-963e-6fe96b7bc012-0
00:41:20.160 --> 00:41:24.857
And these can actually expand water bird
habitats and counter the space that is

81775564-e53e-4732-963e-6fe96b7bc012-1
00:41:24.857 --> 00:41:26.560
being lost by sea level rise.

3de13d15-9311-453c-8b87-047905b37c40-0
00:41:26.920 --> 00:41:30.920
And so these are traditional
agroecological practices and they can

3de13d15-9311-453c-8b87-047905b37c40-1
00:41:30.920 --> 00:41:35.280
contribute to the recovery of water birds
that are presently endangered.

86605220-9d86-4df6-9458-42349e818d21-0
00:41:35.280 --> 00:41:38.040
That's what the modeling from this paper
from Harman ET All showed.

7ea9077b-de66-485b-8aa1-b0a1182d268f-0
00:41:38.240 --> 00:41:44.069
So this is another another way of looking
at adaptation planning that is centering

7ea9077b-de66-485b-8aa1-b0a1182d268f-1
00:41:44.069 --> 00:41:47.160
both human and more than human
communities.

a9e9a513-73a8-4536-b95a-642608720492-0
00:41:47.240 --> 00:41:48.280
Next slide, please.

59912ab8-00a7-4594-8ddc-f10673191968-0
00:41:48.360 --> 00:41:50.400
I'm running out of time,
but I only have a few slides left.

f1fa42c0-e5d5-4e6b-aaa2-ce8717820f43-0
00:41:51.120 --> 00:41:55.960
So the second tenant from Angie Pepper's
work was about an autonomous adaptation.

27a1645e-8f6e-4755-86de-b62f2accf364-0
00:41:56.240 --> 00:42:00.262
And so one example of this that we found
in the systematic literature review was

27a1645e-8f6e-4755-86de-b62f2accf364-1
00:42:00.262 --> 00:42:03.640
that of the silver rice rat,
which lives in the lower Florida Keys.

639d48f1-a99b-44a2-80d2-e1dd5400840c-0
00:42:03.880 --> 00:42:08.000
So they were monitored over 17 years.

c6112f36-6bce-46e2-b871-791b90f47448-0
00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:11.790
And over that time,
sea level was of course rising in the

c6112f36-6bce-46e2-b871-791b90f47448-1
00:42:11.790 --> 00:42:12.640
Florida Keys.

0cae9f20-0fb4-40ce-8bf0-e116e06b7504-0
00:42:12.920 --> 00:42:17.402
But the rice rats enacted their own
autonomous adaptations by moving to

0cae9f20-0fb4-40ce-8bf0-e116e06b7504-1
00:42:17.402 --> 00:42:20.640
higher elevations as the sea level
started to rise.

2c6247ff-83dc-424b-b84a-aa296e5faade-0
00:42:20.960 --> 00:42:24.316
But one thing that we want to point out
in the paper is that, yes,

2c6247ff-83dc-424b-b84a-aa296e5faade-1
00:42:24.316 --> 00:42:27.673
that isn't worked over these time scales,
this 17 year time scale,

2c6247ff-83dc-424b-b84a-aa296e5faade-2
00:42:27.673 --> 00:42:29.978
but sea level rise,
the rate is accelerating,

2c6247ff-83dc-424b-b84a-aa296e5faade-3
00:42:29.978 --> 00:42:30.880
as I said earlier.

56fb3aae-61a6-4cc9-96d8-1c9a9848dacd-0
00:42:31.040 --> 00:42:34.609
And without emissions reductions,
this type of autonomous adaptation is not

56fb3aae-61a6-4cc9-96d8-1c9a9848dacd-1
00:42:34.609 --> 00:42:37.897
sustainable in the long term because
there's only so high you can go,

56fb3aae-61a6-4cc9-96d8-1c9a9848dacd-2
00:42:37.897 --> 00:42:39.399
you reach the highest elevation.

499845fa-34c9-4354-abba-3d85c47a7af1-0
00:42:39.400 --> 00:42:42.829
If the sea level keeps rising because the
emissions reductions have not occurred,

499845fa-34c9-4354-abba-3d85c47a7af1-1
00:42:42.829 --> 00:42:44.920
then you're still going to have negative
impacts.

be3b40ae-1608-4e4a-ae76-c2d52467a739-0
00:42:45.240 --> 00:42:49.255
And so we wanted to note here that we
should learn from what happened to the

be3b40ae-1608-4e4a-ae76-c2d52467a739-1
00:42:49.255 --> 00:42:53.428
Maz Kaur Mukis and try to prevent losses
of beings like the Silver Rice Rat and

be3b40ae-1608-4e4a-ae76-c2d52467a739-2
00:42:53.428 --> 00:42:54.680
the Alabama Beech Mouse.

a07f00c9-1119-4870-b72f-07a43322ece6-0
00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:55.720
Next slide, please.

d1a96ca9-bd63-4485-bec6-5c1c02792594-0
00:42:57.200 --> 00:43:00.320
The third tenant from Andy Pepper was
about removing barriers.

0522c42e-27ba-4c6e-8b50-76430a13b2a4-0
00:43:00.320 --> 00:43:05.620
And so maladaptation is the concept that
you can enact adaptation measures,

0522c42e-27ba-4c6e-8b50-76430a13b2a4-1
00:43:05.620 --> 00:43:08.480
but sometimes they have harmful outcomes.

dd699189-140d-4525-9816-7ffb9e01c65f-0
00:43:08.680 --> 00:43:13.400
And so maladaptation is the term for when
an adaptation project causes harm.

13aad0d9-bbb7-4ad9-901a-e9b9edb3fb81-0
00:43:14.560 --> 00:43:15.280
Next slide, please.

2c6c923d-abcc-49f5-8ff3-ea97eb66664e-0
00:43:16.600 --> 00:43:20.436
And so one example of this is seawalls
that are constructed on the coast of

2c6c923d-abcc-49f5-8ff3-ea97eb66664e-1
00:43:20.436 --> 00:43:20.840
Florida.

69ea39cd-0906-4be0-9a43-c315f10cd1ad-0
00:43:20.840 --> 00:43:25.720
So sea turtles need to use beaches for
their nests.

0b422c7a-e3f4-415f-9f46-f833751b06b0-0
00:43:25.920 --> 00:43:29.770
But if seawalls are constructed,
then the turtles often can't get as high

0b422c7a-e3f4-415f-9f46-f833751b06b0-1
00:43:29.770 --> 00:43:31.800
up onto the beaches as they want to go.

0bb7a935-9843-4f6b-89cf-7c27eb880fa7-0
00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:35.335
And so they end up making their nests
closer to the shoreline in front of the

0bb7a935-9843-4f6b-89cf-7c27eb880fa7-1
00:43:35.335 --> 00:43:35.720
seawalls.

7b69be88-1c28-4d78-90e4-e9d58ca37b98-0
00:43:35.880 --> 00:43:40.120
But that is a place where overwash is
going to hit the wall,

7b69be88-1c28-4d78-90e4-e9d58ca37b98-1
00:43:40.120 --> 00:43:41.720
wash back out the nest.

c16dfbea-f44b-48c7-8bf9-d6e07e2b040f-0
00:43:41.720 --> 00:43:45.065
And so this has significant negative
impacts on nests,

c16dfbea-f44b-48c7-8bf9-d6e07e2b040f-1
00:43:45.065 --> 00:43:49.809
sea turtles and so this we use this as an
example that removing some of these

c16dfbea-f44b-48c7-8bf9-d6e07e2b040f-2
00:43:49.809 --> 00:43:54.492
barriers and replacing them with an
ecosystem based adaptation project would

c16dfbea-f44b-48c7-8bf9-d6e07e2b040f-3
00:43:54.492 --> 00:43:56.560
be a much more inclusive approach.

5a66f24e-7b36-40c4-9990-a0c725815c9f-0
00:43:57.160 --> 00:43:57.760
Next slide, please.

d8b54a6d-2880-403e-8c17-5676980f52bd-0
00:43:59.640 --> 00:44:02.310
And also in the section on removing
barriers,

d8b54a6d-2880-403e-8c17-5676980f52bd-1
00:44:02.310 --> 00:44:06.840
we wanted to note that we don't just mean
constructed barriers like seawalls.

af478244-a936-446f-8063-997455656b6b-0
00:44:06.840 --> 00:44:12.095
We also mean political barriers,
the political boundaries,

af478244-a936-446f-8063-997455656b6b-1
00:44:12.095 --> 00:44:17.440
and we need cross-border assistance to
allow for migration.

2c993d36-5bdd-46c8-aac9-d68f081c5dcb-0
00:44:17.440 --> 00:44:22.120
Natural migration should be the right of
all humans and more than human beings.

eefdcdea-90a7-4c43-8d5c-2803d79e99c9-0
00:44:22.400 --> 00:44:25.727
But the construction,
enforcement and securitization of

eefdcdea-90a7-4c43-8d5c-2803d79e99c9-1
00:44:25.727 --> 00:44:30.123
political borders is obviously having
profound detrimental impacts on the

eefdcdea-90a7-4c43-8d5c-2803d79e99c9-2
00:44:30.123 --> 00:44:34.520
natural migratory movements of humans and
of more than human communities.

bbcbd265-ca77-43d6-884c-45e2d218fd6a-0
00:44:34.600 --> 00:44:39.848
So we call for recognizing the fact that
securitization of political borders has

bbcbd265-ca77-43d6-884c-45e2d218fd6a-1
00:44:39.848 --> 00:44:44.320
numerous harmful impacts on both humans
and more than human animals.

28a4292c-a623-46b5-a237-e03456d15097-0
00:44:44.800 --> 00:44:45.600
Next slide, please.

9488e9c7-ed79-47d2-bc4b-3c7918ccecfc-0
00:44:47.040 --> 00:44:51.120
And then the last tenet from Angie Pepper
was about adaptation assistance.

fb6e5063-83db-4545-9a92-27d0027a7eb2-0
00:44:51.120 --> 00:44:53.903
So this would have been what the Mazib
Kalramoukis needed,

fb6e5063-83db-4545-9a92-27d0027a7eb2-1
00:44:53.903 --> 00:44:56.120
would have been adaptation assistance to
move.

b23d84fe-86d1-4e6c-ae5c-a64f777de3ac-0
00:44:56.120 --> 00:44:58.960
They couldn't have naturally moved
themselves to a new island.

24b4d8c5-a772-45ed-afb4-fbdaf291876e-0
00:44:59.120 --> 00:45:01.160
They would have required human assistance
for that.

55068552-3c2e-407e-a145-283fd1a8583a-0
00:45:01.720 --> 00:45:05.198
And the giant tortoises that live in the
Seychelles are also candidates for

55068552-3c2e-407e-a145-283fd1a8583a-1
00:45:05.198 --> 00:45:06.160
migration assistance.

3067c9df-15a2-489f-84ee-e44629dbe03b-0
00:45:06.160 --> 00:45:07.080
They're very large.

d5626ea6-b6d8-4167-b529-2104fbe845cf-0
00:45:07.080 --> 00:45:07.840
They're slow moving.

7ce2e6f6-b8d7-4d5c-afc9-048814023e4e-0
00:45:07.840 --> 00:45:11.344
They cannot necessarily move to another
island on their own,

7ce2e6f6-b8d7-4d5c-afc9-048814023e4e-1
00:45:11.344 --> 00:45:14.160
but they can be moved with assistance if
needed.

a8f58224-25c7-4fe5-ab63-cb97ebf29d6b-0
00:45:14.320 --> 00:45:16.499
However,
some of the places that they were moved

a8f58224-25c7-4fe5-ab63-cb97ebf29d6b-1
00:45:16.499 --> 00:45:18.457
to,
they're also experiencing other threats

a8f58224-25c7-4fe5-ab63-cb97ebf29d6b-2
00:45:18.457 --> 00:45:19.080
like poaching.

4ad65e85-a4e4-4772-93b9-08a45c3e0e8d-0
00:45:19.640 --> 00:45:24.217
So this is about, you know,
really thinking about holistic approaches

4ad65e85-a4e4-4772-93b9-08a45c3e0e8d-1
00:45:24.217 --> 00:45:29.384
and how to minimize the harm and also
noting that migration is always going to

4ad65e85-a4e4-4772-93b9-08a45c3e0e8d-2
00:45:29.384 --> 00:45:32.000
almost always going to be a last resort.

0ed974ec-f047-416b-9b87-8be82b8abf33-0
00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:35.160
So, like,
it would be much better to prevent sea

0ed974ec-f047-416b-9b87-8be82b8abf33-1
00:45:35.160 --> 00:45:38.385
level rise,
prevent the worst extensive sea level

0ed974ec-f047-416b-9b87-8be82b8abf33-2
00:45:38.385 --> 00:45:42.320
rise than to have to enact relocations
and things like that.

47f1d6cc-9562-4fe7-937f-9749af400e3f-0
00:45:42.600 --> 00:45:43.280
Next slide, please.

67dbbe7c-9b37-4a4f-8a8a-2d1583c481bb-0
00:45:45.720 --> 00:45:50.013
So, yeah, just to sum up,
we were thinking about the way that the

67dbbe7c-9b37-4a4f-8a8a-2d1583c481bb-1
00:45:50.013 --> 00:45:55.218
distribution of sea level rise burdens
was impacting different species and that

67dbbe7c-9b37-4a4f-8a8a-2d1583c481bb-2
00:45:55.218 --> 00:46:00.162
we need a broader understanding of how
these changes are occurring and what

67dbbe7c-9b37-4a4f-8a8a-2d1583c481bb-3
00:46:00.162 --> 00:46:02.440
species are being impacted by them.

63931f07-e229-4660-9203-1857482331ea-0
00:46:02.800 --> 00:46:07.768
And then we need a relational lens on
ecological diversity that is recognizing

63931f07-e229-4660-9203-1857482331ea-1
00:46:07.768 --> 00:46:11.227
the existence rights of all diverse
beings, of humans,

63931f07-e229-4660-9203-1857482331ea-2
00:46:11.227 --> 00:46:13.680
of more than human beings, of everyone.

acfda576-275b-4570-a62a-28e3637d7fc5-0
00:46:13.920 --> 00:46:18.512
And then representation in law and policy
spaces to allow for planning,

acfda576-275b-4570-a62a-28e3637d7fc5-1
00:46:18.512 --> 00:46:22.785
for adaptation and of course,
interdisciplinary collaborations and

acfda576-275b-4570-a62a-28e3637d7fc5-2
00:46:22.785 --> 00:46:23.360
outreach.

1be2aa22-8091-4d7b-a956-ea8fdfc7a3d8-0
00:46:23.920 --> 00:46:25.520
And then next slide, please.

debda18a-a4db-4eb2-a492-3cbe6f41cf70-0
00:46:26.800 --> 00:46:31.762
And so I just wanted to point out here
some sea level rise advocacy,

debda18a-a4db-4eb2-a492-3cbe6f41cf70-1
00:46:31.762 --> 00:46:33.560
sea level rise responses.

77404430-e7ce-4a95-b16a-18b3fd37706f-0
00:46:34.440 --> 00:46:38.760
Island and coastal communities are always
talking about impacts of sea level rise.

7479f78f-de06-461e-b95c-ec1f2d9b27e6-0
00:46:38.760 --> 00:46:41.531
And I want to go back to what I said at
the start,

7479f78f-de06-461e-b95c-ec1f2d9b27e6-1
00:46:41.531 --> 00:46:45.770
that the Alliance of Small Island States
has been one of the strongest voices

7479f78f-de06-461e-b95c-ec1f2d9b27e6-2
00:46:45.770 --> 00:46:49.520
within international negotiations pushing
for strong climate action.

8dc07073-1b9e-4084-b856-4478669d0fb5-0
00:46:49.760 --> 00:46:53.597
They are the ones who came up with the
phrase 1.5 to stay alive,

8dc07073-1b9e-4084-b856-4478669d0fb5-1
00:46:53.597 --> 00:46:58.496
talking about limiting temperature rise
and getting that more ambitious goal of 1.

8dc07073-1b9e-4084-b856-4478669d0fb5-2
00:46:58.496 --> 00:47:03.160
5°C, limiting temperature rise to 1.
5°C enshrined within the Paris Agreement.

8eae64fc-bf27-46ad-8dda-19a5b25435f1-0
00:47:03.440 --> 00:47:08.205
I also want to point out the advocacy of
Vanuatu who brought the climate change

8eae64fc-bf27-46ad-8dda-19a5b25435f1-1
00:47:08.205 --> 00:47:11.840
advisory opinion case to the
International Court of Justice.

486a42d0-188f-4ba2-aebc-5e4b5e9510a3-0
00:47:11.840 --> 00:47:15.517
I work directly on that case and I also
work directly on the case of the

486a42d0-188f-4ba2-aebc-5e4b5e9510a3-1
00:47:15.517 --> 00:47:19.295
Commission of Small Island States on
Climate Change and International Law,

486a42d0-188f-4ba2-aebc-5e4b5e9510a3-2
00:47:19.295 --> 00:47:23.476
which brought a advisory opinion case to
the International Tribunal for the Law of

486a42d0-188f-4ba2-aebc-5e4b5e9510a3-3
00:47:23.476 --> 00:47:23.880
the Sea.

073b3954-496a-4f52-ada9-1370c016f6d4-0
00:47:24.040 --> 00:47:27.274
And within all of these,
the testimony that was submitted by

073b3954-496a-4f52-ada9-1370c016f6d4-1
00:47:27.274 --> 00:47:31.251
Islanders always gets back to the fact
that they are part of multi species

073b3954-496a-4f52-ada9-1370c016f6d4-2
00:47:31.251 --> 00:47:33.584
communities and that the land,
the animals,

073b3954-496a-4f52-ada9-1370c016f6d4-3
00:47:33.584 --> 00:47:37.880
and the people are all interconnected and
all need to be thought of inclusively.

f03b3148-7750-4921-a7d7-3e926544128e-0
00:47:37.880 --> 00:47:41.960
So these are just some advocacy efforts
that are currently occurring.

5c56cf50-8174-4ae9-a406-fc77690ef7c7-0
00:47:41.960 --> 00:47:44.600
And then the last slide just has my
contact information.

b2d86d2d-e09d-483f-9852-b67f7128b031-0
00:47:44.840 --> 00:47:46.000
Thank you all for listening.

d4f38b3d-b345-4b11-9c41-31d4d34c9cd5-0
00:47:56.090 --> 00:47:59.064
So everybody,
if you have any questions while Doctor

d4f38b3d-b345-4b11-9c41-31d4d34c9cd5-1
00:47:59.064 --> 00:48:01.702
Brown,
who's just done what I was about to ask

d4f38b3d-b345-4b11-9c41-31d4d34c9cd5-2
00:48:01.702 --> 00:48:03.330
him, stop sharing the slides.

0e048d33-6697-4a73-b081-4df2c23e9f2a-0
00:48:03.970 --> 00:48:05.690
Please post them on the Q&amp;A.

e671db96-fb44-4a89-876a-ef9417b86ff1-0
00:48:06.450 --> 00:48:11.450
Anyone who is in the panel with us,
the Q&amp;A won't work for us.

fb37d7e6-be2c-4393-8a0a-3f27d35239b0-0
00:48:11.920 --> 00:48:15.480
Professor Hayes, if you have questions,
you'll have to ask them directly.

7cf51624-569b-4b3b-aa7b-1991ab83323b-0
00:48:16.120 --> 00:48:20.600
But Jason,
should I kick off with one question?

a389f49a-e20d-4af0-b83b-03f0fcb34654-0
00:48:20.600 --> 00:48:22.720
Sure, that'd be great.

1931afa7-ab82-4a3c-b5e3-ef5731fdf627-0
00:48:23.080 --> 00:48:23.440
Thank you.

b7a864d0-c5fb-413d-a8b9-161c25e08fb8-0
00:48:24.760 --> 00:48:28.544
So Doctor Zeda,
the first question I have is from William

b7a864d0-c5fb-413d-a8b9-161c25e08fb8-1
00:48:28.544 --> 00:48:33.699
and I think you may have mentioned a
little bit about this right at the start,

b7a864d0-c5fb-413d-a8b9-161c25e08fb8-2
00:48:33.699 --> 00:48:37.680
but his question is how is sea level rise
actually measured?

5394b59b-ebc0-4ae1-852a-9736baf39e6c-0
00:48:38.480 --> 00:48:40.240
Yeah, that's a great question.

72bdceac-c494-4b53-ad56-20d828dae9cd-0
00:48:40.240 --> 00:48:44.870
So traditionally it was measured by like
tide gauges,

72bdceac-c494-4b53-ad56-20d828dae9cd-1
00:48:44.870 --> 00:48:49.844
but they're those only get data from
specific tidal tide,

72bdceac-c494-4b53-ad56-20d828dae9cd-2
00:48:49.844 --> 00:48:52.160
specific coastal locations.

4215d59a-c791-4063-9e59-f602ea311cb8-0
00:48:52.160 --> 00:48:57.066
And the coverage of tide gauges is very
uneven and has like different geographic

4215d59a-c791-4063-9e59-f602ea311cb8-1
00:48:57.066 --> 00:49:00.640
spread and different temporal spread in
different regions.

634fc087-bd43-4fd3-9ff1-3284737eb2cf-0
00:49:00.640 --> 00:49:03.792
But nowadays,
within the last couple of decades,

634fc087-bd43-4fd3-9ff1-3284737eb2cf-1
00:49:03.792 --> 00:49:08.230
we've really moved towards measuring a
lot with satellite altimetry,

634fc087-bd43-4fd3-9ff1-3284737eb2cf-2
00:49:08.230 --> 00:49:13.120
which is using radar altimeters to
measure the height of the ocean surface.

c885d652-f5b1-4f90-901d-a551291ad965-0
00:49:13.720 --> 00:49:19.153
And so that's really expanded our ability
to see sea level rise as it's occurring

c885d652-f5b1-4f90-901d-a551291ad965-1
00:49:19.153 --> 00:49:24.520
globally at all parts of the ocean rather
than just at specific title locations.

69f96a8a-f4aa-4290-96e6-fb8628aca779-0
00:49:27.480 --> 00:49:27.800
Great.

99e3ae11-afeb-4409-97a9-d9c2b6029323-0
00:49:28.560 --> 00:49:31.992
I have a question here from Sarah who
says,

99e3ae11-afeb-4409-97a9-d9c2b6029323-1
00:49:31.992 --> 00:49:38.155
I know you mentioned that some species
are most affected by climate change and

99e3ae11-afeb-4409-97a9-d9c2b6029323-2
00:49:38.155 --> 00:49:41.120
habitat changes due to sea level rise.

6fad2330-dc1c-4926-9ba6-b0287c0d4664-0
00:49:41.120 --> 00:49:46.840
Can you kind of remind us about some of
the species that are being harmed again?

f0ac5882-b81c-4137-9dcd-29091589938f-0
00:49:47.720 --> 00:49:51.456
And then and then sort of a follow up,
how can we,

f0ac5882-b81c-4137-9dcd-29091589938f-1
00:49:51.456 --> 00:49:54.240
how can we start to make a difference?

e3a02f44-1318-4b56-87f4-5304d217c68b-0
00:49:54.240 --> 00:49:57.880
What are the small first steps that we
can do?

4a43a2f2-6224-4d2f-acc0-2f350daf6c3d-0
00:49:59.120 --> 00:50:00.480
Yeah, these are great questions.

3826a627-18ad-4d3e-97e9-4bbd90cf7f9d-0
00:50:00.480 --> 00:50:03.622
So within our study,
when we were looking through the

3826a627-18ad-4d3e-97e9-4bbd90cf7f9d-1
00:50:03.622 --> 00:50:07.521
systematic literature review,
we were looking for any publications

3826a627-18ad-4d3e-97e9-4bbd90cf7f9d-2
00:50:07.521 --> 00:50:12.061
within the conservation and and ecology
literature where sea level rise and a

3826a627-18ad-4d3e-97e9-4bbd90cf7f9d-3
00:50:12.061 --> 00:50:14.039
particular species were mentioned.

efc3498f-a626-44b1-af31-0b2b4bd75689-0
00:50:14.040 --> 00:50:18.267
And so some of the ones we found were
like the silver rice rat,

efc3498f-a626-44b1-af31-0b2b4bd75689-1
00:50:18.267 --> 00:50:22.760
the Alabama beach mouse,
the Florida reef gecko, green sea turtles.

905e1b4d-c92e-4b16-9dda-aeff895dc87e-0
00:50:23.240 --> 00:50:28.160
There's a lot of different species that
are being impacted in different ways.

858d50d4-40e9-4756-b224-849fa1d851eb-0
00:50:28.160 --> 00:50:30.760
Some of them are being impacted by
salinity intrusion.

f2176ccb-7b0e-4edd-b134-37ac51241533-0
00:50:30.760 --> 00:50:33.600
Some of them are being impacted by storm
surge flooding.

7aeb1c05-9169-4c07-8b4a-53aab5c2c86a-0
00:50:33.920 --> 00:50:39.160
And so there's a really big diversity of
what species are being impacted.

2a33c919-6624-4e9a-9a8a-35e7e347012d-0
00:50:39.400 --> 00:50:44.147
And in terms of advocacy efforts,
I think the same with all types of

2a33c919-6624-4e9a-9a8a-35e7e347012d-1
00:50:44.147 --> 00:50:49.515
climate change advocacy is like to keep
talking about it to keep forming like

2a33c919-6624-4e9a-9a8a-35e7e347012d-2
00:50:49.515 --> 00:50:50.960
collective responses.

b859d5db-c0c3-447a-ae6b-d769cbe7e959-0
00:50:51.400 --> 00:50:53.720
So student organizing groups are great
for this.

c7a63267-c597-40c4-850b-fa01904f3c1f-0
00:50:53.720 --> 00:50:58.731
Political organizing groups can be great
for this and to just keep talking about

c7a63267-c597-40c4-850b-fa01904f3c1f-1
00:50:58.731 --> 00:51:03.124
the need for the the three main types of
action around climate change,

c7a63267-c597-40c4-850b-fa01904f3c1f-2
00:51:03.124 --> 00:51:08.011
greenhouse gas emissions mitigation,
stopping the production of greenhouse gas

c7a63267-c597-40c4-850b-fa01904f3c1f-3
00:51:08.011 --> 00:51:12.775
emissions by like noting specifically
what their sources are like the carbon

c7a63267-c597-40c4-850b-fa01904f3c1f-4
00:51:12.775 --> 00:51:15.560
majors and to push for emissions
reductions.

32064d20-ec2c-450b-927d-c4a486f3060e-0
00:51:15.560 --> 00:51:19.040
And then the second piece is pushing for
adaptation responses.

76470068-c50e-46e9-9bc2-c08a320b2fde-0
00:51:19.040 --> 00:51:21.160
And this can even happen on a local level.

d9adfac3-58e1-4003-903f-db16656f939a-0
00:51:22.480 --> 00:51:26.884
So thinking about like how is sea level
rise impacting your own communities and

d9adfac3-58e1-4003-903f-db16656f939a-1
00:51:26.884 --> 00:51:31.400
what types of responses are already being
enacted and how can you help out there?

d94be67a-2817-416c-9b76-f44ad0b8d408-0
00:51:31.400 --> 00:51:35.240
And then the third response to climate
change is around loss and damage.

7748d674-328a-4f10-b603-02cb55f96491-0
00:51:35.400 --> 00:51:39.279
So recognizing the fact that adaptation
is not going to be able to prevent all

7748d674-328a-4f10-b603-02cb55f96491-1
00:51:39.279 --> 00:51:41.980
harms and some loss and some damage is
going to occur,

7748d674-328a-4f10-b603-02cb55f96491-2
00:51:41.980 --> 00:51:46.106
and how do you get that restitution when
Lowe's losses and damages start to happen,

7748d674-328a-4f10-b603-02cb55f96491-3
00:51:46.106 --> 00:51:49.200
usually there needs to be some sort of
financial compensation.

dde646e3-a476-4dea-9f97-88a93cc26e9e-0
00:51:49.320 --> 00:51:54.404
So just to keep talking about all of
these things and thinking about the ways

dde646e3-a476-4dea-9f97-88a93cc26e9e-1
00:51:54.404 --> 00:51:59.814
that you can work with other people that
share your thoughts on this and to try to

dde646e3-a476-4dea-9f97-88a93cc26e9e-2
00:51:59.814 --> 00:52:01.640
build, build power together.

3975790a-ed2c-4b87-9ab2-b6c773bd156c-0
00:52:03.480 --> 00:52:03.760
Great.

a7061bf0-d0b8-4db6-b8a9-24843425d7fc-0
00:52:04.160 --> 00:52:05.120
I have the next question.

ab839a5e-1b0b-4e64-9458-2b04d48b8538-0
00:52:05.120 --> 00:52:08.975
But before I ask it,
just to remind all the students in the

ab839a5e-1b0b-4e64-9458-2b04d48b8538-1
00:52:08.975 --> 00:52:13.793
webinar, once the Q&amp;A is completed,
we will share the QR code for you,

ab839a5e-1b0b-4e64-9458-2b04d48b8538-2
00:52:13.793 --> 00:52:15.400
register your attendance.

4a2463fe-c3d2-4cfd-8599-88f51eef36b5-0
00:52:15.880 --> 00:52:17.640
So I have a question from Derek.

8af08ac3-f168-43d4-8e78-f7d8cfa9f111-0
00:52:18.160 --> 00:52:22.360
Has there been, to your knowledge,
another documented extinction from

8af08ac3-f168-43d4-8e78-f7d8cfa9f111-1
00:52:22.360 --> 00:52:25.480
climate change other than the Bramble Key
melamies?

b59360c1-2246-46a5-91d5-b8aeb7431389-0
00:52:26.600 --> 00:52:28.320
That's a really good question.

fdb1413c-74a8-466a-9fed-e5342c6cc2ea-0
00:52:30.080 --> 00:52:34.475
I think that there has been another one,
but I do not remember the specifics off

fdb1413c-74a8-466a-9fed-e5342c6cc2ea-1
00:52:34.475 --> 00:52:37.080
the top of my head and I'm so sorry about
that.

e4325cd3-9fc4-4a0f-aeaf-cc77a8c0bf7d-0
00:52:38.200 --> 00:52:39.480
It's a really good question though.

cd022a45-836c-44aa-af07-735f75c106f0-0
00:52:44.920 --> 00:52:48.059
I have a question from one of our
colleagues asking,

cd022a45-836c-44aa-af07-735f75c106f0-1
00:52:48.059 --> 00:52:49.600
is your work part of this?

2666c1da-f8bc-4e8f-95da-ceff4d1862c4-0
00:52:49.920 --> 00:52:51.680
This is from Lynn Fletcher.

bbc314b5-43cd-439f-9722-bbf73807afd5-0
00:52:51.680 --> 00:52:57.166
Is your work part of the Center for
Breeding Indigenous Knowledges and

bbc314b5-43cd-439f-9722-bbf73807afd5-1
00:52:57.166 --> 00:52:58.480
Science at UMass?

a9e09c79-9b67-484d-a017-e965b036fe2f-0
00:52:58.680 --> 00:52:59.800
Oh, that's a good question.

9d541441-2a0b-4df8-a9db-edc53178a5ee-0
00:53:00.200 --> 00:53:03.680
So it's not specifically that center.

dab3525a-5dca-4efe-b126-46449c8c8e1c-0
00:53:03.920 --> 00:53:07.111
Some of my former,
like my former PhD advisor is one of the

dab3525a-5dca-4efe-b126-46449c8c8e1c-1
00:53:07.111 --> 00:53:08.760
people that's involved in that.

013fa38d-8669-4dfb-af02-1576c0062562-0
00:53:08.760 --> 00:53:12.603
But that center got funded right after I
left the institution,

013fa38d-8669-4dfb-af02-1576c0062562-1
00:53:12.603 --> 00:53:14.800
so I have not been involved with it.

987db223-ff6f-45b6-a4a8-1fd9997af29d-0
00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:18.696
That sort of like came into being as I
was leaving to go to the Union of

987db223-ff6f-45b6-a4a8-1fd9997af29d-1
00:53:18.696 --> 00:53:19.760
Concerned Scientists.

fee6c42a-b839-4e18-9e8c-c8b9f5f328ca-0
00:53:19.880 --> 00:53:21.120
So I'm not directly involved.

35e3a4c2-33a9-43d9-b011-6f6af76f88fa-0
00:53:21.120 --> 00:53:23.760
But I think it's a wonderful thing that
they now have going on there.

a3bf6907-2dc0-401b-ab0f-353f3179671f-0
00:53:23.760 --> 00:53:25.600
And yeah, it's really great.

9316b6df-2dff-44a4-9905-ca3e15281f87-0
00:53:25.640 --> 00:53:28.678
Maybe I will be in the future if I end up,
you know,

9316b6df-2dff-44a4-9905-ca3e15281f87-1
00:53:28.678 --> 00:53:30.800
circling back to E Mass or something.

7f991f3d-467e-49d2-94f8-9bcaefd3d20e-0
00:53:32.200 --> 00:53:36.160
I have two questions that I'm going to
combine because they're very similar from

7f991f3d-467e-49d2-94f8-9bcaefd3d20e-1
00:53:36.160 --> 00:53:37.040
Kathia and Gracie.

5a43692e-a226-459c-b888-b228b048d1ee-0
00:53:37.920 --> 00:53:42.710
What can we do now in the short term and
what can we do in the long term to help

5a43692e-a226-459c-b888-b228b048d1ee-1
00:53:42.710 --> 00:53:44.840
protect animals from sea level rise?

5b8ae4bf-deeb-42fe-a8bf-452aa95f9997-0
00:53:46.160 --> 00:53:49.590
Yeah, I mean,
it's such a specific geographic thing,

5b8ae4bf-deeb-42fe-a8bf-452aa95f9997-1
00:53:49.590 --> 00:53:53.603
like the impacts in a particular location
are going to be so,

5b8ae4bf-deeb-42fe-a8bf-452aa95f9997-2
00:53:53.603 --> 00:53:55.480
so centered on that location.

ab4bc0da-abda-4e19-be71-081db09a7b7f-0
00:53:56.160 --> 00:53:59.680
So I think like globally talking about
the need for emissions reductions,

ab4bc0da-abda-4e19-be71-081db09a7b7f-1
00:53:59.680 --> 00:54:03.200
because that is the thing that will limit
the severity of sea level rise.

8c5eff96-c30e-41ac-841f-5598e63d8a2f-0
00:54:04.400 --> 00:54:07.630
But there's also,
I want to also talk about like

8c5eff96-c30e-41ac-841f-5598e63d8a2f-1
00:54:07.630 --> 00:54:11.520
compassionate conservation and,
and that sort of movement.

c6ab5ee0-0c39-4ef8-8632-a0709bedcd36-0
00:54:11.520 --> 00:54:14.600
I think that's a really great movement
that's happening.

9026c5a0-832a-4393-8f57-8c0b423e738e-0
00:54:14.600 --> 00:54:17.480
You can look at places like the wild
animal initiative.

a2c2332e-7aee-4e76-9993-50030216f704-0
00:54:17.480 --> 00:54:23.221
I used to be on their,
their like they're like Advisory Board

a2c2332e-7aee-4e76-9993-50030216f704-1
00:54:23.221 --> 00:54:24.240
type thing.

69de5367-07d9-408c-a774-17fe4e449966-0
00:54:24.880 --> 00:54:29.880
They are thinking about ways of enacting
conservation with like an approach

69de5367-07d9-408c-a774-17fe4e449966-1
00:54:29.880 --> 00:54:34.749
centered on the individual experiences of
animals rather than just on the

69de5367-07d9-408c-a774-17fe4e449966-2
00:54:34.749 --> 00:54:36.000
collective species.

f2f43d1a-99a2-4e6c-9001-50fe577c3fd7-0
00:54:36.000 --> 00:54:39.802
So both things simultaneously
conservation of the species and the lived

f2f43d1a-99a2-4e6c-9001-50fe577c3fd7-1
00:54:39.802 --> 00:54:42.760
experiences of individual animals under
climate change.

337eb110-2857-4011-956f-e3a48e335cce-0
00:54:42.760 --> 00:54:47.110
So I would recommend checking out the
Wild Animal Initiative and the

337eb110-2857-4011-956f-e3a48e335cce-1
00:54:47.110 --> 00:54:51.840
Compassionate Conservation movement to
think about how to limit suffering.

3b44546c-3a5f-4cb0-84a5-b58724def838-0
00:54:54.640 --> 00:54:56.840
And then what can we do now versus in the
long term?

2bbd70b3-23c2-4a41-8882-38a5e2fa1913-0
00:54:56.840 --> 00:55:00.117
I mean,
climate change is going to continue to

2bbd70b3-23c2-4a41-8882-38a5e2fa1913-1
00:55:00.117 --> 00:55:02.280
occur throughout our lifetimes.

03f62a46-1a3e-4d17-bc44-22b962951005-0
00:55:02.280 --> 00:55:05.320
Like there's never a stopping point in
our advocacy.

0f19a044-b6d1-48b3-8053-da99517f43e7-0
00:55:05.320 --> 00:55:10.719
We're always pushing towards climate
justice and towards minimizing the harm

0f19a044-b6d1-48b3-8053-da99517f43e7-1
00:55:10.719 --> 00:55:11.280
for all.

47a26620-c3d6-49e8-bd68-2ee3e217fa42-0
00:55:11.520 --> 00:55:18.268
So the things that we can do now are set
up communities of care for ourselves also

47a26620-c3d6-49e8-bd68-2ee3e217fa42-1
00:55:18.268 --> 00:55:21.440
because doing that work is really hard.

c53d280e-7df0-4465-8bb2-f6a29e66e695-0
00:55:21.720 --> 00:55:25.032
And it can come with, you know,
mental health challenges,

c53d280e-7df0-4465-8bb2-f6a29e66e695-1
00:55:25.032 --> 00:55:29.715
especially when what we see happening in
the political sphere does not align with

c53d280e-7df0-4465-8bb2-f6a29e66e695-2
00:55:29.715 --> 00:55:32.800
the type of climate action that we want
to be seeing.

c8036401-aa46-47f2-8e5a-d9687080833d-0
00:55:33.360 --> 00:55:37.423
So I think setting up ways for you to
take action collectively,

c8036401-aa46-47f2-8e5a-d9687080833d-1
00:55:37.423 --> 00:55:41.360
but also ways to take care of each other
while taking action.

7bc01d1e-239c-4d96-aedd-53bccb175d58-0
00:55:41.360 --> 00:55:42.320
Love that.

d2fa84d7-0f57-4be2-8992-77bda8771891-0
00:55:43.360 --> 00:55:43.480
Yeah.

bc0a0862-1448-4ee4-9763-c5e2d716620f-0
00:55:46.200 --> 00:55:47.720
So this question is from Steven.

a686af55-d037-4258-aded-caee3140e641-0
00:55:47.720 --> 00:55:53.760
You mentioned some species being ignored
like insects and other invertebrates.

bcb6209c-2d78-4d3d-bbeb-a2851f31a53d-0
00:55:54.360 --> 00:55:59.981
Can you provide any examples from the
literature on sea level and ecosystem

bcb6209c-2d78-4d3d-bbeb-a2851f31a53d-1
00:55:59.981 --> 00:56:03.680
change impacts on those kinds of ignored
species?

bcbb000b-a7c4-4ee6-85a6-965494a7f74a-0
00:56:03.960 --> 00:56:07.924
Yeah,
we had a tough time like we kept looking

bcbb000b-a7c4-4ee6-85a6-965494a7f74a-1
00:56:07.924 --> 00:56:14.840
for specific impacts to insects and not
not having the easiest time finding them.

5b8f81da-4032-4e79-a3a6-f6394e407cfb-0
00:56:14.840 --> 00:56:18.640
We ended up finding like one or two
papers that referenced insects.

969df9a4-4ec1-4d0a-9cf9-dfaab817ca84-0
00:56:18.640 --> 00:56:20.829
And one thing that I was thinking about
was I,

969df9a4-4ec1-4d0a-9cf9-dfaab817ca84-1
00:56:20.829 --> 00:56:22.600
I absolutely love monarch butterflies.

a3e8b0b9-dec7-41f2-8fd7-2d0d86946073-0
00:56:22.840 --> 00:56:25.790
And I was,
as I was thinking about bird migration

a3e8b0b9-dec7-41f2-8fd7-2d0d86946073-1
00:56:25.790 --> 00:56:28.563
routes,
I was thinking about monarch migration

a3e8b0b9-dec7-41f2-8fd7-2d0d86946073-2
00:56:28.563 --> 00:56:32.753
routes and the ways that like when
monarchs have to cross ocean space,

a3e8b0b9-dec7-41f2-8fd7-2d0d86946073-3
00:56:32.753 --> 00:56:37.650
as sea level rise starts to happen, the,
and the land is lost, the, the extent to,

a3e8b0b9-dec7-41f2-8fd7-2d0d86946073-4
00:56:37.650 --> 00:56:41.840
of the ocean that they have to fly over
without stopping, it's longer.

7bf9f3b2-6895-4e3e-9cdf-1eea2fd4a1ac-0
00:56:41.840 --> 00:56:43.520
And I was like,
has anyone written about this?

d7d24a13-29f3-4668-8360-dffb2f861f5c-0
00:56:43.680 --> 00:56:47.931
And I could only find one like little
USGS publication that even mentioned that

d7d24a13-29f3-4668-8360-dffb2f861f5c-1
00:56:47.931 --> 00:56:50.960
monarch butterflies could be impacted by
sea level rise.

d300fa68-f2a6-4ba5-b226-ebf20ce1c6cc-0
00:56:51.120 --> 00:56:58.982
So I think like there, there is,
there is just like more to be studied in

d300fa68-f2a6-4ba5-b226-ebf20ce1c6cc-1
00:56:58.982 --> 00:57:04.720
a lot of these places and for a lot of
these species.

54ac7c9d-0350-4d6d-bbd3-85b87420fd1f-0
00:57:05.440 --> 00:57:09.154
And then we when we were doing the
systematic literature review,

54ac7c9d-0350-4d6d-bbd3-85b87420fd1f-1
00:57:09.154 --> 00:57:13.782
we found a lot of publications on broader
ecosystem change and we excluded those

54ac7c9d-0350-4d6d-bbd3-85b87420fd1f-2
00:57:13.782 --> 00:57:15.040
from our final search.

f994ccb1-3d5a-4ebf-b472-17798d8b9199-0
00:57:15.040 --> 00:57:19.009
Just that we actually we found thousands
and thousands of papers in our literature

f994ccb1-3d5a-4ebf-b472-17798d8b9199-1
00:57:19.009 --> 00:57:19.440
research.

cbffa19e-6964-43eb-97db-cdc15d8e411e-0
00:57:19.800 --> 00:57:21.800
And so we had to make exclusion criteria.

334c1506-e6fc-4583-893a-77c658a5cc62-0
00:57:22.360 --> 00:57:26.050
So we didn't,
we focused on ones that named specific

334c1506-e6fc-4583-893a-77c658a5cc62-1
00:57:26.050 --> 00:57:29.880
species rather rather than a broader
ecosystem change.

ceb3a1fe-dfd1-416f-8e86-d52d339fa18c-0
00:57:29.920 --> 00:57:32.126
I'm not sure if that actually answered
the question,

ceb3a1fe-dfd1-416f-8e86-d52d339fa18c-1
00:57:32.126 --> 00:57:35.000
but that's that's what came to mind for
me when thinking about that.

c048841a-0721-4e09-813d-c40ecf1f0f11-0
00:57:36.320 --> 00:57:40.959
I have a question from Noel,
one of John's colleagues in the Geography

c048841a-0721-4e09-813d-c40ecf1f0f11-1
00:57:40.959 --> 00:57:42.920
and Sustainability department.

01e4fff5-23d0-441f-a3ae-052d7987e05a-0
00:57:42.920 --> 00:57:47.293
How does sea level rise challenge the
national sovereignty of sorry,

01e4fff5-23d0-441f-a3ae-052d7987e05a-1
00:57:47.293 --> 00:57:51.729
sovereignty of small island nation states,
especially when land loss,

01e4fff5-23d0-441f-a3ae-052d7987e05a-2
00:57:51.729 --> 00:57:56.482
population displacement and external
control over adaptation or relocation

01e4fff5-23d0-441f-a3ae-052d7987e05a-3
00:57:56.482 --> 00:58:01.236
decisions threaten their political
economy and legal status as independent

01e4fff5-23d0-441f-a3ae-052d7987e05a-4
00:58:01.236 --> 00:58:01.680
states?

05993534-c739-4cce-92c9-8fa231c48275-0
00:58:01.680 --> 00:58:06.252
And this is in the context of,
especially when it comes to the country's

05993534-c739-4cce-92c9-8fa231c48275-1
00:58:06.252 --> 00:58:08.320
rights to sue for climate change.

18a77edd-16d5-4b30-ac40-14d5f2b3c9de-0
00:58:08.800 --> 00:58:09.040
Yeah.

94a603be-fa57-4ecc-9eb8-a9bb45cc5cf6-0
00:58:09.160 --> 00:58:10.760
So this is an excellent question.

4199e4ae-09ff-4cd7-b249-f7573f6a8fad-0
00:58:10.760 --> 00:58:15.089
So I wrote about this a little bit in my
2022 paper on the Alliance of Small

4199e4ae-09ff-4cd7-b249-f7573f6a8fad-1
00:58:15.089 --> 00:58:18.800
Island States and Climate Justice Issues
within the UNF Triple C.

9cfd51dc-36ba-402e-af38-ed5127968a13-0
00:58:19.280 --> 00:58:22.424
So there's a little bit about that there,
but so much has happened since I

9cfd51dc-36ba-402e-af38-ed5127968a13-1
00:58:22.424 --> 00:58:23.640
published that paper in 2022.

b44416c3-ba3e-4668-b1df-7cf9703b269d-0
00:58:23.640 --> 00:58:27.619
And so I want to point out for the answer
to this question that it lies in the

b44416c3-ba3e-4668-b1df-7cf9703b269d-1
00:58:27.619 --> 00:58:31.447
advisory opinion that was issued by the
International Court of Justice last

b44416c3-ba3e-4668-b1df-7cf9703b269d-2
00:58:31.447 --> 00:58:31.800
summer.

2c52d0f4-a423-40e7-ab8d-391750f237be-0
00:58:32.080 --> 00:58:35.351
And that opinion,
the island nations that brought that case

2c52d0f4-a423-40e7-ab8d-391750f237be-1
00:58:35.351 --> 00:58:39.440
to the ICJ specifically brought this up,
the idea of national sovereignty.

d64a3d31-c6e6-43f1-92c6-24a787973347-0
00:58:39.440 --> 00:58:44.579
And if sovereignty is lost,
as places like have the potential to be

d64a3d31-c6e6-43f1-92c6-24a787973347-1
00:58:44.579 --> 00:58:50.852
permanently inundated and the ICJ opinion
says that sea level rise does not impact

d64a3d31-c6e6-43f1-92c6-24a787973347-2
00:58:50.852 --> 00:58:52.440
national sovereignty.

9930425b-cf9d-427d-b2f6-43c94a811ca8-0
00:58:52.600 --> 00:58:59.562
So within the ICJ case,
national sovereignty should be absolutely

9930425b-cf9d-427d-b2f6-43c94a811ca8-1
00:58:59.562 --> 00:59:03.360
not, not impacted by sea level rise.

168fccbd-bad7-473c-b943-63fde06162b6-0
00:59:03.360 --> 00:59:06.912
Like nations should not lose their
national sovereignty even if they lose

168fccbd-bad7-473c-b943-63fde06162b6-1
00:59:06.912 --> 00:59:07.440
their land.

ccb04dd5-0d8c-4860-85d3-d3907391e689-0
00:59:07.560 --> 00:59:10.613
However,
what that means in practice is very much

ccb04dd5-0d8c-4860-85d3-d3907391e689-1
00:59:10.613 --> 00:59:14.400
an open question after the issuance of
that advisory opinion.

9cdfa265-f829-464b-86c8-499f8fe148f2-0
00:59:14.720 --> 00:59:17.700
And so there's a lot of people thinking
about this, you know,

9cdfa265-f829-464b-86c8-499f8fe148f2-1
00:59:17.700 --> 00:59:19.960
that the AO just came out a couple months
ago.

d418c6c9-6538-4310-9e18-ad654a44bb12-0
00:59:20.240 --> 00:59:25.521
And since the AO does say that sea level
rise doesn't impact national sovereignty,

d418c6c9-6538-4310-9e18-ad654a44bb12-1
00:59:25.521 --> 00:59:28.830
but the reality of the situation is so
detrimental,

d418c6c9-6538-4310-9e18-ad654a44bb12-2
00:59:28.830 --> 00:59:33.411
is this is like an open question that we
now have of legal guidance on,

d418c6c9-6538-4310-9e18-ad654a44bb12-3
00:59:33.411 --> 00:59:38.629
but that we're going to be needing follow
up litigation and other types of things

d418c6c9-6538-4310-9e18-ad654a44bb12-4
00:59:38.629 --> 00:59:39.520
to to look at.

a261897c-ec0d-48f2-a845-e48f9cabe427-0
00:59:39.520 --> 00:59:42.293
And also,
I'm just going to plug that I have a,

a261897c-ec0d-48f2-a845-e48f9cabe427-1
00:59:42.293 --> 00:59:46.626
a commentary piece out in Nature climate
change from this past fall on the

a261897c-ec0d-48f2-a845-e48f9cabe427-2
00:59:46.626 --> 00:59:50.902
advisory opinion cases and the need for
epistemic plurality and epistemic

a261897c-ec0d-48f2-a845-e48f9cabe427-3
00:59:50.902 --> 00:59:51.480
diversity.

18756409-a708-49ec-99ae-293369ac2fe3-0
00:59:51.480 --> 00:59:54.920
All right.

6d5e6148-839a-4f6f-b449-c1eee5f0be2b-0
00:59:55.560 --> 00:59:58.240
Do we have time for one more question,
you think, Frank?

8b1cc0e9-8aec-4282-bf05-ece017062b8c-0
00:59:58.920 --> 00:59:59.560
Yeah, one will.

419103df-0e53-4576-9598-8de4243f6276-0
00:59:59.560 --> 01:00:00.040
Definitely.

c7fd1ee4-5ea9-4b28-900d-d9d1a895e8d9-0
01:00:00.040 --> 01:00:05.240
All right,
so this question is from Taylor.

f7204bfc-39fd-4778-8291-94d9d397f00c-0
01:00:05.240 --> 01:00:10.720
Who says who decides which species get
legal protection globally?

22186269-d78f-40d8-8c6e-fc1e5c0f17d3-0
01:00:11.400 --> 01:00:14.120
Government agencies, scientists, NGOs.

dcb2e622-429d-41ac-8701-70e79829725e-0
01:00:14.120 --> 01:00:18.520
And how can someone nominate A newly
identified endangered species?

8a9b9c00-800d-4e6d-8bb8-44aef18ff6d2-0
01:00:18.880 --> 01:00:22.885
And practically,
are protections usually limited to whole

8a9b9c00-800d-4e6d-8bb8-44aef18ff6d2-1
01:00:22.885 --> 01:00:27.720
species, or can they cover subspecies,
local populations or microbes?

91474159-6f7c-4448-a1aa-f670c1992e7f-0
01:00:28.080 --> 01:00:30.720
And how is that boundary determined?

d20c85c2-c810-49cd-9766-0853ee3d2d5a-0
01:00:31.440 --> 01:00:36.240
OK so this is a really good question but
I don't know the specific answer.

48cba939-484f-4a30-aaae-f57f85096c60-0
01:00:36.280 --> 01:00:41.113
I'm not a conservation biologist,
but I would say the IUCN is probably the

48cba939-484f-4a30-aaae-f57f85096c60-1
01:00:41.113 --> 01:00:42.080
place to check.

91d28cab-cd14-41aa-944f-4c365af6b7d0-0
01:00:42.080 --> 01:00:47.889
Like how species get added to the IUCN
and then how that gets taken seriously on

91d28cab-cd14-41aa-944f-4c365af6b7d0-1
01:00:47.889 --> 01:00:53.197
a national or sub national basis is
varies pretty widely across different

91d28cab-cd14-41aa-944f-4c365af6b7d0-2
01:00:53.197 --> 01:00:54.560
political climates.

375ee1a7-1da3-49b4-97b0-101cffbeb975-0
01:00:54.680 --> 01:00:58.912
So I don't think I have a a specific and
satisfying answer to this question,

375ee1a7-1da3-49b4-97b0-101cffbeb975-1
01:00:58.912 --> 01:01:01.880
but I think it's a really good question,
really good.

0219b3fc-5f97-4cf7-8b4b-c584b7942f06-0
01:01:02.840 --> 01:01:03.200
John.

78062484-a14d-4e11-9f27-e65fbeac5a9d-0
01:01:03.200 --> 01:01:07.163
I'll pass it back to you to formally
thank Doctor Sedai,

78062484-a14d-4e11-9f27-e65fbeac5a9d-1
01:01:07.163 --> 01:01:10.640
and then I'll share the QR code for our
students.

33b2bd59-f900-4273-9e13-dcc5dc26b403-0
01:01:11.040 --> 01:01:11.600
All righty.

bc2776ed-1358-47f1-8203-54e6e98198ff-0
01:01:12.200 --> 01:01:13.760
Well, thank you, Shana.

6e4eccf8-4e1b-4be0-b13e-99f333f9a46a-0
01:01:14.120 --> 01:01:18.360
Just what a stimulating talk for the
students and the audience.

b1de6d0c-74c8-46af-8770-aaef8b53faad-0
01:01:19.200 --> 01:01:25.901
Just this to you to see the intersection
that you brought together of climate

b1de6d0c-74c8-46af-8770-aaef8b53faad-1
01:01:25.901 --> 01:01:30.713
change impacts,
sea level rise impacts ecology globally

b1de6d0c-74c8-46af-8770-aaef8b53faad-2
01:01:30.713 --> 01:01:37.071
and specific and then this social and
political justice component for the

b1de6d0c-74c8-46af-8770-aaef8b53faad-3
01:01:37.071 --> 01:01:40.680
students that that this is the real world.

1285a8e1-dc61-4892-bcc4-a4c5ca74b6d6-0
01:01:40.680 --> 01:01:45.729
We have to we have to it's
interdisciplinary and we benefit from

1285a8e1-dc61-4892-bcc4-a4c5ca74b6d6-1
01:01:45.729 --> 01:01:49.380
this,
this approach and this training and this

1285a8e1-dc61-4892-bcc4-a4c5ca74b6d6-2
01:01:49.380 --> 01:01:50.080
approach.

8388b360-7d16-4475-8cd9-28f0427a8fa4-0
01:01:50.080 --> 01:01:52.080
So again, thank you so much.

c6f68590-6e35-46bf-be90-7eb913acc094-0
01:01:52.080 --> 01:01:57.326
Doctor Shaynas and I we just thrilled to
have your have you here like to thank the

c6f68590-6e35-46bf-be90-7eb913acc094-1
01:01:57.326 --> 01:01:59.160
audience for their questions.

ec945f05-6861-49e6-96f6-4d4eb4248734-0
01:02:00.400 --> 01:02:02.496
I,
I just was great to hear all those

ec945f05-6861-49e6-96f6-4d4eb4248734-1
01:02:02.496 --> 01:02:05.200
questions,
my colleagues and other and students.

247428c4-dd5d-4b31-a75e-96798463593d-0
01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:10.520
What a what a great,
what a great afternoon webinar.

d2af0c77-b009-4548-be81-906701799e25-0
01:02:10.520 --> 01:02:11.920
So thanks again.

6b0e0ff2-661a-421d-a42b-b2ff9271f83b-0
01:02:13.160 --> 01:02:14.760
Thank you so much for having me.